Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elikumela ngayo kwaye liyila imithetho elawula uhlanga lwethu kungundoqo wokuba ngummi onolwazi. IBhunga laseUnited States lisebenza njengesebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente, lisebenzisa amandla omgaqo-siseko ukuba lisebenze, lithathe ingxoxo, limise umthetho ochaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ukusuka kwimpilo nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nerhafu, izigqibo ezenziwa kwiiholo zeBhunga zibumba ikamva lelizwe lethu. Lo khokelo lubanzi luya kukuqhubela phambili ngendlela entsonkothileyo, iindima ezikhethekileyo zeNdlukwano zendlu yabameli neNtlanganiso, kunye neemfaneleko kunye neengqino eziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yethu yedelelo yezolawulo-demokhrasi zisebenza ngokwenjongo.

Ukuqonda Isiseko Seengqungquthela

IBhunga le-United States lisebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye linamagumbi amabini: iqumrhu elisezantsi elibizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli base-U.S. kunye nequmrhu eliphezulu elibizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States. IBhunga libophelele linamalungu angama-535 okuvota, aquka ii-100 zabachongi kunye nabameli abangama-435. Esi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sasekwa ngabaququ be-Garamey yomGaqo-siseko njengenxalenye yokuLala iNkulu, enzelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo kwamazwe akwabantu abambalwa nabanga balapho bakhona abantu abambalwa ngelixesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke baseMerika.

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga lowiso-mthetho: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi eBanzi eBambele iziphumo "zokulalana Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulungelelanisa iziphumo zolwazi oluphambili nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Le nkqubo yenziwe ngobunono iqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngqiqweni okanye iqela lenzala elinokulawula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ifuna intsebenziswano nolwakhiwo phakathi kwamagumbi omabini ukumisela imithetho emitsha.

Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Inani labameli bokuvota eNdlu limiswe ngumthetho phantse ngaphezu kwama- 435, ngokulinganayo emela abemi bama-50. Ummeli ngamnye unyulwa kwigama elikwiminyaka emibini elikhonza abantu besithili esithile. Olu luhlu lufutshane luqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eNdlu ahlala enxulumene ngokusondeleyo neemfuno ezitshintshayo kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu abalukhonzayo.

Amalungu endlu amela izithili ngazinye, linani lesithili kwilizwe ngalinye elinqulwa ngabemi belo lizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye unommeli omnye onciphileyo kwiBhunga. Lo melo lusekelwe kubemi babemi basekuhlaleni luthetha ukuba bathetha ukuba nabemi abaninzi, abanjengeKhalifoniya neTexas, bafumana abameli abaninzi kakhulu kumazwe amancinci njengeWyoming okanye Vermont.

Amalungu endlu kufuneka abe neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ubudala nabemi iminyaka esixhenxe. Ezi mfuneko zithobayo zibonisa injongo yabafaki-freyithi ukuba indlu mayibe yigumbi elidityaniswe ngqo nabantu, enemiqobo esezantsi ukuze kungene abantu abanokwahlukahlukana kwamazwi kunye neembono ezivumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

ICandelo: Umzimba Onenkululeko

KwiCathen, abavoti bephondo ngalinye elinyuliweyo, abasebenza kumabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu alalanisa (athi igumbi libe linye lesithathu kuphela ekunyulweni kulo nakuwuphi umjikelo wonyulo). Le nkqubo yonyulo echukunyiswayo inika ukuqhubekeka nokhunjulo olucwangcisiweyo, iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga leNtsimbi lihlala likhokelwa nanjengoko amalungu amatsha egumbini.

Senators are at least thirty years old and citizens for nine years. These higher age and citizenship requirements reflect the Senate's intended role as a more deliberative and experienced body. To shield senators from short-term political pressure, their terms were set at six years rather than the two-year terms of House representatives.

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali lalijoliswe ukwenza ngabom kuneNdlu, ligxininisa umsebenzi weBhunga lokucebisa nokuvuma izenzo ezithatyathwa eNdlu kunye nesebe elilawulayo lorhulumente. Oku kubonakalisa ukungabi naluvo kuboniswa kwimithetho nenkqubo zeBhunga, ezinika abaququzeleli ngabanye abanamandla abalulekileyo okuphembelela inkqubo yomthetho ngengxoxo eyongezelelweyo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zomthetho.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko kunye nokwahluka phakathi kwamacandelo

Amagumbi amabini ngokusisiseko ayalingana kwiindima nemisebenzi yawo yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko unika igumbi ngalinye amandla athile akhethekileyo neembopheleleko ezahlula iindima zawo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Amandla Abalaseleyo Endlu Yabameli

Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso eqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo. Eli gunya lingaphezu kweendleko zengeniso, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "igunya lemali yemali," linika iNdlu impembelelo ephambili kunokusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafu karhulumente. ICandelo leSiqendu sesi-7 soMgaqo-siseko lichaza ukuba iindleko-mali ezicetyiselwe ukunyusa ingeniso kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu, engomnye weminye yeemfuno-mali ezingundoqo phakathi kweNdluvo neNdlu.

Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, iNdlu yabameli inamandla okutyumba igosa likarhulumente, okunene lisebenza njengomtshutshisi. Eli gunya limele enye yee-checks ezibalulekileyo kumasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo, ivumela iNdlu ukuba igcine amagosa karhulumente etyala ngehambo enzulu.

