Ulawulo lukarhulumente luyinxalenye esisiseko yolawulo-demokhrasi, enika abemi inxaxheba ekuhloleni nasekuphembeleleni izenzo zamagosa abo anyuliweyo kunye namaziko kawonke-wonke. Imithetho isebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sokusebenzisa lo mgaqo, imisela imithetho ecacileyo yokubonisa, ukuphendula, nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Xa abemi bewaqonda amalungelo abo asemthethweni, bayakwazi ukunyanzelisa ulwazi, banikele ingxelo yokungalawuleki, baze babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngendlela oorhulumente abahlukeneyo abagunyazisa ngayo abemi. Ligubungela imithetho ecacileyo evulayo, ukufikelela kwimithetho evumela ukuvulwa, ukuphenjelelwa kwezicelo, ukuphendula izicelo zezicelo, ukuphendula iimfuno-mdlalo, ukukhuthaza ukukhuselwa komdla-mlo okhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwengxelo, kunye nohlalutyiswa kwemithetho ekhuthaza amalungelo akhoyo ezi zinto kunye nezixanduvayo.

Indima Yemithetho Ebonisa Ubuchule

Imithetho ebonakalisa imbonakalo yemithetho isisiseko sikarhulumente ovulekileyo. Zifuna ukuba abameli basekuhlaleni batyhile ulwazi lwabo ngokuqhubekayo ngemisebenzi, imali, kunye nezigqibo. Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle inciphisa imfuneko yezicelo zomntu ngamnye kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba i-data esisiseko ikhona kubo bonke abemi. Imizekelo eqhele ukuquka imithetho egunyazisa ukupapashwa koqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kwezivumelwano, kunye nemizuzu yentlanganiso. EUnited States, i-Free of Information Act (FIA) ngummiselo obalulekileyo owenziwe ngezicelo ezizibonelelo, ngoxa isoloko isetyenziswa ukukhuthaza ukubhaliswa kwezicelo ezizimpikiswano. Izizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, umnqophiso wamalungelo e-CPGenearmation (CPGR) uququze amalungiselelo okufikelela ulwazi. Njengamazwe ase-Mexico nase-Ukraine imithetho eluncedo ekulweni kokonakala. Amandla amandla alemiqatha kule mithetho asuka kwimicimbi yempucuko, ukukhuthaza imicimbi yemithetho yesizwe. [F.P.G.Previlementalmentalment:]

Ngaphezu kokutyhilwa okusisiseko, imithetho yokubonisa idla ngokufuna iindidi ezithile zolwazi ukuze zenziwe kuwonke-wonke, njengemivuzo yamagosa aphezulu, iibhalisa, kunye neminikelo yephulo. Le nkcazelo yenza ukuba iintatheli kunye nabaphandi bakwazi ukuchonga imilinganiselo yempembelelo kunye neengxabano ezinokwenzeka zenzala. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho ecacisayo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, njengokumisela okanye ukuvumela imvume, ivumela abemi ukuba baqonde ukuqwalasela izigqibo ezisemva kwesigqibo. Ukuphumelela kwemithetho yokucacisa imigaqo ecacileyo kuxhomekeke kwiinkcazelo ezicacileyo, ukukhulula okulinganiselweyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa okunamandla. Umzekelo, ukungakhutyelelwa kwemi kumele kutsalwe ngokucutha kwemiqatha yemiqatha okanye iimfihlelo zokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, iziququ zolawulo oluzimeleyo, njengeenzalo zenkcazelo ezithe ngeendlela ze-ogralitiventi, ezithe zangenwa ngokupheleleyo zezi mithetho ze-ograckiptton, ezithenti zemithetho ezithenjiso zisetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa ngobuchule, ezithenjiweyo, ezithe ngqo, ezi

Ukufikelela kwimithetho yolwazi

Ngeli xesha imithetho yokubonisana igxininisa kwimposiso, ukufikelela kulwazi (ATI) imithetho inika abemi ilungelo lokucela iirekhodi ezithile ezivela kumasebe karhulumente. Le mithetho ichaza inkqubo yokuthobela izicelo, kuquka iinkcukacha ezifunekayo, nayiphi na inkcitho, kunye nexesha lokuphendula. Umzekelo, i-Indiya ifanele ukufikelela kulwazi olungenalwazi olufumanekayo (RTI) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngabantu ukubuza yonke into esuka kwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke enxulumene nomfundisi-ndwendwe. Ngokufanayo, i-UK's Free of Information Act inika ufikelelo lukawonke-wonke lwemiqathango yaloo maphepha asemthethweni. Le mithetho ibaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni ulwazi olungapapashwanga rhoqo, njengee-email, iingxelo zolawulo, iingxelo ze-dradio, okanye ulwazi olungqalileyo. Ngokunika abantu amandla okubuza imibuzo e-ATI, ukuhlola okunzulu kwemithetho ye-omhlaba yonke, njengemithetho ephuma kuleyo yemithetho e-RGenetic.[0] kunye noncedo loncedo loncedo loncedo lomthetho olusemthethweni.[5]

Ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ye-ATI kusoloko kubandakanya abaphathi abamiselweyo abasingatha izicelo. Uqeqesho kunye nobuncwane buyafuneka ukuqinisekisa iimpendulo ezifike ngexesha nezicokisekileyo. Iingingqi ezininzi zikwaneekhomishane ezizimeleyo zolwazi ezijonge ukuthotyelwa nokuzwa kwezicelo. Umzekelo, uKhomishineshoshe wenkcazelo yase-Ireland uyakwazi ukunyanzela ukutyhila iingxelo. Noko ke, inkxalabo eninzi iquka ukulibazisa, iindleko ezinkulu ezithintela ukucela, nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko engacacanga kakuhle enje "ukujonga i-data yomatshini" okanye "ulawulo lolwazi oluqhelekileyo". Ukulwa kwezi zinto, eminye imithetho ibeka imiqathango yexesha elingqongqo, imirhumo yezicelo zikawonke, kwaye ifuna ukuba abameli bathethelele ukubhaliswa kwemithetho elawulayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo efuna ukusetyenziswa koomatshini bokuhlola ulwazi oluqhelekileyo. I-Indiya icela ubuchule obusemthethweni, iin, izicelo zemigaqo-ogronjiso, i-ograc.

Ukuphendula nokulawula umatshini

Izicwangciso ezisemthethweni zimisela amaqumrhu azimeleyo azimeleyo eenkqubo zorhulumente nokuhlola izikhalazo. Ezi ziquka i-ambudsmen, abaququzeleli-imigaqo-nkqubo, ookhomishini bezokuziphatha, abahloli jikelele, kunye namaqumrhu amalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, i-Ofisi-butyala loRhulumente (GAO) i-Account amaziko karhulumente eququzelela amaqumrhu azimeleyo kwaye ivelise iingxelo ngempumelelo kunye nolawulo lwemali. ESweden, iPalamente Ombsudman iphazam izikhalazo zabemi ngemisebenzi engekho mthethweni. Le mibutho inikwe amandla okufikelela kumaxwebhu, ukubiza amangqina, kunye neengxelo. Inkululeko yayo idla ngokuba nelungelo lokufumana ngamalungiselelo asisigxina nemigaqo-mali. Iingxelo ze-Athobon, ukupheka kwe-gnognograc. [FF]

Amaqumrhu anegunya anokuqhuba uphando ngokuchaphazeleka kwizikhalazo kunye nokusebenza, njengokuphicothwa komsebenzi. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kwawo kudla ngokuboniswa kuwonke wonke, kunikelw ingxelo yendlela yokuziphatha karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, ikomishini yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ingaphengulula iimbambano zenzala kwaye inconyele ukuphumelela. Ukuphumelela kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekulandeleleni izigqeba zemithetho-mthetho okanye umlawuli. Eminye imithetho ifuna ukuba amaziko aphendule ekuncomeni kwisixhobo esikhankanyiweyo. Kodwa, ukuba abaphathi bemibutho abanawo amandla okugcina imicimbi, izinto abafumanileyo bangazihoywa. Ngoko ke, imigaqo emininzi inika igunya lokuchaza amatyala okanye ukubeka izigwebo ezigwebo ngqo. Abahlali bayakwazi ukusebenzisa iingxelo zemibutho enjalo ukuze bazise ukuvota okanye abaxhasi be-ofisi. Ukuvelela kwezo ndlela zokuphatha ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ii-akhawunti zolawulo loluntu, ukuqinisekisa iingxelo zemithetho yomthetho kunye nemiqathango yomthetho.

