Isiseko Sobandakanyeka Kwidemokhrasi

Inxaxheba ye-COVIC ingumsebenzi wento engundoqo kuyo nayiphi na idemokhrasi esebenzayo. Ukusuka ekufakeni ivoti kunyulo lwesizwe ukuya kunyulo lweholo yedolophu yasekuhlaleni, iindlela abemi ababandakanyeka kuzo nenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika zibumba ukufaneleka nokusabela korhulumente wabo. Kodwa inxaxheba ayihambelani ngaphaya kolawulo-melo. Enye yezona zinto zilandelayo kodwa eziye zatyeshelwa kakhulu kukuthintelwa kwendlela abantu abavota ngayo kwaye kutheni abantu bevota yinkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo. Imithetho eguqulela izikhethelo zabo kwizigqibo zabo ngokwezigqibo ezidibeneyo ibangela ukuba kubonakale enoba ngaba, kutheni, kutheni, kutheni, kutheni kutheni kutheni kutheni kutheni kuthenwa imicimbi yemibutho. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kweenkqubo zovotishi, abalungiseli bemithetho-mthetho, nabahlali-mthetho-ntle abafuna ukwakha kwinkqubo ezizibo abaquququle i-Rocracracration.

Oko Zikuko Iinkqubo Zokusasaza Nesizathu Sokuba Zibalulekile

Embindini wayo, inkqubo yokuvota yimithetho emisela indlela evota ngayo, ebalwa ngayo, kwaye eguqulwa ngayo izihlalo okanye iziphumo. Ezi nkqubo ziyahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye nganye ithwala izikhuthazo ezahlukileyo kubavoti, abavoti, abathathi-nxaxheba, namaqela ezobupolitika. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo akuchaphazeli abaphumeleleyo kuphela kodwa nendlela abavoti abayiqonda ngayo indlela abasebenza ngayo, nokuba bayazikhetha ukuba bayavota, nokuba bavakalelwa njani ukuba bamele. Uphando lubonise ukuba imithetho yokhetho olunempembelelo eguqulayo, ukuqhelanisa iqela, kwanesandi sentetho yezobupolitika.

Iindidi ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zokuvota ziquka:

  • Inkqubo yokwahlula-hlula/iinkqubo ze-Majority (kuquka uQala-Past-yiposi kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zeRound)
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubo yomelo lomfuziselo
  • Ulongezo Olukhethiweyo olushicilelweyo (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-Prom- Runoff Voting)
  • Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo (ukudibanisa ubuninzi kunye neziqalelo zolungelelwaniso)
  • [[UMQONDISO:0] Umvo odluliselweyo omnye

Nganye kwezi zakhiwo ibumba iintsabelo zoluntu ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukususela kwinani elingaqhelekanga labavoti ababonisa ubunzulu bomtshato phakathi konyulo.

Udidi lweposi

Ukuqala-uPast-the Post yeyona nkqubo yonyulo elula nedala kakhulu isekhona ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu. Kwi FPTP, umvoti ofumana eyona voti kwingingqi enye ufumana isihlalo. Akukho mfuneko yokufumana uninzi; ubuninzi banele. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, naseIndiya, phakathi kwezinye.

Indlela I-FPTP Ebunjwe ngayo Ukuziphatha kwe Voter

I-FPTP idla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezizizahlulo ezimbini ngenxa yoMthetho kaDuverger, ochaza indlela imithetho yobuninzi edida ngayo abavoti ekuxhaseni abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu abacingelwa njengabangenalo ithuba lokuphumelela. Le nto ishukumisayo yenza ingxaki yokuvota: abemi bangayeka ixhoba labo abakhethelweyo ukuvota ukhetho oluphilileyo, into eyaziwa njengokhetho lobuchule. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungalisusa ixabiso elibonakalayo levoti yomntu kwaye kunciphise ukuganana kwetyala lonke.

[[UMTL: 0] I Turmout kunye nokungakhathali

Iqumrhu elininzi lophando lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ze-FPTP zinxulunyaniswa nomvoti osezantsi othelekisa nojikelezo oluya kulungelelaniswa. E-United States, apho i-FPTPP isetyenziselwa unyulo lonyulo lwequlu, umvoti ujikele emva kwedemokhrasi ezininzi zaseYurophu. Iinqanawa ezihlala kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo apho iqela elinye lilawula khona unyaka ngamnye lityekele ukulahla izithuba, njengokuba isiphumo sivakala simiselwe kwangaphambili. Uvavanyo lwe-UK ne Canada lubonisa iipakethi ezifanayo: ukujika umva kusenokuba ziimeko ezisezantsi 10] ukuya kumlinganiselo osezantsi ezihlaliselweyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abakhuphisanayo.