Amagunya Abalaseleyo EBharthe Oosomamagxalaba

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linegunya elipheleleyo lokuqhuba amatyala angacetywanga, ngokuyintloko esebenza njengejaji nejaji. Xa iNdlu iqalisa imicimbi yokungacebisi, yiBhunga leNdlu yeNyanga egqibayo ukuba igosa elingatyunjwanga lifanele lisuswe na eofisini, lifuna ivoti yoninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini ukuze livume.

IBhunga leNtsimbi linengqwalasela ebalulekileyo kumandla alawulayo ngokuqinisekisa amagosa eKhabhinethi, abagwebi, namanye amagosa aphezulu "ngeSiluleko nangesivumelwano seNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso". Eli gunya linika iNdlu yeQela impembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuqanjweni kwesebe elilawulayo kunye nejaji elilawulayo lesizwe, kuquka izigwebi eziPhakamileyo zeNkundla.

Izivumelwano ezixoxwa nguMongameli kufuneka zivunywe ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kwiBhunga ukuze asebenze. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifumana uphando olucokisekileyo nenkxaso ebanzi phambi kokuba iUnited States ivume kubo.

Umahluko phakathi kwamacandelo

Ngenxa yokuba igumbi ngalinye linegunya elisemthethweni lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu iye yavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa, mhlawumbi ziqukuqela ngokwenxalenye kwiimeko zalo ezichaseneyo nomGaqo-siseko. Oku kungqubana kwemiqathango kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela igumbi ngalinye elisebenza ngayo nendlela umthetho ohamba ngayo kwiNgqungquthela.

Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Ubukhulu bendlu bufuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo, ezinemida engqongqo yexesha engxoxo kunye nezindululo eziye zalawulwa ngemithetho ekhethekileyo emiselwe yiKomiti yeMimiselo yeNdlu. Oku kuvumela iqela elininzi ukuba ligcine ulawulo oluphezulu kucwangciso lwemithetho-mthetho lize lishenxise iindleko ngempumelelo eninzi.

Imithetho yeCathenal kunye nenkqubo, kwelinye icala, ukucetyiswa kwengcebiso ngokukhawulezileyo, njengoko inika abaPhathi-nxaxheba abasebenzi ababalulekileyo. Isithethe seNdlu yeengxoxo ezingenasiphelo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-monicbuster, ivumela abaququzeleli ngabanye okanye amaqela amancinane ukuba bandise ingxubusho engomthetho ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 ee-scentenera avota ukucela ukukhutshwa kwekhubaza nokupheliswa kwengxoxo. Oku kunika iqela elincinane kunye nabaquququzeleli-malungu abambalwa amandla angakumbi okuphembelela okanye okuvika umthetho kunabanye abasebenzi bendlu.

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo: Inyathelo Lomthetho

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuqikelelwa kwaye iyakwazi ukwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Ngelixesha kukho isiseko esiqhelekileyo esilandelwa ngumthetho omninzi, inyaniso kukuba uhambo lwemali nganye kwiBhunga luhlukile, luphenjelelwa ziingqwalasela zobupolitika, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ixesha, kunye nemibandela ethile ebandakanyekileyo.

Inyathelo Lokuqala: Ukuzalwa Kwengcamango

Imithetho iqala njengeengcamango. Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga – elisuka kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMithetho okanye kwiNdlu okanye abameli – abanoluvo lomthetho bangawubhala umthetho. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eBhunga ngokwalo okanye kubemi bemihla le nakumaqela olawulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba wena, njengommeli, unokuba nendima engqalileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho ngeengcamango zemithetho emitsha okanye iinguqulelo kweminye ekhoyo.

Imali yetyala sisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. IiBhili zingathetha phantse nawuphi na umbandela ngaphakathi kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko likarhulumente, ukusuka ekumiseleni iinkqubo ezintsha zezwe ukuya kuguqula amaqondo erhafu, ukusuka ekulawuleni urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuya kugunyazisa umsebenzi womkhosi.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Ukulungisa Nokukwazisa

Ngamalungu endlu okanye eNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kuphela anokumisela umthetho, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ilungu lichaza umthetho ngesicelo sikaMongameli. Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi balo badla ngokuqhagamshelana namagqwetha angengomalungu kwiofisi yeSiluleko seQela ngalinye ukuze kuncedwe ukufaka izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kulwimi lwewiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo yobugcisa iqinisekisa ukuba iindleko zibhalwe ngolwimi olufanelekileyo nolungelelwaniso.

Ilungu eliyintloko leKhongophela elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsers". Ukuba neenkokeli ezininzi zingabonisa inkxaso ebanzi yemali yomthetho-mali kwaye zandise amathuba ayo empumelelo. Amalungu adla ngokusasaza umthetho wedrafti phakathi koogxa bawo ukuze akhe inkxaso phambi kokuba ayizise ngokusesikweni.

Naliphi na ilungu kwindlu yabameli lingaqalisa uxwebhu lwemali nangaliphi na ixesha iNdlu iseqeseni ngokuyibeka nje kwi "intengiselwano" ecaleni ledesika kaClerk kwigumbi lendlu. Utyikityo lomxhasi kufuneka luvele kwimali yetyala, enokuba linani elingenasiphelo lamalungu asebenza ngokuzibophelela. KwiCandelo, inkqubo iyafana, nangona iindleko ziveliswa ukusuka kumgangatho wendlu yendlu yendlu.