Imithetho Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ewonke - Wonke

Imithetho yokuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente ifuna ukuba oorhulumente baquke imithetho ecetyisiweyo yokwenza izigqibo. Oku kunokuquka amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, amaxesha okuchotshelwa kwezakhono, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, iikomiti zekomiti zolawulo, kunye nokunika inkxaso yoqingqo-mali. Umzekelo, i-Administrative Procedire Active Procedure Active Act igunyazisa ukuba amaqumrhu apapashiweyo apapashe imithetho eceliweyo aze avumele intetho kawonke-wonke phambi kokufumana imvume yokufumana umntwana omnye. Imithetho yokuhlola indalo isoloko ifuna ukuviwa kwimisebenzi emikhulu, ukuvumela uluntu ukuba luvakalise imibandela ekhoyo. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba ukungeyo igalelo kuluntu luqwalaselwe, isenokuthiwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenguqulelo, ukufikelela kwabantu abakhubazekile, nokuzikhetha izinto eziyimfuneko. [FL:[10]

Ulwandiso loqingqo-mali luyinto ephawulekayo, apho abemi bagqiba ngqo ngendlela yokwabelana ngezabelo zemali kawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezikwizixeko ezinjengeNew York neParis ziye zayilungiselela le nkqubo, zinika abahlali amandla okubeka imisebenzi efana nenkqubela-phambili yepaki okanye ulwandiso lwethala leencwadi. Olunye uhlobo luzindibano zabemi, apho abathathi-nxaxheba abakhethiweyo ngenjongo ethile kwimi efana notshintsho lokhetho. Imithetho exhasa ezi zinyathelo inikela ngokusemthethweni nangemali. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kufuneka iphumelele, ithathe inxaxheba kusemgqaliselweni, ngesizathu esicacileyo sendlela esetyenzisiweyo. Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanokukwazi ukuphindisa iimbono. Umzekelo, imithetho yokuphehla idla ngokugqithiswa kwabo bathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokuvelela. Ngoxa ukuthathi-mali kumele kwakhiwe nokunikwa izimvo ezi meko ezingcono, ngoko kubandakanya kwiimeko ezicwangco eziphantsi, ngokokusetyenziswa ngokuquququkwa kwemiselwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, nokuchana kwemiqatha, nokusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Abacuphi babalulekile ekutyhileni ububi bukarhulumente, kodwa basoloko bejongene nomngcipheko onzima. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuxela nokukhusela abantu kwimpindezelo. Imithetho enamandla yokufutha ithoba impempe echasene nezenzo ezingalunganga ezinjengokuthotywa kwesohlwayo, ukukhathazwa, okanye ukupheliswa kwabasebenzi abanikela ingxelo yokwaphulwa komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Bakwaseka namaziko akhuselekileyo okuzisa, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemizimba enjengemibutho efana nenkomfama okanye ukunyanzelo. Umzekelo, Whistoller Prote Act inikeza abasebenzi imigaqo yezenteleko esezantsi ye-U. Icandelo elisezantsi le-U. I-U.[0] I-WFlavelves Act yokhuseleko olukhuselekileyo kukhuselwa abasebenzi ngokukhuselwano oluncinci, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwe-emperence. [5]

Ukhuseleko olunempumelelo lokudubula luquka ukhuseleko olunempembelelo lwezikhuseli zokungaqondakali, inkxaso esemthethweni, kunye, kwezinye iimeko, nemivuzo yemali. Zikwayalela nakumashishini kunye nabasebenzi becandelo labucala abanikela ingxelo ngeesivumelwano zikarhulumente. Noko ke, imithetho emininzi inezithuba, njengokususa amasebe athile okanye iintlobo zokutyhila. I-ofisi yeSiluleko, i-ofisi yeSicelo, ihlola ukuphindisa. Amaphulo oluntu anika amandla okubhexaxa imvume ukuze bazi amalungelo awo. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho ikhusela abacuphisi bemi bemo yehlabathi lonke, njengoko isenza inkqubela yemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe asebenza, isenza ingxelo engekho semthethweni.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Nokubuyiselwa Okusemthethweni

Iinkundla zisebenza njengendlela yokuvala ityala ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yobuveleli. Ukuhlola isigwebo kuvumela abemi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nokubonakala, ukuphendula ityala, okanye ukuthabatha inxaxheba. Umzekelo, ukuba umbutho ukhankanye isicelo ngendlela engafanelekanga, umfaki-sicelo angamangalela kwinkundla yesizwe. Iinkundla zingayalela, zikhuphe imithetho engekho mthethweni, zibethe intlawulo esemthethweni, kunye nemali yentlawulo yamagqwetha. Kweminye imiqathango yenkundla esemthethweni inika amaqela amaqela anika izindululo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuzisa amatyala ngenxa yoluntu abachaphazelekileyo. Izigqibo zinyusa izigqibo zolawulo, njengezigqibo ezifuna ukuchaphazelelwa kwemithetho yesebe eliphethe isebe. Ukufumaneka kwemiyalelo yenkundla esemthethweni kunika izinyono ezisemthethweni kumaqela amiswe ngemithetho enjengemithetho. Iimpahla ze-ovectorationationationation provity [FUPG][AFU]

