IBhunga laseUnited States lisebenzisa enye yeembopheleleko zalo ezisisiseko zomGaqo-siseko ngokujonga abameli bakawonke-wonke. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo uqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza kwimida yawo esemthethweni, aphumeze imithetho njengoko kucetyiwe, ahlale enoxanduva kubantu baseMerika. Igunya lolawulo lweBhunga lifumaneka kumandla alo "asetyenzisiweyo" kumGaqo-siseko, imithetho kawonke-wonke, kunye nemithetho yeNdlukwano kunye neNdlu. Ngokwaseko olusemthethweni olumiselwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iBhunga liphuhlise iindlela ezintlungela, ukuhlola, nokuphembelela imisetyenzana yesebe eliphetheyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ukulawula kunamandla apheleleyo omgaqo-siseko weBhunga. Ukulawula kuchazwe kunokuba kunikwe amandla avakalisiwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ichaphaza likarhulumente aliyinikeli ngokungqalileyo iBhunga ukuba liqhubele phantsi uphando okanye uphando lwegunya, ukuze lifumane iingxelo okanye izinto ezigcinwe sisigqeba esiphetheyo, okanye linikezele ii-paceasss ukuze kubhalwe amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi-mthetho. Nangona iNkungekho okubhaliweyo okucacileyo komgaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyali yamkela ukuba igunya longameli liphumele ngokwendalo kumagunya eBhunga emithetho yeBhunga.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba abafaki-mthetho babe nenjongo yokufuna ulwazi xa kwenziwa okanye kuqwalaselwa umthetho. Ingcaciso icacile: Ingqungquthela ayinakukwazi ukugqiba ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuqonda iimeko zemithetho yayo emiselwe ukunikela intetho okanye indlela imithetho ekhoyo esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukunqongophala kwengxoxo kwakungenxa yokuba uvelela kunye negunya layo labameli lalijongwa njengegunya elingokwemvelo leendibano zabameli ezazimisela umthetho kawonke-wonke.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sobuveleli sixhomekeke ngokuyintloko kwiQumrhu I, elibeka iliso kuwo onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga. IKhomishini inobuveleli obuphangaleleyo namagunya aphengululayo, abalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yayo yemithetho phantsi kweGatya I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Olu nxulumano phakathi kobuveleli nomthetho lungundoqo . .IChonarefe kufuneka ikwazi ukuphanda indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo ukugqiba enoba umthetho omtsha uyafuneka okanye imithetho ekhoyo ifuna ukutshintshwa.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwegunya Elilawulayo Ngokwembali

Ulawulo lweBhunga luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. IiKhomishini zokuqala zasungula obu buchule bobuveleli ngokuphanda okukhethekileyo, ngokunika ingxelo, nangokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuchaza ukuqwalasela igunya eliphakamileyo. Omnye wemizekelo yokuqala yenzeka ngowe-1792, xa iHood of Adventicars yaphanda ngokoyiswa komkhosi kaNjengele Arthur St. Clair yimikhosi yamaMelika.

Indlu yalungisa isigqibo sokwenza ikomiti ekhethiweyo, egunyazisiweyo "ukubiza abantu abanjalo, amaphepha, neengxelo, njengoko kusenokuba yimfuneko ukunceda ukubuza kwabo. ” Olu phengululo lwamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokufumana ulwazi lwesebe elilawulayo, nangona kwakhona lwabangela iingxoxo zangaphambili ngelungelo eliphezulu xa uMongameli Washington wabuza kwiKhabinethi yakhe ngokuvuma.

Indlu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba abekho amangqina ukususela ngowe-1795, xa yaphanda ngelinge lokunyoba amalungu. Enyanisweni, amatyala okuqala ombutho wecawa kunye namagunya okudelela ajolise ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekuhlaziyweni kwendlu ngokwayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, la magunya akhula ngaphezu kokukhusela ingqibelelo yengqungquthela ukuze aqukelele ukuphatha okubanzi koorhulumente.

Umthetho olawulayo omisa umsebenzi ongaphezulu

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko sowe-1946

UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko we-1946 (P. 79-601), okokuqala, wabizelwa ngokucacileyo "kulawulo lobugcisa" kumthetho kawonke-wonke. Yakhokela iKomiti yeNdlu kunye neNtlanganiso "ukuqhelisela ukulinda okuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo kunye namaqumrhu aphantsi kolawulo lwazo; abasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo; kwaye yandisa amandla eQumrhu eliphetheyo, intloko yeBhunga eliphandekayo nengalo yokuphicotha, i-Rhulumente Akhawunti ye-APritive (GAO).