Ityala labelwe inani lalo lowiso-mthetho nguClerk kwaye libhekiselwe kwikomiti yolawulo, eyikomiti ebekwe ityala lokuhlola ityala. Amatyala endlu atyunjwe nge "H.R." alandelwa linani, ngoxa amatyala eNdlu yecawa etyunjwe nge "S" elandelwa linani. Izigqibo ezidibeneyo, ezinamandla afanayo afanayo, zityunjwe njengetyala, "H.J.Res". okanye "S.J.Res".

Inyathelo lesithathu: Impinda yeKomiti

Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho sisenzo seekomiti. Iikomiti zinikela ulwazelelelo olunzulu kumlinganiselo ocetyisiweyo kwakunye ne-fourum apho uluntu lunikwa ithuba lokuva. Eli candelo lekomiti lilapho umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wokuhlola, ukuphikisana, nowokucombulula uqhubeka khona.

Kukho iikomiti ezingama-20 ezimileyo kwiNdlu, kunye nezili-16 kwiBhunga eliyiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye neekomiti eziliqela ezikhethiweyo. Ezi komiti zilungelelaniswe ngemibandela emalunga nolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, imfundo, amandla, izimali, ulwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle, kunye nezomthetho-mthetho.

Emva kokuba kuqaliswe ityala kwaye kubhekiswe kwikomiti yolawulo, ikomiti iyakusoloko ithumela umlinganiselo kwikomiti yayo encinane ekhethekileyo ukuze ifunde, ivakale, iinguqu, kunye nemvume. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyathelo lokuqala kule nkqubo kukuchonga esidla ngokubanzi apho amalungu ekomiti okanye amalungu ekomiti eqeshiweyo aphulaphula amangqina amela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo.

Ikomiti isenokukhetha nokuzibamba iindlebe ukuze iqonde intsingiselo yetyala. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye abasemagunyeni nabaxhasi bakawonke-wonke, kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe erekhodini. Ezi ngxelo zinikela ingxelekiso kwaye zivumela abo baphethe ityala ukuba bavakalise inkxalabo yabo okanye baxhase umthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Xa ukuchongwa nokuhlolisiswa kwetyala kugqityiwe, ikomiti iza kudibana ukuze "iphawule" irejista. Benza iinguqu kunye nokulungisa phambi kokuba bancomele ityala "umvuzo". Ngexesha lentlanganiso zophawulo, amalungu ekomiti aphikisana ngamalungiselelo emali, acebisa ukubuyiselwa, kunye nevoti kwiinguquko. Oku kulapho uninzi lwengxoxo yetyala elingaphantsi kwecawa kunye nokulalanisa kuyenzeka.

Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nxaxheba kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelithi "lifile". Enyanisweni, uninzi lwezindleko eziveliswe kwiBhunga aluze luziphumele kwikomiti. Asizizo zonke iindleko ezivezwe kwiBhunga eziye zavotelwa ngamalungu onke eBhunga. Amatyala amaninzi afikelela kwiqonga lekomiti kuphela. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango unceda ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wemithetho ecetyiweyo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ziindleko ezinenkxaso eyaneleyo nokufanelekela kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Inyathelo 4: Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, liqhutywe okanye lilungiswe. Inkqubo yokuzisa ityala kumgangatho iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu, ibonisa ubukhulu bazo ezahlukeneyo nemithetho yesithethe.

Kwindlu, owona mthetho ubalulekileyo ufuna umthetho okhethekileyo ovela kwiKomiti yeNdlu Yomthetho emisela amabinzana engxoxo yomgangatho, kuquka ixesha eliya kwabelwa ingxubusho nelokulungisa, ukuba likho, elinokunikelwa. Le ndlela icwangcisiweyo ivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube kakuhle umthetho phezu kwawo nje amalungu ayo amakhulu.

KwiBhunga leNtsimbi, inkqubo yomgangatho ithambe kakhulu kwaye ilungelelaniswe ngumntu ngamnye. Ii-acator zinokuthetha ixesha elide ngalo nangawuphi na umxholo, kwaye zinelungelo eliphangaleleyo lokunika iindidi zokulungisa amatyala aqwalaselweyo. Esi sithethe sengxoxo ende sisenokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala umthetho nge-monicbuster, nangona ingxoxo ingaphela ngevoti efuna abaquququ ngama-60 ee-sene.

Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho, kukho impikiswano eyongezelelekileyo kunye namalungu egumbi elipheleleyo lokuvota ukuvuma nakuphi na ukuguquka. Lo myalelo udluliswa okanye woyiswe ngamalungu okuvota. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo (218 of 435), ityala lisiya kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi.

Inyathelo 5: Ukuqwalaselwa Licandelo Lesibini

Xa iNdlu okanye iNdlu yeQela idlulisa ityala, ibhekiswa kwelinye igumbi, apho idla ngokulandela indlela enye ihamba ngeekomiti ekugqibeleni iye kumgangatho. Eli gumbi lingavumela ityala njengoko lifunyenwe, lilahliwe, lingalihoyi okanye lilitshintshe. Ukuqwalaselwe kwegumbi lesibini lokunika ityala kuphelele njengelokuqala, ngokubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuva, ukuqaqatshelwa, kunye nengxoxo yomgangatho enokwenzeka ukuba zenzeke kwakhona.

Ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna omabini amagumbi avumelana ngokwahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo esisemthethweni phambi kokuba asinike uMongameli. Le mfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana i-vtings-zintlu ezipheleleyo ngokweembono ezininzi.

Inyathelo 6: Ukulungisa Umahluko Phakathi Kwamacandelo

Ukuba iCathenal iyalutshintsha ulwimi lomlinganiselo, kufuneka ibuyele kwindlu ukuze ivume okanye iinguqu ezongezelelekileyo. Le ngxoxo isemva nangaphezulu ingayenzeka kumgangatho wendlu, ngokuvuma okanye ngokugatya iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMali okanye ngokuvala ukubuyiselwa okanye umbhalo opheleleyo weNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Maxa wambi amagumbi angacombulula ukungavisisani kwawo ngokutshintshisana ngezi ntlobo, ngokwamkela enye iinguqu zendlu.

Ngokufuthi, ikomiti yenkomfa iza kumiselwa namalungu endlu kunye nendlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Eli qela liya kucombulula ukungavisisani okusekomitini lize lixele umlinganiselo ofanayo wokubuyiselwa kwimibini yemibini ukwenzela ukuvota. Ingqungquthela ingaseka ikomiti yengqungquthela ukusombulula okanye ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo zeNdlu yeNdlu neNdlu yeNtla.

Iikomiti zenkomfa ziqokelela amalungu aphezulu avela kwiikomiti ezifanelekileyo zombini emagumbini ukuze zithethe inguqulelo yolwalamano lomthetho. Ezi ngxoxo zinokuba ntsokothileyo kwaye zibe nengxabano, ingakumbi kumthetho omkhulu apho amagumbi amabini agqithe iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Xa ikomiti yenkomfa ifikelela isivumelwano, ulalanisa kuthunyelwa kwakhona kumagumbi omabini ukuze kuvunywe ngokupheleleyo.

Inyathelo lesi-7: Isenzo sobuMongameli

Emva kokuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela ivumile ukuba kuvunyelwe umthetho ofanayo, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Usayino loMongameli luguqula ityala libe nguMthetho weBhunga, liwunika amandla omthetho kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iKhomfantu isekhompyutha, ityala lizenzekela ukuba libe ngumthetho. Eli lungiselelo lithintela uMongameli ekuvaleni nje umthetho ngokungavumi ukuthatha inyathelo kuwo. Noko ke, umongameli angawubeka umthetho ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yengqungquthela ngokusuka nje angawuhoyi. Icebo laziwa njengeveto epokothweni, kwaye alinakungavalwa yiBhunga eligqunyiweyo.

Ukuba uMongameli uyalichasa eli tyala, basenokuwukhupha umthetho. Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, ityala libuyiselwa kwiKhomishini nesigidimi esichaza iimpikiswano. Amandla okulawula umthetho angachaphazela okuqulethwe yimali edluliswa yiBhunga. Kuba kuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho umiselwe phezu kweveto, iBhunga lemali kufuneka lihlalise ukuma komongameli kwimigaqo ecetyiweyo.

Inyathelo 8: Ukukhwela Iqonga ElinguMongameli

Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukuwugqitha umrhumo. Ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu zeMacana neNdlu idlulisa eli tyala ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu, iveto inikwe igunya, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Le mfuneko iphezulu yenza ukuba iveto ingabikho, njengokuba ifuna inkxaso eninzi ye-bipartan.

Kunqabile ukuba, nokokuba, iKhomishini ibe neevoti zokungawulawuli umnqongokazi. Umnyango ophezulu wokuweyisa uthetha ukuba ooMongameli bangawuvala ngokunempumelelo umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uxhaswe ngokugqwesileyo kuzo zombini iigumbi. Oku kunika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona iBhunga liphethe igunya eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho.

Indima Yezi Hlabathi Zezobupolitika Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Isenzo sombutho sicwangciswe kwaye siququzelelwa ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, ezikhethwe ngamalungu ecaucus okanye ingqungquthela. Amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungelelaniseni iBhunga nokumisela iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Uninzi lweqela kwiikomiti zolawulo zegumbi ngalinye, lumisela ucwangciso lowiso-mthetho, kwaye lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiindleko ezithathwayo.

Ukhokelo lwendlu luquka isithethi, inkokeli ezininzi nenkokeli encinane, iinkokeli ezincedisayo, iintambo zokubetha kunye nenkomfa yeqela. Isithethi sisebenza njengenkokeli yeNdlu kwaye sidibanisa iindima eziliqela zolawulo kunye nezolawulo. USithethi weNdlu yesibini kulandelelwano lomongameli kwaye usebenzisa igunya elikhulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kuquka igunya lokuqonda amalungu ukuba athethe, abhekisele kwiikomiti, aze aphembelele iimfanelo kwiikomiti zeKomiti zemithetho yeNdlukwano.

Inkokeli ezinkulu neenkokeli ezincinane zimela amaqela azo kumgangatho wendlu. Izixhobo zincedisa ulawulo ekulawuleni inkqubo yemithetho yeqela labo kumgangatho wendlu. Ezi nkokeli zisebenzela ukwakha imvumelwano phakathi kweqela lazo, ubalo lwevoti, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eqela akhoyo kwivoti ezibalulekileyo.