Ngaphandle kokufumana ulwazi, ukuhlola okusemthethweni kungacombulula imibandela ebanzi efana nokusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko wemithetho yokufihla imfihlo okanye ukulawulwa kweenkqubo zobuveleli. Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zisenokumisela ukuba iingxelo ezithile zimele zityhilwe phezu kwako nje ukukhulula abantu abanomdla ukuba zingaphezulu kwemfuneko yokufihla imfihlo. Ii-mthetho zoncedo olusemthethweni kunye nee-glovsi zomthetho zinceda abemi ukuba bahambe besebenzisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imithetho ilungiselela ukupheliswa kweemeko zokuzikongozelelwa kwetyala ukuze baphephe ukulibazisela. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwezomthetho kusenokuba ziingxelo ezithelekelela, ukufikelela kwemibutho eqhelekileyo, ibeke imigaqo ekhethekileyo, njengeencwadi yolwazi, kunye nemiqobo esezantsi ekungeneni kwazo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zeklani zivumela amaqela amaqela ukuba ahlasele uloyiko. Kodwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi baselukileyo abahlali belukileyo abagwebi, kodwa bafumana amalungelo amagosa nje eelwayo, kodwa bagunyazisa amalungelo enkundla.

Ucelomngeni Nemfuneko Yokwaphulwa Kwemithetho

Ngaphandle kolawulo olunzulu olusemthethweni oluchazwe, ucelomngeni oluninzi luthintela ukufikelela kwemithetho epheleleyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezithuba ezithe tye: imithetho ingagqithiswa kodwa inganyanzeliswa ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi olungokwasemthethweni, ukungoneli kwemali, okanye ubuchule obubuthathaka bequmrhu. Umzekelo, izicelo zolwazi zinokungahoywa okanye zilibazisekanga iminyaka. Ukucinywa kobungcathuzo kungenza ulawulo olugqithisileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuncitshiswa komthetho wenkqubo esemthethweni kungasusa abemi babemi abangenabucukubhede. Ukungathanga-mali kuthetha ukuba abo bangangenayo i-intanethi ingakhutshwa kwi-intanethi ekhanyayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kobukrelekrele bobucala nobeko lobugocigoci obutsha ngoorhulumente, njengokuba ezi zixhobo zinokugqunywa kwaye zingagutyungezwa yimithetho yesithethe. Imisebenzi yoogxanduva-mthetho bangaphandle, ukubekwa kooventinga kwimiba yemithetho emininzi, ulawulo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwe-Activementmentment:[F.[1][5]

Ukucombulula ezi ngxaki, iinguqu eziqhubekayo ezingokwasemthethweni ziyimfuneko. Iimfuno zokukhuthaza ukutyhilwa kufuneka zandiswe kwaye zihlaziywe ukuze ziquke ubuchule bokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nee-aspect. Iinkqubo ezilula kunye nokufikelela kolwimi oluneelwimi ezininzi zingandisa ukungenelela. Inkxaso yokwabela iqumrhu lobuveleli iqinisekisa ukuba zingasebenza ngokwalo. Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkoMvumelwano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo echasene noHlolo, inika izalathiso eziphambili. Imithetho enxulumene nobuchule bokukhankanya. Ngaphezu koko, izifundo ezisuka kumthetho othelekisayo ziyakwazi ukuncedisa amazwe ukuba afumane imigaqo engcono. Umzekelo, umthetho wemodeli ophuhlisyo we-Merika ekufumaneni ulwazi uphembele iprojective, iintlobo zemithetho esemthethweni, i-ogracracrac, i-ography i-ogracs, ukujogna kweso yokugnaba yezognaba.

Isiphelo

Imithetho inamandla okunceda abemi baloo mmandla baqonde baze basebenze kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. Ukusuka ekuboneni nasekufikeleleni ulwazi, ekuphenduleni imigaqo yokuphendula, ekuthabatheni kwinxaxheba kuwonke wonke, ekukhuseleni impepho, nasekuhloleni imigaqo esemthethweni, isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngoxa ukuzalisekisa imingeni isaseleyo, inkqubela inokwenzeka ngokuqhubeka nokulawula nokuguqula. Abami abawaziyo amalungelo abo asemthethweni banokuwasebenzisa la zixhobo zabo ezifanelekileyo ukufuna ulawulo olungcono, ukuvumbulula ukonakala, kunye nempembelelo. Ekugqibeleni, isiseko solwazi kunye nemithetho yabemi, esixhaswe yimithetho eyomeleleyo, ibalulekile ekulondolozeni impilo yayo nayiphi nayiphi na idemokhrasi. Ngokuqhubeka komeleza ezi ntsika ezisemthethweni, sinokwenza ukuba oorhulumente basebenzise ezi zixhobo, ezikhanyayo, nezinetyala kubantu abakhonzayo.