[[UMKCU] Iimephu zonikezelo

I-FPTP ingavelisa ukungavisisani okuphawulekayo phakathi kolwabelo lweqela elifumanayo kunye nesabelo sezihlalo elizifumanayo. Amaqela amancinane kunye nabavoti abazimeleyo bangamaxhoba acwangcisiweyo, kwaye abaxhasi babo basenokuvakalelwa kukuba amavoti ayalahlwa. Oku kucingelwa ukuba ukungamelanga kudibaniseki kungekuphela nje ukuvota kodwa kwaneentlobo ezibanzi zokuthatha inxaxheba njengokuzinikela, ukunikela, okanye ukubakho kwintlanganiso. Kumaqela e-buhlanga, amaqela esizwe, kunye nezifundo zemfundo ezizimeleyo ezisasazezwe, i-FTPPP zinokuphelisa amazwi anokuthi ngandlel ’ igalelo eliphambili lengxoxo yedemokhrasi.

[[UMTHL:0] Izahlulo kunye nogcino-lwazi[[UMTL:1]

Kunyulo lwama-2019 lwase-Khanada, iLiberal Party yawina uvumo lwama-33,1% lwevoti ethandwayo kodwa yakhuseleka i-47.4% yezihlalo, ngeli lixa iGreen Party iphumelele 6.5% yevoti kodwa kuphela 0. I-0.3% yezihlalo. Oku kuqinisa ingqiqo yokuba inkqubo ayilunganga, ifak' isandla ekunciphiseni ukuthemba nokuthatha inxaxheba ephantsi phakathi kwabaxhasi abangaphantsi kwamaqela. [FLT: 0] ibonakalisa ukujika kwe-data yaseCanada i-efonsot], abasoloko bekholiswa ngamaqela amancinane, asoloko ekholekayo, ahlala engaphantsi kunabantu abadala.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zePropotigal zomelo zijolise ekunikezeleni izihlalo ngokulingana nolwabelo lwevoti ngalinye elamkelayo. I-PR isetyenziswa ngohlobo oluthile yi-democrative yaseYurophu, kuquka i-Jamani, iSweden, i-Norway, iNetherlands, ne-New Zealand. Kukho iinguqu ezininzi, kuquka uluhlu lweqela PR, apho abavoti bakhetha iqela nezihlalo ezihlawulweyo, kunye neVote eyodwa edluliselwe kwenye, esiza kuxubusha ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa

Isixokelelwano se-PR sinxulunyaniswa ngokuqhubekayo nomvoti ophezulu. Uphando lwamazwe ngamazwe lufumanise ukuba ujikelezo kumazwe ePR luqhelekile 5 ukuya kwi 10 yepesenti yeenqaku eziphezulu kunezininzi, nasemva kokulawula izinto ezifana nokuvota okunyanzelekileyo, ingeniso, namanqanaba emfundo. Isixokelelwano sicacile: xa abavoti bekholelwa ukuba ivoti baza kufak ’ isandla ekunyulweni kommeli owabela iimbono zabo, bashukuswe kakhulu ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba.

[[UMTL:0] Umelo lomgca [

Inkqubo ye-PR ivumela ukumelelwa kweembono ezininzi zezobupolitika, kuquka amaqela amancinane, amaqela aluhlaza, kunye nenkqubo entsha. Oku kukhuthaza amaqela anokucetywa ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Abathathi-nxaxheba babona abathathi-nxaxheba kunye namaqela abonakalisa ubukho bawo nezinto zawo eziphambili, akhuthaza imvakalelo yokuba ngamalungu kunye nokuphumelela kwezobupolitika.

[[UMTL:0] Abafazi kunye nomelo oluncinane

Iinkqubo ze-PR zidla ngokukhetha amabhinqa amaninzi namalungu angaphantsi kwamaqela akhoyo. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Inter-Parliament Union lubonisa ukuba amazwe asebenzisa iPR, ngokomlinganiselo, angaphezulu kakhulu kwamanani amabhinqa epalamente. Olu mahluko lubonakalayo lukhuthaza amaqela angakumbi abantu ukuba abandakanyeke kwezobupolitika, njengoko zizibona zibonakaliswa ekwenzeni amaqumrhu.

[[UMTHLL: 0] Iikharethi kunye noNkingo[[UMKCUTHO: 1]

I-PR ayinazo iimpazamo zayo. Ingakhokelela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezahlulweyo namaqela amaninzi amancinane, eyenza ulwakhiwo olumanyeneyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luvelisa oorhulumente abangaguquguqukiyo. Kwezinye iimeko, abavoti basenokuvakalelwa kukuba ivoti yabo ixutywe phakathi koluhlu olukhulu, ingakumbi ukuba uluhlu oluphezulu lulawulwa ngabalawuli abaphezulu. Noko ke, iintlobo ezivulekileyo zoluhlu, apho abavoti banokubonisa izikhethelo zabo kubantu abaza kungenelela kwiqela, banokunciphisa le ngxaki kwaye badibanise.

[[UMTL:0] Imizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe

I-Sweden idibanisa umvoti ophezulu (osoloko engaphezulu kwama-85%) kunye nenkqubo yePR equka uluhlu oluvulekileyo, inika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo phakathi kwamaqela. Ukujika kwe-New Zealand ukusuka kwi-FTPP ukuya kuDityaniswa-Member Proportonal ngo1996 kuvelise unyuko olukhawulezileyo kwi-chweba kunye nonyuko oluphawulekayo kumelo lwamabhinqa nama-Maori. i-International IDEA's Revotauter database yesiseko sogcino-lwazi [[]] iqinisekisa umsantsa oqhubekayo phakathi kwePR nenkqubo zobuninzi zamazwe athe kratya.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

IVoling ePhakathi yokuKhetha eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Pronet- Runoff Voting, ivumela abavoti ukuba babeke abaveleli ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yevoti, umvoti onezimbalwa zicinywa, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kwinkokhelo elandelayo kwezo bbola. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye umvoti uphumeze uninzi. RCV usetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe e-Australia (kwiNdlulo yabameli), i-Ireland (ngendlu yabameli) kunye nakwiinqanawa ezininzi ze-U.S. namazwe aquka iMaine, i-Alaska, ne-Francis Francisco.

Ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi wesiCwangciso-nkqubo

Eyona nzuzo ibalulekileyo ye-RCV ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwezentlalo kukuba iphelisa imfuneko yokuvota ngobuchule. Abavote ngokunyanisekileyo bangabeka umkhethe wabo kuqala, besazi ukuba ukuba loo mvote-yo akanako ukuphumelela, ivoti yabo iza kutshintshela kukhetho lwabo olulandelayo kunokulahlwa. Oku kunciphisa umqobo wengqondo ukuxhasa icandelo lesithathu okanye abavoti abazimeleyo kwaye kukhuthaza ukuba kubekho abanyulwa abahlukeneyo nabathenjiweyo abangakumbi.

[[UMTL:0] Iphulo leCandelo neNkcitho yeVoter [[UMTL: 1]

Ngenxa yokuba abavumi kufuneka babhenele kwivoti yesibini neyesithathu evela kubaxhasi-zonke, i-RCV isoloko inika umvuzo wephulo elifanelekileyo nesohlwayo sohlaselo olungalunganga. Abavote basoloko benikela ingxelo yolwaneliseko olungakumbi ngesandi kunye nemveliso yamaphulo phantsi kwe-RCV. EAlaska, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lokuqala lwe-RCV kunyulo jikelele ngowama-202020 lwalandelwa luhlolo olubonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwekhulu eli-70% labavoti ifumene inkqubo elula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyikhetha ngobuninzi obungokwesithethe.

[[UMTL:0] Unikezelo Ngasemva koSuku loKhetho[[UMTL]]

RCV ingakhuthaza ukuganana ngokunzulu ngemiba kunye nabavoti. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti becelwa ukuba babeke iziqendu zabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, bacetyiswa ukuba bafunde malunga nangaphezulu kunabaphambili. Le ndlela yolwazi ebanzi yokufuna ulwazi ingaguqulela kumgangatho ophezulu wolwazi lwezobupolitika kunye novoti olunolwazi olungakumbi. Kumaqela athathiweyo amkele i-RCV, uphando lufumene unyuko olusezantsi kodwa olunentsingiselo kwivoti, ingakumbi kunyulo oluphambili apho uthathelwano lwesithethe lusezantsi.

[[UMTL:0] Icebo elivela eUnited States

IMaine yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukusebenzisa i-RCV kunyulo lwezwe ngo-2018. Uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi olugobileyo lubonisa ukuba i-RCV ayizange yandise ngokuphawulekayo ukujika jikelele, kodwa yaguqula ukwenziwa kovoteli, nabavoti abaninzi abathatha inxaxheba kwimijaho ekhuphisanayo apho abathathi-nxaxheba bebaleka khona. Kunyulo lwengingqi kwizixeko ezifana neMinneapolis neNgcwele Paul, i-RCV ibinxulunyaniswa nokujiswa nonyuko oluphezulu kwimijaho kamasipala, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane nabavoti-voti-mvume. uphando lwamaxwebhu e-Fairto'ult:1]

Ucelomngeni lwe-RCV

I-RCV ingaba ntsokothe ngakumbi kubavoti ukuba baqonde kwaye balawule abanyuli ukuba basebenze. Amaqondo okuphanga ibhola ngamanye amaxesha anyuka kulwamkelo lwangaphambili, nangona le miphumela idla ngokuncipha njengamava okuvota afumana ngenkqubo. Ukongeza, i-RCV isebenza kakuhle kwisithili esinye samalungu ahlukeneyo; kwisithili esinye esidluliselwe kwelinye, iVote luhlobo olufanelekileyo ngakumbi.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zizama ukudibanisa iinzuzo zombini ubuninzi kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Olona tshintsho lubalaseleyo yiMixted-Member Proportonal (MMP), esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, eBolivia, nase Scotland. EMMP, abavoti balahla iibhola ezimbini: enye kumncedisi wasekuhlaleni (ngokuqhelekileyo ogqibelwe ngobuninzi) kunye nomnye woluhlu lweqela. Iinqanawa zabelwa ngokwemo-mlinganiso kwivoti, kunye nezihlalo zobulali ezisebenza njengesiseko esiza kufikelela kulwahluzo.

Ucathulo Olufanayo

I-MMP inika abavoti iindlela ezimbini ezicacileyo zokuchaza izinto abazithandayo, ezinokunyusa ukuganana. Abahlali abaxabisa ukumela kwengingqi banokukhetha ummeli osekelwe kwinkonzo yobukhokeli, ngeli xesha abo bakhathalele ngakumbi ngemibandela yemithetho yesizwe benokuvotela iqela. Esi sakhiwo sibini sinciphisa amathuba okuba abavoti bazive benyanzelekile ukuba bakhethe phakathi komntu abathandayo kunye neqela abalixhasayo.

[[UMTL_HAWU] Iziphumo ezijijekileyo[[UMTL]]

Amazwe asebenzisa i-MMP adla ngokufumana imigangatho yokujika phakathi kwe-FPTP ecocekileyo kunye neenkqubo ze-PR ezicocekileyo. IJamani, namava ayo amade nge-MMP, isoloko ibona ukujika ngaphezulu kwama-70% kunyulo lwamagunya, oluphezulu kune-United States okanye uBukumkani boM. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MMP eNew Zealand ngo-1996 kwavelisa ulwando olukhawulezileyo lwendawo emalunga namanqaku amahlanu athe kratya.

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Unikezelo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba[[UMQONDISO:1]

I-MMP ivelisa iziphumo ezithe kratya ngeli lixa igcina uqhagamshelwano lwelizwe phakathi kwabavoti nabameli babo basekuhlaleni. Olu lungelelwaniso lubonakala luxhasa ulwaneliseko kunye nokuthembeka. EJamani, apho umqobo wokufumana izihlalo zoluhlu lwamaqela u-5% kuphela, kwanamaqela amancinane angafumana umelo, akhuthaza abaxhasi beendawo zokuvota ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekwazini ukuba amavoti abo aya kubalwa. U-Arhang nomgangatho wezihlalo udibanisa umahluko othe ngqo kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo uqinisa injongo yokulungelelanisa inkqubo.

Iinkqubo ezingqukuva ezimbini

Iinkqubo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa eFransi, eBrazil, kunye nonyulo lomongameli oluninzi emhlabeni wonke, kufuna umlandeli ukuba afumane uninzi olupheleleyo ukuze aphumelele kwisangqa sokuqala. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa unaso, ezimbini eziphezulu (okanye maxa wambi ezingaphezulu) ezifuna ukuqhutyelwa phambili kungquzulwano lwesibini. ITRS yinkqubo enkulu kunokuba ibe yeyokulungelelanisa, kodwa isakhiwo sayo seseqonga esisibini sidala iintshukumisa ezikhethekileyo zokuthatha inxaxheba yequmrhu.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwisangqa sokuqala

Kumjikelo wokuqala, abavoti bangaxhasa ngokukhululekileyo abanyulwa babo abathandwayo, kuquka abatsha abatsha okanye abavukeli, ngaphandle koloyiko lokonakalisa unyulo. Oku kukhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kokhetho lokwenyaniso kwaye kunganyusa ukujika komjikelo wokuqala. EFransi, unyulo lokuqala olujikelezayo kunyulo lomongameli lungaphezulu kwama-80%, nangona luye lwatshintshwa kwimijikelezo yakutshanje.

ulwahlulo kwisangqa sesibini

Ungqungquthela lwesibini lunika ukhetho olucacileyo lwezibini, olunokubaququzelela abavoti okanye babasuse, kuxhomekeka ekubeni ngaba abavoti babo bathe benza ibhaseko. Xa abavoti bebona umvoti berhoxisiwe, maxa wambi behla kwisangqa sesibini, ingakumbi phakathi kwabaxhasi abarhoxiweyo abasuswayo besuka ekhohlo okanye abatsala ekunene abavakalelwa kukuba abanalo ukhetho olwamkelekileyo oluseleyo. Le ntshukumo ingacinezela jikelele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo kwixesha.

Ijelo elinye elidluliselweyo (STV)

IVote enye edluliselweyo sisixokelelwano solungelelwano esisetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakwisigaba esikwindlela yokukhetha, kwaye umlinganiselo usekelwe kwinani lezihlalo kunye nevoti eziphosweyo. Abafikelelayo kumlinganiselo wabo bakhethwa, kwaye ivoti eseleyo idluliselwa kubavumi abaseleyo. I-STV isetyenziswa eIreland kunyulo lwepalamente, eMalta, nakunyulo lwengingqi neyahlukeneyo yengingqi jikelele ehlabathini.

Ulawulo oluphezulu lwezibonelelo

I-STV inika abavoti iqondo eliphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga lolawulo lokuba ngabatshayeli abanyulwayo, kunokuba bakhethe phakathi kwamaqela. Abavote bangabamisela abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela awahlukeneyo okanye kwiqela elinye, abanomvuzo wodumo lobuqu nomgangatho wokungenelela kumgangatho weqela. Olu khetho luchukumisayo lubangela abavoti bakhethele ukufunda ngabantu ngabanye abaza kubhaptizwa, bekhuthaza ukuganana ngokunzulu ngemibandela yasekuhlaleni kunye namaqonga abo bacela ukubhaptizwa.

[[UMTL: 0] Ujiko noTyiseko[[UMTL_1]

Uphando lweSTV eIreland lubonisa ukuba umvoti uphezulu ngokuthelekisa namanye amazwe aseYurophu, nangona luye lwancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ulwaneliseko lwenkqubo ludla ngomelele, kwaye i-STV isoloko ivelisa iziphumo ezithelekisayo ngomgangatho ophezulu womelo lwabavoti. Ukuntsonkotha kwabavoti abaninzi kungaba ngumqobo kwabanye abavoti, kodwa imfundo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yoyilo lwebhola iye yanciphisa oku kwiimithetho ezininzi.

Iinkalo ezongezelelekileyo ezixonxa igalelo

Ngoxa inkqubo yokuvota iyimeko enamandla, isebenza kwindalo ebanzi ephembelela indlela nokuba abemi banenxaxheba ngayo kwidemokhrasi yabo. Ezi meko zinxulumene nemithetho enyuliweyo ukuze kwandiswe okanye kuthotywe iziphumo zayo.

Ufikelelo nobhaliso loMkhosi

Ukuphucuka okunokuthi abemi babhalise baze baphose ibhola yokuvota kugxekwe. Kumazwe anokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, okanye ukuvota okufanelekileyo, ukujika kudla ngokuphakama nayiphi inkqubo yabakhethi. Ngokuchaseneyo, iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zokubhalisa, iiyure zokukhetha ezisikelwe umda, kunye nemigca emide ngokungenakulinganiswa nokungangenelela inxaxheba phakathi kwabancinane, ingeniso esezantsi, kunye novoti abambalwa. Utshintsho olusezantsi kwemiqobo lunganyusa ukuganana ngokuphawulekayo naphakathi kwenkqubo yokhetho olubuthathaka.

Ukuthemba Iziko

Abami abathemba inkqubo yabo yokuvota basengozini enkulu yokuvota. Imbono yokusesikweni, ukubonakala, kunye nokhuseleko olujikeleze unyulo zichaphazela unyulo ngqo. Xa iinkqubo zokuvota zivelisa iziphumo ezingalawulekiyo ezibangela ukucutha kokhuphiswano, ukuthembana kuyayiphelisa. Amazwe athe athe aqhelaniswa okanye axubene nenkqubo atyekele ekufikeleleni phezulu kwimilinganiselo yokuthembana kwezobupolitika, nangona ulwalamano luntsonkothile kwaye lungamelelwaniswa zezinye izinto ezininzi kuquka ubunjani bomgangatho wesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi kunye neziphumo zolawulo.

Imfundo Nolwazi Lwezobupolitika

Imfundo yenye yezixeli ezinamandla zomvoti ojikayo kumgangatho womntu ngamnye. Noko ke, inkqubo yokuvota ingenza okanye inciphise iziphumo zemfundo. Kwinkqubo yeFPTP, imfuneko yokubandakanyeka kwiindawo zokuvota ezifanelekileyo umthwalo ophezulu wobuchule, okwazi ukunwena umsantsa phakathi kwabemi abaninzi nabangafundanga kakhulu. Kwinkqubo yePR ne-RCV, apho uvota lulula kakhulu kwaye luchaza, umsantsa wemfundo okhoyo usoloko unciphile.

Izithethe zoluntu nezithethe

Iimeko zentlalo nezenkcubeko zibumba enoba ukuvota kujongwa njengomsebenzi wesizwe okanye ukhetho olusemthethweni. Amazwe anezithethe ezinamandla zokuganana kwesizwe, njengeSweden neDenmark, ajikele phezulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabanyuli abathile abakhethekileyo. Noko ke, inkqubo yokuvota isenokuqinisa okanye ijongele phantsi le migaqo-nkqubo. Inkqubo eyenza abavoti bavakalise ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwabo ixhasa isithethe sokuganana, ngoxa inkqubo evelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo kungakhathaliseki ukuba igalelo ngalinye linokuba negalelo elingakanani na.

Isiphelo

Akukho nkqubo yokuvota enye yomlingo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Ulwakhiwo ngalunye luthwala iintambo zorhwebo phakathi komelo, uzinzo, ulula, nokungaguquguquki. FPP inika ukuphendulana okulula nokucacileyo kodwa isoloko ibangela uxinezeleko olulula nokucutha amalizwi amancinane. Iinkqubo zovotelwano zikhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ebanzi nomelo olwahlukeneyo kodwa zinokuqhekeza iindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo olunzima. I-Rankling eKhethengiweyo iphelisa ukuvota okucacileyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukukhuphiswa kwemfundo engakumbi nobuchule bolawulo. Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo zizama ukuthatha ezona zinto zombini ezintsoko kodwa zinokuzisa ubuntlola nokuhlala okungalindelekanga.

Into ecacileyo kukuba ukhetho lwenkqubo yokuvota luthumela uphawu olunamandla malunga nokuba ngubani omele athethe kwaye ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufanele lusebenze. Abahlaziyi abafuna ukwandisa inxaxheba kuluntu mabaqwalasele kungekuphela nje iziphumo ezithe ngqo zemithetho yabanyuli ekunyulweni kodwa kwaneziphumo ezinzulu zengqondo nenkcubeko. Izakhamuzi ezivakalelwa kukuba zinokubaluleka kokuvota, ezizibona zimelwe, kwaye ezithemba ukuba inkqubela yenkqubo inokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kungekuphela ngomhla wonyulo kodwa kumsebenzi omkhulu wokuba ngummi kwedemokhrasi. Njengoko oo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke bejongenelo luyancipha ukuthembana, ukunyuka, ukuthatha izithuba ezithelekisa, nokuthatha inxaxheba, zinika ingqalelo kwindlela entle yokuvota ezikhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa koburhulumente.