KwiBhunga leNtsimbi, ukhokelo lusebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Ngelixesha kukho iNkokeli yeMajor noMphathi-Mnato, iziqu ezizimeleyo nezinegunya elingaphezulu kunezindlu ezifana nazo. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, iinkokeli ezininzi kunye nezimbalwa zisebenza kunye ukunxibelelana nawo onke amalungu ukumisela ucwangciso. Oku kubonisa ukuba iBhunga lisebenza ngokuhambelana kakhulu nezithethe zomntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

Kuwo omabini amaziko, ubuchule obuninzi bomthetho obukwikomiti emileyo, amacandelo akhokelayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuhloleni umthetho ocetyiswayo phakathi kwemithetho emiselweyo. Iikomiti zisebenza njengamahashe eBhunga, ziqhuba uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha nokuphuculwa komthetho ongenakufikeleleka kumgangatho wegumbi elipheleleyo.

Izabelo zeekomiti zifunwa kakhulu ngamalungu eBhunga, njengoko zinika amathuba okuphembelela inkqubo kwimimandla enomdla wobuqu okanye ebalulekileyo kubantu abaneziqu. IiKomiti zikwanika amalungu iqonga ukuze akhulise ubuchule, akhe ulwalamano nabantu abafaka iingxelo, kwaye afumane ukubonakala kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.

Ikomiti nganye inegunya kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo, kwaye amatyala abhekiswa kwiikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela wayo. Ezinye zeekomiti ezinamandla ziquka iKomiti yeNdlela yeNdlu kunye neKomiti yeMali yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu (esingatha umthetho werhafu nengeniso), iiKomiti zeNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu (oko kulawula inkcitho karhulumente), kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeMithetho (emisela indlela amatyala aza kuqwalaselwa ngayo kumgangatho weNdluehobe).

IiKomiti ziqhuba amatyala ukuze ziqokelele inkcazelo nengxelo evela kwiingcaphephe, kumagosa karhulumente nakumaqela anomdla. Ezi zenzo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: zifundisa amalungu ekomiti ngemibandela enzima yemigaqo, zinika uluntu imvume yeembono ezahlukeneyo, zimisela ingxelo enokusetyenziswa ukuchaza iinjongo zemithetho, zize zincede uluntu ukuba luxhase okanye luchase umthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Indima yoMongameli kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Nangona injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo ziyiNgqungquthela ngokwayo, uMongameli unempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. Nangona umGaqo-siseko efaka onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, uMongameli udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imimiselo yemithetho nokuphembelela iindleko zokuba ngumthetho.

UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lwamaziko asekuhlaleni kwaye usoloko ecebisa umthetho. Idilesi yeSizwe soMongameli we-Union, enikezelwa minyaka le kwintlanganiso yeBhunga, ngokwesithethe ichaza izinto eziphambili zolawulo kunyaka ozayo. Kwakhona oomongameli basebenza ngokusondeleyo neenkokeli zombutho kwiqela labo ukuhambisela phambili ucwangciso lwabo lwenkqubo.

Amandla kaMongameli asebenza njengovavanyo olunamandla kwisenzo sobungquzulwano. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba umgangatho ufuna amavoti amabini anesithathu kuwo omabini amagumbi, ooMongameli bangawuvala ngokunempumelelo umthetho ngaphandle kokuba unamagunya amakhulu e-bipartis. Oku kuthetha ukuba iBhunga kufuneka lisoloko lithethana noMongameli lize lihlalise amatyala esebe aphezulu xa lisenza umthetho omkhulu.

Abameli bakwaphembelela umthetho ngokusongela kweveto. Xa iNdlu emhlophe ikhupha iNgxelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo ebonisa ukuba uMongameli uza kukhupha umthetho okwimo yawo yangoku, iBhunga lisoloko liqinisekisa umthetho ukuba uthethe ngemibandela kaMongameli lize liphephe i-veto. Le nkqubo yengxubusho engacwangciswanga ivumela uMongameli ukuba alungise umthetho ngaphandle kokuqhelisa amandla eveto ngokusesikweni.

Iintlobo zezinyathelo zomthetho

Umthetho ungathatha olunye lweentlobo eziliqela, kuxhomekeka kwinjongo ecetyiweyo. IiBhili kunye nezigqibo ezidityanisiweyo zingaba ngumthetho ukuba zimiselwe ebudeni beNgqungquthela yeminyaka emibini apho zaziswa khona. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemilinganiselo yowiso-mthetho kunceda kucacise indlela iNkomfa eqhuba ngayo ishishini layo.

Iibhili

IiBhili ziyimithetho ekwenziwayo. Inkoliso yomthetho ocetywayo imiselwa njengesivumelwano. IiBhili zingathetha ngalo naluphi na umbandela ngaphakathi kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko weBhunga kwaye, ukuba zigqithiswe ngawo omabini amagumbi kwaye zityikitywe nguMongameli, zibe ngumthetho kawonke-wonke. Amatyala endlu atyunjwe ngokuba "H.R." alandelwe ngenani, ngoxa amatyala endlu yeNdlukhwe etyunjwa "S" alandelwe ngenani.

Izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo

Izicelo ezininzi zowiso-mthetho ziveliswa njengeendleko, kodwa ezinye ziveliswa njengezigqibo ezidibeneyo. Kukho umahluko omncinci osebenzayo phakathi kwezi nkcukacha zombini, ngaphandle kokuba izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo zisenokuquka isiqalo kodwa iintlawulo zingabikho. Izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo ziyindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ukucebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko okanye ukubhengeza imfazwe. Njengeendleko zetyala, izigqibo ezidiweyo zifuna ukudlula ngamaqela omabini amagumbi kunye nemvume yomongameli (ngaphandle kwemithetho-siseko, efuna ukwenziwa kwamaqela amathathu endlu zowiso-mthetho endaweni yosayino lukamongameli).

Izigqibo ezihambelanayo nezilula

Izigqibo ezikhoyo (ezidluliswa zizo zombini izindlu) nezingeyondlela elula (ezidluliswa yindlu enye) azinagunya lomthetho. Endaweni yoko, zisebenza ukuchaza uluvo lweBhunga, okanye zilawula inkqubo. Ezi zigqibo zisetyenziselwa imicimbi echaphazela imisebenzi yeBhunga, enjengokuseka iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo, ukumisela imihla yokungquzulana, okanye ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo zengqungquthela kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nenxaxheba Ngayo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Njengombutho, unamathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kwaye uphembelele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo nabameli bakho kunokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa kwimibandela ebalulekileyo kuwe.

Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela umthetho kukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo. Ungabiza, ubhale, ubhale i-imeyili okanye utyelele iiofisi zabameli bakho okanye ubonise iimbono zakho ngomthetho osele ukho okanye ucebise iingcamango zemithetho emitsha. Ii-ofisi zoonobumba zonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-oventials kwaye uziqwalasela xa wenza izigqibo ngendlela yokuvota.

Xa uqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, yiba noluvo olungqalileyo lwemali okanye inkupho oza kuyithetha, yichaze ngokucacileyo indawo ohlala kuyo, kwaye uchaze indlela le ngxaki ekuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye ingingqi yakho. Amabali obuqu kunye nempembelelo yasekuhlaleni zidla ngokukholisa kakhulu kuneengongoma zokuthetha eziqhelekileyo.

Ukungqinelana Namatyala Asekomitini

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zithetha ngetyala likawonke-wonke apho abemi, iingcali, nabasebenzi betyala benokunikela ubungqina ngomthetho ocetyiswayo. Nangona kungenguye wonke umntu ocela ukunikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo, unikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo ngengxelo ebhaliweyo ngokuqhelekileyo kunokwenzeka kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zakho ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukusebenza namaBhunga Olawulo

Imibutho emininzi yokuphatha inzala yezentengiselwano izama ukuphembelela imithetho kwimibandela ethile. Ukuthelela okanye ukuxhasa le mibutho kungakhulisa ilizwi lakho kwaye kukunike inkcazelo malunga nomthetho osele ukho, amathuba okuthatha inyathelo, kunye nonxulumano nabanye abemi abanxulumene nawe.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

I-website esemthethweni yeBhunga leSizwe inika inkcazelo ebanzi ngawo onke umthetho wequmrhu, kuquka umbhalo wezomthetho, isikhundla, izabelo zeekomiti neengxelo zokuvota. Ukulandela abameli bakho kumajelo oluntu, ukubhalisa amaphetshana abo, nokuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu kunokukunceda uhlale waziwa ngemisebenzi yawo yowiso-mthetho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Inyaniso Yenkqubo Yomthetho

Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, le nkqubo ayiyi kulandela ulandelelwano lwamanqanaba asoloko eqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iinkcazelo ezikwimibandela ethile elandelayo zinikela ujongo olunenkcukacha ezingakumbi kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo apho ityala linokuhamba khona, kodwa khumbula ukuba iingxaki kunye notshintsho luxhaphakile.

Ngeli xesha incwadi ichaza indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo unika isakhiwo esiluncedo, inyaniso isoloko intsonkothile kwaye ingaqondakali. IiBhili zingalungiswa kakhulu nakweliphi na iqondo, zidityaniswe nezinye iindleko, zidityaniswe njengezifakelwe kumthetho ongahambelaniyo, okanye zigqithwe kwiinkqubo ezikhethekileyo. Umthetho omkhulu usoloko ubandakanya ingxubusho enzulu phakathi kwamagumbi, neenkokeli zeqela, kunye neWhite House.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ingacotha ngokudimazayo, ngamanye amaxesha ityala lithatha iminyaka ukuhamba ngeKhonkxa. Le ntshukumo yangabom ibonisa injongo yabasebenzi bomcimbi yokuyila inkqubo evumela ukucinga ngenyameko ngaphaya kwesenzo sokungxama. Amaqondo amaninzi okuhlola, imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal, kunye nokunokwenzeka kokuba umongameli usebenze njengovavanyo nxamnye nomthetho oqwalaselwe kakubi okanye ogqithisileyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunokwenza kube nzima kubemi ukulandela nokuqonda. IiBhili zidla ngokuba ngamakhulu amaphepha ade, azaliswe lulwimi lobugcisa neembekiselo kumthetho okhoyo. Umthetho wokwenene usenokumiselwa kwiikomiti okanye kwiingxoxo zekomiti yengqungquthela ezifumana ingqalelo encinane kawonke-wonke.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Enye yezona ndlela ziluncedo zokukhusela ubomi bedemokhrasi yaseMerika yile nkqubo yowiso-mthetho egxininisa ekukhuseleni abambalwa, evumela amathuba aneleyo kuwo onke amacala ukuba aviwe aze avakalise iimbono zawo. Isibakala sokuba izicelo azinakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nokuvunywa zizindlu zombini zeBhunga leMicimbi yeMbutho silulo olubalaseleyo kwinkqubo yethu yemithetho yeBhankal