Lo mthetho wamela ixesha elibekiweyo lokuvelela iqumrhu. Ngokumisela ngokucacileyo ukulinda okuqhubekayo, iBhunga lamisa umthetho owiswe ngoko kwakusenziwa ngaphambili kuqheliselo lwe-hoc. Lo Mgaqo waqonda ukuba ukujonga okunempumelelo kufuna ubuncwane obunikezelweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugunyazisweni kwabasebenzi beekomiti abanobuchule bokuphuhlisa imisebenzi yeenkonzo neenkqubo.

UMthetho weNtloko ka-1970

Ukwakhiwa kotshintsho luka-1946, uMthendeleko we-Gastilative Reorganization Act ka-1970 (P. 91-510) wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ibone iliso kunye nokufundisisa, ngesiseko esiqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo; kwandisa abasebenzi abachwepheshayo beekomiti; kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiNkonzo yoPhondo yoPhicotho-zincwadi; kwaye kwaqinisa uxanduva lweembopheleleko zenkqubo zeGAO.

Ezi zindululo zabonisa ukuvunywa kweBhunga ukuba ulawulo luye lwantsonkotha ngakumbi njengoko urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wandisa. Ubuncwane boncedo olongezelelekileyo kunye nenkxaso eyongezelelekileyo evela kumaqumrhu eqela lesizwe yenza iikomiti zakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yokunyamekela nokuzinzisa.

UMthetho woHlahlo-mali noQuquzelelo loMsebenzi weNkqubo

ICandelo leMithetho yoHlahlo-zincwadi lenza iGAO kuMthetho woLawulo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-1921 ukuze uncedise ekukhutshweni kwamandla ayo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko---amandla okuphanda nokuvelela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, amandla okulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali yesebe, namandla okumisela imithetho. Ukusekwa kweGO kwamaziko azimeleyo, anikezelwa ukuhlolisisa indlela asetyenziswa ngayo umhlawuli werhafu nokuqwalasela umsebenzi wombutho.

Ukubekwa kweGunya eliPhakamileyo kwiiKomiti

Igunya lokulawula nelokwenza uphando lihlala kuzo zombini izindlu, ezithi zona zinike eli gunya kwiikomiti zegumbi ngalinye. IiKomiti zinezo mandla kuphela ezinikwe zona yimizimba yabazali bazo. Olu cwangciso lwabathunywa luvumela ukuba zikwazi ukuvelela, iikomiti ziphuhlise ubuchule kwiikomiti nakwiinkqubo ezilawulayo.

ULawulo lwendlu X noLawulo lweNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso XXV bamisela imida elawulayo yokumisa iikomiti kwaye banike igunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphengulula imicimbi kwimimandla yabo. Uphando lweeKomiti kufuneka: makube phakathi kolawulo lwekomiti njengoko luchazwe kwimithetho yeNdlu okanye yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokuvelela ihlala ijoliswe kakuhle kwaye igunyaziwe.

IKomiti yoHlaziyo yeNdlu yoRhulumente neKomiti yeQela loRhulumente, enegunya lokuvelela phantse lonke urhulumente wengingqi, ngokungaphezulu, inikwe igunya lokuhlola nokuhlolisisa ukusebenza kwemisebenzi karhulumente ukumisela inkqubela yayo yezoqoqosho nokusebenza kwayo nokuthobela iingcebiso ezisekelwe kwiingxelo ze-GAO. Ezi komiti zikhonza njengamaqumrhu ajongele abaPhathi-mikhosi, epheleli abaquququ abaqhutywa ngokugunyazisa iikomiti.

Iinjongo Neenjongo Zolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Kukho iinjongo eziliqela ezihamba kunye ezinxulumene novelela, ezinokuhlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko: iinkqubo, ezopolitiko, kunye neziko. Ukuqonda ezi njongo zahlukeneyo kuyanceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba iBhunga lifakelele ubuncwane obubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli nendlela izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelela ezisebenza ngayo iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.

Ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwenkqubo

Ulawulo lwenkqubo lugxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkqubo zesebe zisebenza ngokunempumelelo nangokunempumelelo. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli baphumeza iinkonzo zabo ezisesikweni, bayavumelana neenjongo zowiso-mthetho, kwaye baphumeza iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. IBhunga lisebenzisa ulawulo lwenkqubo ukuchonga inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhaphaza; livavanya iinkqubo zolawulo; kunye nokuhlola iinkqubo zolawulo.

Ingqungquthela iqhelisela ulawulo lwayo olunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokuququzelela, enika ithuba lokuvavanya umbutho kunye nenkcitho yamasebe. Inkoliso yamasebe kunye neenkqubo zephondo kufuneka zifumane ukuphinda zifumaneke kwakhona (ngonyaka, iminyaka emibini, iminyaka emihlanu, okanye esinye isiseko) esigunyazisa iikomiti ithuba lokuhlola imisebenzi yeziko, imisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo. Njengomphumo wemigudu yokuvelela, iBhunga linokuphelisa okanye linciphise iinkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ezingasebenziyo ngokusika okanye ukucutha okanye ukucutha kwemali.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nenkokeli

Ulawulo lweBhunga lunganceda ekulondolozeni amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabemi nabanye. Ngokubonisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukuva iindlebe zooomphathi kunye nezinye imigudu kungaphelisa ukuziphatha okubi kolawulo oluphezulu kwaye kuncede ukuthintela ukuphinda kuphinde kuvele, umzekelo, umthetho omtsha okanye ngokungangqalanga ngokunyusa uluntu ngokubalamla. Lo msebenzi wokukhusela umela eyona mpembelelo ibalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Umsebenzi Wokwakha

Ngapha koko kujongwa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho kunye neenjongo zayo zophando, uphando lombutho-jiko lusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wolwazi lukawonke-wonke. UWatkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 200 n.33 (1957) lwaphawula ukuba "[f]mrom amaxesha okuqala kwimbali yayo, iBhunga liphumeze ngokungxama umsebenzi wokulungisa" injongo yayo ekwinjongo yokuba "ukuququzelela nokuguqula ukonakala, ulawulo olungalawuleki okanye ukuphumelela kumasebe kaRhulumente". Oku kunceda abantu bagcine intembelo kurhulumente kwaye kuncede abemi ukuba babe netyala abameli babo abanyuliweyo.

Izixhobo Ezisemthethweni Nobuchule Bokulawula

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

Namhlanje, ulongamelo lwequmrhu lungabonakala nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wemithetho-siseko nangamaziko ahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo. Le misebenzi isuka kwimiba yokuchongwa kwekomiti esesikweni ukuya kunxulumano olungacwangciswanga okanye abasebenzi kunye namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kwizifundo zabasebenzi ukuya kwingxubusho yokuxhasa; kwaye ukusuka ekuqulunqeni ii-ofisi zezeeNtlangatho ukuya kuhlolo olulungiselelwe ngamaqumrhu angengawo angoorhulumente, afana neekhokeli jikelele.

Iikomiti ezichophela amatyala zimela enye yezona zixhobo zolawulo zibonakalayo. Ezi ngxoxo zicwangcisiweyo zivumela iikomiti ukuba zibuze amagunya, ziqokelele ubungqina obungoochule, zize zenze ingxelo kawonke-wonke yemisebenzi nemisebenzi yoorhulumente. Ingakumbi zibalulekile iimvo ezivakalayo kwiimali zoorhulumente kwakunye nezigunyaziso zokuva iintetho kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Ezi ngxoxo zithe rhoqo zinika amathuba acwangcisiweyo okuvelela okuqhubekayo.

Amandla eSubpona

Indlu neNdlu yeeNtsimbi imisela igunya lokunikezela kwiikomiti ezizimeleyo. Eli gunya linceda iikomiti ukuba zinyanzele ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu nobungqina xa amaqumrhu okanye abantu bengavumi ukusebenzisana ngokuzithandela nemibuzo ebuzwayo.

Kuqukwa kububanzi bamandla ligunya lokuqalisa uphando, ukuva, ukuqokelela ubungqina okanye amaxwebhu kumangqina, kwaye, kwiimeko apho urhulumente okanye iqela labucala lingafikeli, linyanzelisa ukuthobela izicelo zombutho-mthetho ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo kunye nokunyanzelisa oopopona. Amandla angaphantsi kwe-topina asebenza njengokuvala okubalulekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linokufumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwimisebenzi yalo yowiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

Xa amaqumrhu engavumi ukuthobela ii-asethi ezingaphantsi kwengqungquthela, iKhomishini ineendlela eziliqela zokunyanzelisa abantu. IBhunga lisenokufuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngetyala ngokungahambelani ne-poena. Ukunyanzeliswa kwabemi abangaphantsi kwe-athom: iBhunga lisenokufuna isigqibo senkundla sephondo esichaza ukuba umntu oququzelelwayo unyanzelekile ukuba athobele i-papoena engaphantsi kwengqungquthela.

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lolawulo lombutho-ngquzulwano linamazinyo. Noko ke, izenzo zokunyanzelisa zinokuba ziingxaki zexesha kunye neengxabano zezobupolitika, ingakumbi xa zibandakanya iimpikiswano phakathi kweKhomishini kunye nesebe eliphetheyo ekufumaneni ulwazi.

Iimfuno zokuxela

IBhunga lisoloko liquka ukunikela ingxelo yeemfuno ezisemthethweni, liqinisekisa ukuba abameli bafumana iingxelo ezithe rhoqo ngemisebenzi yabo, inkcitho nemisebenzi yabo.

IBhunga lingafumana inkcazelo evela kubantu abaququzelela, kumagosa emibutho (osenokuba okanye abangenzeki njengabavuli-mlozi), abahloli jikelele, aba-GAO, amaqela enzala, okanye amajelo eendaba. Ulwazi lungavela nangezinye iindlela, kuquka iingxelo ezigunyazisiweyo nezinye iimpapasho zikarhulumente, iimpendulo zomaziko emibuzo ngexesha okanye ngaphandle kwekomiti, okanye uhlalutyo lobuqu lwemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Indima Yenkxaso Yengqungquthela

I-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-Ofisi yokuphendula kaRhulumente isebenza njengelungu eliyintloko leBhunga eliphandayo nengalo yophicotho-zincwadi. Ikwasaziwa ngokuba yi-"conforensiod". I-GAO inika iNgqungquthela, iintloko zamasebe aphetheyo, kunye noluntu olunolwazi olufike ngexesha, olusekelwe kwinyaniso, olungelocawa olunokusetyenziswa ukuphucula urhulumente nokusindisa amawaka ezigidi zeerandi.

Umsebenzi weGAO wenziwe kwisicelo seekomiti zombutho okanye amakomiti angaphantsi okanye ogunyaziswe yimithetho kawonke-wonke okanye ziingxelo zeekomiti. Kwakhona uthatha uphando phantsi kwegunya leNkulumbuso ephetheyo. Ixhasa ulawulo lombutho-ngquthela ngo: uphando lwemibutho yokuhlola ukuba imali yesebe isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo na, ukuphanda iingxengxezo zemisebenzi engekho mthethweni nengafanelekanga; ukuchaza indlela ezizizalisekisa ngayo iinkqubo neemigaqo zikarhulumente; ukwenza uphando kunye nokucacisa iinkqulukwano zequmrhu.

Uzimeleyo lweGAO lukhuselwe ngenkqubo yokumisela ekhethekileyo yinkokeli yalo. I-coptorller ityunjwe ngumongameli, ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga, iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, igama elingavunywanga kwakhona. Umongameli ukhetha umnenga kuluhlu lwabantu abathathu abanconyelweyo yibhirtisan, ibhiya-yabhiyari yenkokeli. Esi sakhiwo sigquma iComptorleller General kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba abantu abatsha bayaqhubeka behamba ngaphaya kolawulo oluninzi.

Inkonzo yophando lweBhunga kunye nezinye iiMpazamo zeNkxaso

Ngaphezu kweGO, iKhomishini ixhomekeke kwamanye amaqumrhu axhasayo ukuncedisa kwimisebenzi yophando. INkonzo yoLungrremental Research inikela uhlalutyo lwenkqubo nophando olusemthethweni ukuxhasa uphando lwekomiti kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. I-Congressgational Uhlaziyo I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali ihlolisisa imibandela yoqingqo-mali neyoqoqosho, inceda iNkokeli iqonde iziphumo ezithe ngqo zemisebenzi yemibutho kunye nemigaqo ecetyisiweyo.

La masebe axhasayo anika iNkqutyana ngobuchule obuzimeleyo kunye nobuchule bokuhlola, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ulwazi olungakumbi nolawulo olusebenzayo.

Iimodeli Eziphaphileyo: IiPatrols Zamapolisa Nezilumkiso Zomlilo

Ebhala ngo 1984, izazinzulu zezobupolitika uMatew McCubbins noThomas Schwartz zacebisa imodeli yokulungiselela imisebenzi yolawulo loburhulumente esele iyisixhobo esiluncedo sokuqonda njengomsebenzi. Kwinqaku labo, ababhali bachaza iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi zobuveleli bobuqu: "opolice abaphathi" kunye "nezandi zomlilo". Ukugada kwamapolisa kwenzeka xa iBhunga, ngenyathelo lalo, "ichaza umzekelo wemisebenzi yempatho elawulayo, ngenjongo yokufumana nokulungisa nokulungisa nayiphi na into ephonononga iinjongo zomthetho kunye, ngokujongozela kwalo, ukudima.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iBhunga liphendula izikhalazo okanye izilumkiso ezivela kwimibutho, kumaqela abantu abaza kufumana intsebenziswano, abavuli-mlozi, okanye ezinye imithombo malunga neengxaki ezinokwenzeka kwimibutho. Le ndlela yokusabela ivumela iBhunga ukuba lijonge ubuncwane balo bokuvelela obusikelwe umda kwiindawo apho iingxaki zifunyaniswe khona, kunokuba liqhube uhlolo olubanzi, olulungelelanisiweyo lwayo yonke imisebenzi yemibutho.

Zombini ezi ndlela zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yobuveleli. Ukugada kwamapolisa kulungiselela uphando olucwangcisiweyo kwaye kunokubona iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingxaki. Ukujonga ingxubevange yokulumkisa ngomlilo kwenza ukuba iBhunga likwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimbambano ezivelayo nokuhlola okungaphandle kwabemi namaqela anomdla.

Imiqathango Esemthethweni Ebuthweni Lengqungquthela

Ngelixesha amandla olawulo lweBhunga ebanzi, awanamida. Umsebenzi wolawulo lwengqungquthela uphantsi kokwahluka-hlukene komthetho. Le miqathango inceda ukugcina ulungelelwano olusemthethweni lwamandla kwaye ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Imfuneko Yenjongo Yomthetho

"Nangona amandla okuphanda kusoloko kubanzi. . . . Sikwenzi kwacaca ukuba iBhunga alifakwanga ngamandla 'ogaleli-mikhosi' okubuza kwimicimbi yangasese.' Umxholo walo naluphi na uphando kufuneka ukuba lube lelona linokuthi libe ngumthetho." Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwengqungquthela luphumele iinjongo ezisemthethweni zemithetho-mthetho kunokuba lusebenze njengeengxoxo zobucala kwihambo yangasese.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagxininisa ukuba igunya lobuveleli lifumaneka kumandla emithetho eBhunga, ithetha ukuba uphando kufuneka ludibane nomthetho okhoyo okanye ulawulo lwemithetho ekhoyo. Ngokunyulu okanye uphando olucacileyo olungenakudibana nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho lungaphaya kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko weBhunga.

AmaLungelo Omntu Ngamnye noKhuselo loMgaqo-siseko

Uphando lweBhunga kufuneka luhlonele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka inkululeko yoMphengululo Wokuqala, iziHlaliso zeNkqubela-phambili zesihlanu, namalungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. IiNkundla ziye zangenelela xa uphando lwengqungquthela lusongela le miqathango isisiseko, zimisela imida ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya lobuphathi kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye luye lwaguquka luphuma kumthetho wetyala, kunye neenkundla ezithetha ngeemfuno zophando lweBhunga ngeli lixa kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukhuseleko olusisiseko lomgaqo-siseko luhlala lungaphazamiseki.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ilungelo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu limela enye yezona ndawo zingenaluxanduva kulawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela. Ngeli xesha lingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ilungelo elinegunya livumela uMongameli ukuba angavumi ukukhupha inkcazelo ethile kwiBhunga ukuze akhusele imfihlo yokucetyiswa kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Bavumelana ngemithetho yokutyhila eyakha isiseko sokuqala soko ngoku kwaziwa njengelungelo lokubulala," okanye ilungelo likaMongameli lokusebenzisa amaxwebhu azimeleyo kunye necebiso elingacocekanga lokuyila izigqibo zenkqubo. Ukuchaphazeleka ngaphezu kwelungelo eliphezulu kudla ngokufuna unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe kwaye kwezinye iimeko, isigqibo sezomthetho.

Imida EkwisiKrini

Ulawulo lweBhunga kufuneka ihlonele imida yolawulo lwekomiti emiselwe yimithetho yendlu nendlu. Uphando lwekomiti kufuneka: lube phakathi kolawulo lwekomiti njengoko luchazwe kwimithetho yendlu okanye yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, kwaye ... ukuba le migaqo ifikelelwa, uphando lwekomiti luyingqinela ukuba lunamandla kwaye lungaguquguquki. Ezi mfuneko zolawulo zithintela iikomiti ekuphuncweni kwegunya lazo nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo olucwangcisiweyo.

Izixhobo Zokulawula Umatshini

Ngokubanzi

I-Inspecter General Act yaseka iiofisi ezizimeleyo kumaziko asekuhlaleni ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophengululo lwemisebenzi yesebe. Abahloli jikelele banikela ingxelo yabo bobabini abakhokeli bombutho kunye neBhunga, benika inkqubo yolawulo lwangaphakathi ezalisekisa imisebenzi yolawulo lombutho. Ezi ofisi zisebenza njengenkqubo yokulumkisa yakudala, ukuchaza iingxaki nokuncomela izenzo zokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba imibango iqhubeke.

Abahloli jikelele baye baba ngamaqabane abalulekileyo kulawulo lombutho, banika uhlalutyo lobuchule kunye noovimba bophando abakhulisa amandla eBhunga okulawula imisebenzi yombutho. Isakhiwo sawo sokunika ingxelo siqinisekisa ukuba omabini abaphathi besebe kunye ne-Congress bafumana ulwazi malunga nenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nokuphatha kakubi.

UMthetho wePhondo

ICongressional Review Act inika iNkqutyana yenkqubo yokuhlola imimiselo yamasebe nenokuthi ingavumelani nayo. Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, abameli kufuneka bamisele imithetho engundoqo kwiKhomishini ngaphambi kokuba isebenze, kwaye iKhomishini ingadlulisela isigqibo esidibeneyo sokungathotyelwa kwemiqathango. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba iKhomishini ijonge ngqo kwinkqubo yokuququzelela, iqinisekisa ukuba ukumiswa kolawulo lweziko kuhambelana nenjongo yongqungquthela.

UMthetho weCangressionional Review Act umela isixhobo esibalulekileyo sobuveleli, ukuvumela iiKhonkxa-mandla ukuba zilawule iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokufuna umthetho omtsha. Noko ke, ukuphumelela koMthetho kuxhomekeke ekukulungeleni ukusetyenziswa kwawo, kwaye izigqibo zokungavunyelwa zinqabile.

Ulawulo lobuntlola

Iikomiti zolawulo lweKhomishini yokuKhetha yoBuntlola kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso neKomiti Yokukhetha Ngokusisigxina Ubuntlola kwiNdlu yabameli--enikezela okuphela komsebenzi wokungalathisi kobuntlola ngaphandle kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu. Ulawulo lobuntlola luveza imingeni eyodwa ngenxa yobuntlola obunovelwano bemisebenzi yobuntlola nemfuneko yokukhusela ulwazi olwahlulweyo.

UMongameli ukwanyanzelekile ngokomthetho ukuba azise iikomiti zobuntlola (okanye, kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ukhokelo lombutho) kuzo zonke izenzo ezifihlakeleyo "ukufumana" xa zivunyiwe nguMongameli. Iikomiti azinagunya lokungakuvumeli oku kufunyanisiweyo, kodwa zinokuthintela ukunkcitho kwemali yemisebenzi enjalo kwiminyaka elandelayo. Ngoko ke, iimbono zazo kwiinkqubo zezenzo ezifihlakeleyo zinikwa ubunzima obugqithisileyo.

Inkqubo yoluvo njengesixhobo sokulawula

Amandla esipakethi amele enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zolawulo lweBhunga. Bonke abameli besebe baxhaswa ngemali ngeenkqubo zombutho zaminyaka le. Imali exhasa umbutho ngamnye iqukwa kwelinye lamaphepha eendleko alishumi elinesibini aqwalaselwe yiKhomishini ngonyaka. Le nkqubo yonyaka inika amathuba athe rhoqo okuhlola ukusebenza kweziko nokulungisa amaqondo emali asekelwe ekufumaneni kolawulo.

Ukuchongwa kweengxelo kuvumela iikomiti ukuba zibuze amaqumrhu ajongene nokusetyenziswa kwawo kwemali yokuhlawula irhafu, inkqubo ephumelelayo, nokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yowiso-mthetho. IBhunga lingasebenzisa imiqathango yemali, iimeko, kunye nemiqathango ukuphembelela isimilo somaziko nokuqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngetyala. Isisongelo semali encitshisiweyo sinika amandla anamandla okusebenzisa iingxoxo zobungameli.

Ngaphezu kokuququzelelana kwaminyaka le, iKhomishini isebenzisa iinkqubo zogunyaziso ukuqhuba. Iikomiti zogunyaziso zihlola iinkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yeenkonzo xa ziqwalasela ukuba zifanele ziphinde ziqulunqe iinkqubo zemali nakumgangatho wenkxaso-mali. Esi sakhiwo solawulo sibini.

Umanyano Nentsebenziswano Ekulawuleni

IiKomiti zithatha umsebenzi wobuveleli ngokuziqalela kuzo kwikomiti epheleleyo okanye kwikomiti enye okanye kwezininzi ezingaphantsi. Kwezinye iimeko zisenokudibanisa imisebenzi yazo nezinye iikomiti (ngokomzekelo, ngokudibanisa ukuchotshelwa kombandela womdla omnye). Okanye, ukongeza inkqubo ekhoyo yeekomiti, iNdlu yeNdlu okanye iBhunga ingamisela okanye ikomiti ekhethekileyo yokuphanda imiba okanye imibutho, ikhuthaza ukuqonda esidlangalaleni izinto zoluntu, okanye ukuquququzelela imicimbi engqubanayo yemiqathango yoluntu, okanye ukuqulukwano olude lumgama omninzi.

Ulawulo olusebenzayo ludla ngokufuna ukulungelelaniswa kweekomiti ezininzi kunye nolawulo olungenani. Iindlebe ezidityanisiweyo kunye nolwabelano lolwazi lungakhulisa ukusebenza kobuveleli ngeli xesha kuncitshiswa ukwenziwa komsebenzi. Khetha iikomiti zinika ulungelelwano kwiimeko ezingalungelelaniyo kakuhle phakathi kwemithetho yekomiti ekhoyo okanye ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa, uphando olunemiqathango yexesha.

Ezinye zezininzi ezipapashwayo ngokuthelekiswa nophando olunqabileyo ngokukhetha iikomiti ukuya kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo epholileyo okanye kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Iimeko zibuzo zokwexeshana kwikomiti ekhethiweyo: ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya eTshayina, ngo-1999; i-Iran-Contra compression, ngo- 1987; ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobuntlola, ngo-1975-1976, kunye nehlazo leWatergate. Oku kuphengululo oluphezulu lubonisa ubuchule beBhunga loMbutho lokuphatha kakuhle xa iimeko zifanelekile.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kolawulo Lweengxubakaxaka

Bambi abaphengululi baye bathandabuza ukuphumelela kobuveleli bombutho ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza nokuthobela umthetho. Abahlalutyi babonisa iingxaki eziliqela ezinokudodobalisa ukuphumelela kobuveleli, kuquka ukupheliswa kwemimandla ehlukeneyo, ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo phakathi kweBhunga namaqumrhu, kunye nenkxalabo ekhuphisanayo ngexesha nengqalelo.

Ukwahlulwa-hlula kobuveleli kungaphumelela xa inkoliso yamalungu eqela elincinane namalungu amaqela aphantsi esukela iingcinga ezahlukeneyo okanye xa uvelela kuba sisixhobo sokuhlasela kwezobupolitika kunokuba kuphendulwe ngokunyanisekileyo. Izithintelo zezibonelelo zilinganisela ubunzulu nobubanzi bemisebenzi yobuveleli, zinyanzelela ukuba zenze ukhetho olunzima kwimibandela emayiphandwe ngayo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ineengenelo ezibalulekileyo kwiiKhonkqulu, ukulawula ukufumaneka kwamaxwebhu, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nobuchule. Ngoxa amaqumrhu axhasa intlangano encedisa ekucombululeni oku kungalungelelani, amaqumrhu ayakwazi ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo inkcazelo edluliselwa kwiimbono zobukhokeli nokusebenza kolawulo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nemigudu Yale Mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amalungu eBhunga aye ahlola iindlela zokumisa imisebenzi yalo. Oku kuquka ukuvelela ukulawulwa kwemithetho yamaqumrhu alawulayo.

Ingqungquthela kufuneka ilinganise ii-arhente ezahlukeneyo ukuba ibinokuthatha naluphi na kwezi zinketho. Ngelixesha zonke iindlela zinganyusa ulawulo lombutho, ukuseka umsebenzi omtsha wokuqhuba uphando ngemithetho ecetyiweyo, umzekelo, ingadibanisa iindleko ezongezelelekileyo zabasebenzi abongezelelweyo kunye neenkonzo zombutho okhoyo. Ukulinganisa iingenelo zokongamela umgangatho ophezulu nxamnye namaxabiso kunye nokhuphiwo olunokwenzeka luhlala lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye bavelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokulawula ulawulo lombutho. Iingxelo zamanani kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezichaphazelo zibangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokunzulu imisebenzi yeziko kodwa kwakhona kuphakanyiswe imibuzo ephathelele ukuzimela, ukhuseleko, kunye nobuchule bobuqu babaphathi-mikhosi ukuhlolisisa iinkcazelo ezintsonkothileyo.

Uqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi lokulawula

Nangona kusenokubakho ukungavumelani ngokokuba kunjani "ukulingana" kobuveleli, kukho iqela lamalungu abonakala ekhuthaza ulawulo olunempumelelo, kuquka: isitulo sekomiti esibophelelelwe ukwenza uphatho ngesiseko esiqinileyo, ukubandakanyeka kwamalungu ekomiti phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwexesha kunye nobuncwane, ibharparistanshi (ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo) kunye nokunye kunokusetyenziswa ngamaqela amabini onke, abasebenzi abanobuchule bobucuphi, ubuchule bokwazi nokufumana ulwazi olufunekayo kumaziko kunye nezinye imithombo.

Ukuzinikela okuqinileyo kukhokelo lwekomiti kuyimfuneko ukuze kubekho ulwalathiso olusebenzayo. Abahlalo ababeka ulawulo olufanelekileyo noovimba beekomiti ngoko banokuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo nolunempembelelo. Isivumelwano samalungu siqinisekisa ukuba ulongamelo lufumana ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwaye oko kufunyaniswe kuko kuguqulelwa kwinyathelo lowiso-mthetho xa kuyimfuneko.

Intsebenziswano ye-Bapartisan ikhulisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza. Xa omabini amaqela eqela esebenza kunye, okufunyenweyo kokuvelela kubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye kunokwenzeka kakhulu ekukhuthazeni iimpendulo nezindululo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukujongana nokujongwa kwamacandelo kungajongwa njengokuphenjelelwa njengentshukumisa yezobupolitika kwaye kusilela ukufikelela imbopheleleko enenjongo.

Iingcali zobugcisa zinceda iikomiti ziqonde imisebenzi entsonkothileyo yemibutho, zibone iingxaki, zize zivelise iindlela zokunyanga ezisebenzayo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ulawulo lweBhunga luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweenkqubo zikarhulumente, uphuhliso lobugcisa, kunye nokuvela kweengxaki. Ukwanda korhulumente wolawulo kunyuse ukubaluleka kobuveleli ngeli xesha kusenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yemisebenzi yesebe epheleleyo nokuntsonkotha kwemibutho.

Ubugcisa obudibanisa ubuntlola obungeyonkqubo, kuquka ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo kunye nogcino-lwazi oluphambili, buvelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lobukhokeli. Ezi zixhobo zinokunyusa amandla eNgqungquthela okulawula imisebenzi yeenkonzo nokubona iingxaki, kodwa kwakhona zifuna ubuchule obutsha nokuphakamisa imibuzo ebhaliweyo neyokuziphatha.

Ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonklane nesebe eliphetheyo lusasebenza ngokunamandla, luneengxaki eziqhubekayo zokufikelela inkcazelo, ilungelo lokulawula, kunye nomgangatho wegunya lokuvelela.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungakhuli kwekhompyutha, ukupheliswa kwezifo ezimandundu nezinye iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo, kufuneka uphakamiso olunokucombulula iingxaki ezibandakanya amaziko amaninzi kunye nemithetho ephakamileyo. Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zolawulo ezisebenzayo kwezi ngxaki kubaluleke kakhulu kwiBhunga.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yenza ukuba iKhomishini yowiso-mthetho ikwazi ukuphatha amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke ngenkqubo ebanzi eyaphuhliswa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zoqheliselo nezomzekelo. Ukusuka kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo olujolise kwigunya lobuveleli ukuya kwiinkqubo ezithile ezifana noMthetho weNkqutyana Jikelele kunye noMthetho we-Congressionation Review, esi sicwangciso somthetho sinika iNkomfa ngezixhobo ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabaququzeleli bobuxhakaxhakaxhakashelwa nokusebenza.

Inkqubo yolawulo ilungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ukwenza uhlolo olungqongqo lolwahlulo lombutho lomthetho ophezulu lo gama ihlonela inkululeko yesebe elilawulayo, ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngexesha kuqinisekiswa ukuba mhlophe korhulumente, kunye nokugcina ububhetyebhetye ngexa kumiselwa imida ecacileyo esemthethweni. Olu lungelelaniso lubonisa inkqubo ebanzi yomgaqo-siseko wamandla ahlukeneyo kunye neengxilongo kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuzinikela okuzinzileyo, oovimba abaneleyo, ubuchule, yaye ngokufuthi intsebenziswano ye-bipartis. Xa ezi zinto zilungelelaniswa, ulawulo lwequmrhu lungabona kwaye lulungise, luphucule ukusebenza kukarhulumente, lukhusele amalungelo abantu ngabanye, lulondoloze intembelo yoluntu kumaziko edemokhrasi.

Njengoko imisebenzi karhulumente isiya isiba nzima kwaye imingeni isiba mininzi, ukubaluleka kokuvelela okunempumelelo kombutho wombutho kukhula kuphela. Ucwangciso olusemthethweni olubangela ukuba lo velelo luqhubeke luguquka, lulungelelanisa nobugcisa obutsha, uloyiko oluvelayo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemimiselo karhulumente ngoxa lulondoloza imigaqo engundoqo yokuziphendulela, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

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