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iquka umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela okusisiseko kurhulumente waseMerika. Imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bimeral iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kufuneka wanelise iNdlu esekelwe kubemi kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ePhezulu esekelwe kurhulumente. I-veto inika uvavanyo kwisebe elilawulayo, lo gama iBhunga linamandla okulawula ulawulo lomthetho-mthetho. Iinkundla zingahlola imithetho emiselwe isiseko somthetho, ukunikeza uvavanyo lwezomthetho kwiBhunga kunye noMongameli.

Ezi nxibelelwano nolungelelwano zingenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho idimaze kwaye icothe, kodwa zifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Zithintela naliphi na iqela okanye isebe likarhulumente ukuba lingalawuli, lifuna ukulalanisa nokwakha umanyano, likhusele amalungelo amancinane, liqinisekise ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokunyamekela Ingqungquthela

Ngaphezu kokubekwa komthetho, iBhunga linendima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni isebe eliphetheyo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo. IBhunga liye laphanda ityala elingekho mthethweni kwisebe elilawulayo, kwaye kwezinye iindawo kwibutho labantu baseMerika (ngowe-1792). Imfuneko yokuphengulula ingqungquthela iseyinto ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni urhulumente nasekufundiseni uluntu.

Iikomiti zolawulo lweBhunga ziqhuba iikomiti zolawulo ukuze zihlole indlela abasemagunyeni abaphetheyo abasebenzisa ngayo imithetho, baphande izityholo zokungahambi kakuhle okanye ukulahlwa, baze bahlole ukuba iinkqubo ziyazifikelela iinjongo zabo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umele uphendule urhulumente kwaye ukhokelele kwimithetho emitsha yokucombulula iingxaki ezifunyenweyo.

Amandla eBhunga lemali anika enye inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvelela. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wonyaka wesingxungxo, iKhomishini ingavuza okanye yohlwaye amaqumrhu asekelwe kwimisebenzi yawo, ibhekisa inkxaso-mali kwizinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo, okanye inyanzelise iimeko kwindlela imali enokusetyenziswa ngayo. Le mali isebenzisa iBhunga lento iphembelela impembelelo ebalaseleyo kwimisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Ukuqonda Umelo Onalo

EMelika nganye imelwe ngamalungu amathathu eBhunga: iiqumrhu ezimbini ezimela lonke ilizwe lazo, kunye nommeli omnye omela isithili sazo esithile sengqungquthela. Ukuqonda ukuba ngoobani abameli bakho nendlela yokunxibelelana nabo linyathelo lokuqala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ummeli wakho kwiNdlu unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kwaye ucetyelwe ukuba aphendule ngokusondeleyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni nezilangazelelo zasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yokuba izithili zezindlu zincinane ngokwentelekiso (zifuna abantu abamalunga nama-760 000), i-ofisi yommeli wakho kufuneka ifikeleleke kwaye iphendule kwimfuno ye-oventine.

Iziququ zakho ezibini zisebenzisa imiqathango yeminyaka emithandathu kwaye zimela lonke iphondo lakho. Ngexa zisenokungafikeleleki kakhulu kunommeli wendlu yakho ngenxa yee-ofisi ezinkulu, ii-ofisi zabaphathi-mikhosi zisagcina imisebenzi yeenkonzo ezidityanisiweyo kwaye ziqwalasela igalelo elingunobumba-siseko kumthetho.

Bobathathu abameli bakho bagcina iiofisi eWashington, D.C., nakwiphondo lakho okanye kwisithili. Abaninzi baba neentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zeholo yedolophu okanye iiyure zeofisi apho abasebenzi banokudibana nabo okanye abasebenzi babo ukuze baxubushe ngemibandela kunye nenkxalabo. Ukuwasebenzisa la mathuba kunokukunceda uyiqonde kakuhle inkqubo yowiso-mthetho uze wenze ilizwi lakho liviwe.

Indaleko Yenkqubo Yombutho - siseko

Iinkqubo zombutho ziguquke ngokuphawulekayo kunembali yesizwe, zilungelelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo ngexa kugcinwa isiseko sobume obusungulwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yekomiti, ulawulo lweqela, kunye nemithetho emininzi yesithethe iphuhlise ngoqheliso nangomzekelo kunokuba inikwe umgaqo-siseko.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iye yaya ikhula, iinkokeli zeqela zisebenzisa ulawulo oluphezulu kucwangciso kunye nakumalungu eefayile nemigangatho anamathuba amancinci okuphembelela umthetho ngokupheliswa komgangatho. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-omnibus maphepha-all/amasuntswana omthetho adibanisa amalungiselelo amaninzi ahlukeneyo axhaphakile, maxa wambi enza kube nzima ukufumanisa impembelelo epheleleyo yomthetho.

Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa buye benza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho icace ngakumbi kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi kubemi. I-website yegov inika ulwazi lokwenene malunga nomthetho, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti kusoloko kusetyenziswa, kwaye i-media yezentlalo ivumela unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabameli nabameli. Ezi ziphuhliso zinakho ukwandisa ukubotshwa komnqophiso wabemi nokuwenza iNkomfa ingabi natyala ngakumbi kubantu ngokubanzi.

Oyena Mdla Wokuqonda Iingqungquthela

  • Isakhiwo seBHASIKALAMERI:[ iquka amagumbi amabini `indlu yabameli' neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasipala(indlu) eneendima, amandla, kunye neenkqubo ezimele zisebenze kunye ukumisela umthetho.
  • Inkqubo yeCommittee: Owona msebenzi uninzi wokwenza uhlolo nococo lomthetho ozinzileyo uyenzeka kwiikomiti, apho amalungu akhula ubuchule kwaye uwonke wonke unamathuba okunika igalelo ngokuva.
  • [[NTLA:0] IMiltiple Stages: IiBhili kufuneka zidlule kumanqanaba amaninzi kumagumbi omabini, kuquka isiqalo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nesiqendu sokugqibela, phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli.
  • Indima ephambili: Ngelixesha iBhunga liphethe amandla ayintloko okwenza umthetho, uMongameli uphembelela umthetho ngezicelo zoqingqo-mali, iingcebiso zenkqubo, kunye namandla eveto.
  • [[NTL:0] IChecks kunye noManyano: Imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bimearal, imvume yomongameli, kunye nokunokwenzeka kohlolo lomthetho kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye uthintela nayiphi na into ekulawuleni.
  • Imo yeCandelo: Iintsalela zingaphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngokunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni, ukusebenza nemibutho ejongene nokunganyani, nokuhlala usazi ngomthetho othe tye
  • [[Umahluko:0] Ocacileyo: Indlu isebenza ngenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezivumela uninzi ukuba luthathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza, ngelixesha imithetho yeBhunga lendlu yeNqanawa ikhetha ucwangciso kwaye inika amalungu ngalinye amandla abalulekileyo.
  • Inkqubo engaxelwanga kwangaphambili: Ngelixesha kukho isiseko jikelele sendlela irhafu eba yiyo imithetho, eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo nayiphi na ingxolo ethathwayo ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kwingqwalasela zezobupolitika, ixesha, kunye nemibandela ethile ebandakanyekileyo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngeNgqungquthela nangenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kukho oovimba abaninzi abanobuchule:

  • [FLT].gov. Iwebhthi esemthethweni yolwazi lwemithetho yequmrhu, inikeza umbhalo wemali, uhlaziyo lomthetho, ulwazi lwekomiti, kunye neengxelo zokuvota.
  • [FLT] Indlu.gov:[ Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni yeNdlu yabameli yase-U.S., enolwazi malunga nabameli, iikomiti, kunye neenkqubo zendlu.
  • [[NKQUBO:0][FLT] .gov: Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni yeNdlu yeQela yase-U.S., inika ulwazi malunga namaqumrhu, iikomiti, kunye neenkqubo zendlu yeQela.
  • USA.gov: ulawulo lwe web lorhulumente olusemthethweni, unika ulwazi malunga nazo zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente kuquka indlela yokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho.
  • -SPAN:[ Ibonelela ngentlawulo ephilayo yemicimbi, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, nezinye iziganeko zikarhulumente, ezivumela abemi ukuba babukele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho esebenzayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elikumela ngayo kwaye lenze imithetho kubalulekile ekubeni ube ngummi onolwazi nothembisene. Ngoxa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokubonakala intsonkothile yaye maxa wambi idimaza, ibonisa indlela elumkileyo edwelisiweyo yenkqubo elungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, ikhusela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye iqinisekisa ukucingisiswa ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba kumiselwe imithetho.

Isakhiwo se-bimeral seBhunga, namagumbi alo ahlukeneyo eNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo, iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kufuneka wanelise zombini iinkcazo ezisekelwe kubemi kunye nomelo olusekelwe kurhulumente. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukuvavanywa okuneenkcukacha zezicelo kwaye inika amathuba okungeniswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Imfuneko yemvume yomongameli yongeza olunye umaleko wokuhlola, ngeli lixa amandla eBhunga lokulawula ukulawulwa komthetho agcina ubungangamfazi bomthetho.

Njengelungu, unelungelo kunye noxanduva lokuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Ngokuhlala waziwa ngomthetho olindeleyo, ukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho ukuze bachaze iimbono zakho, nokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba iBhunga limela ngokwenene izilangazelelo zakho nenkxalabo yakho. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokuba ntsokothile, kodwa ihlala isabela ngokusisiseko kwingeniso kunye nokuganana kwabemi.

Enoba uxhalabele ukunyamekela impilo, imfundo, imekobume, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye nawuphi na omnye umcimbi, ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho ekunika amandla okuba ngummeli osebenzayo weenguqu ofuna ukuzibona. Ingqungquthela lilizwi lakho kurhulumente wengingqi, kwaye ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, ungaqinisekisa ngcono ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa.