Ubuchule Bemfihlelo Bomphathi WeOath

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunokubhalwa kwamagama abhalwe phantsi. Lixesha elinye elichanekileyo ngomgaqo-siseko kulo lonke ixesha lokutshintsha kwegunya — ixesha elimele life phantsi kwamehlo esizwe nokuhlolisiswa komthetho. Ngoxa ababukeli bebona isiganeko esifutshane, esicacisiweyo kumabonwakude, inyaniso kukuba oku kulandelelana kwemiqathango kuphumele iinyanga ezimbalwa zokuhlola okusemthethweni, ukuchaza ingcaciso, kunye nokuzingisa okuphezulu. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke inkcazelo ecacileyo iqulethe umatshini wamagqwetha, abaquququzeleli bentetho, abasebenzi bokhuseleko, yaye maxa wambi — umongameli uqheliselo phambi kwe-pili.

Isifungo ngokwaso, esisekelwe kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., silula ngokukhohlisayo: Ifunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kubonakalisa ngcono kakhulu kumandla am, sigcine, sikhusele kwaye sikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Kodwa ukulungiselela kwayo kubandakanya indalo eneenkcukacha ezicacileyo, ubunyani obusemthethweni, kunye nokucwangcisa okokuba bambalwa ngaphandle kweqela le nguqulo banikezele. Eli nqaku likhupha ihempetha yokutyhila indlela isifungo somongameli esiphandazanywa ngayo, siqheliswe, kwaye senziwe ngokuchaneyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nobunzima bembali

Ukuqonda ukulungiselela kwangoku emva kwe-scenes kufuneka kuqala uqonde isizathu sokuba isifungo sithwale ubunzulu obusemthethweni nobungokomfuziselo. Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko bafaka imfuneko yesifungo kwiQumrhu II ukubopha umongameli ngokobuqu kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Zonke iinkcukacha — ukusetyenziswa kwe "isifungo" vs. "singqiniso," ukubekwa ngesandla esikhethekileyo kumbhalo wonqulo, amagama achanileyo — adityanisiwe aza alungiswa ukudlula iinkulungwane. IKomiti edityanisiweyo e-Inquisiniyo e-Inational Constanality on augational Cereries (JCIC) ngoku yengamela isiganeko, kodwa isifungo ngokwaso ngokwaso sihlala singaguquki ukusuka ku-17889.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, amaxesha ambalwa okufunga achazwa njengenkumbulo yesizwe — ukusuka kuGeorge Washington uyongezelela u "Sonke ndincede uThixo" (eli gama aliko kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko kodwa ngoku lingokwesithethe) kuMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Roberts ukhubeka ngamazwi ngexesha lokunikezelwa kokuqala kukaBarack Obama, ukubeka isiqinisekiso sabucala ngemini elandelayo. Ezi ziganeko zigxininisa isizathu sokuba ukulungiselela akuyonto yolonwabo kodwa kuyimfuneko. Isifungo asingomfuziselo nje kuphela; sizalisekisa imfuneko esemthethweni yokuthatha isikhundla. Ukuba isifungo sidluliswe ngokuphosakeleyo — ngoluvotezo olunye oluphosakeleyo — abaphengululi bomthetho-siseko kunye nabachasi bangakuthandabuza ukufaneleka kwesiqalo segama.

Umzekelo wembali unika uqeqesho lwemithetho elandelwayo yokwenza ucwangciso. Umzekelo, emva kwemposiso yowama-2009, iHolo emhlophe yaseka umkhwa onzima wokufunga kwixesha elizayo, kuquka uhlolo lwabucala kwiMaphu Igumbi leNdlu eWhite. I JCIC ibonelela izikhokelo eziziinkcukacha [ eziye zaguquka ukuze zingaquki nje umbhalo kodwa isifungo, ukunikezelwa kwesandla, kunye nexesha elinxulumene nokukhankathiswa kwemibhiyo yemipu engama-21. Iqela ngalinye lomongameli lifunda ezi zifundo zembali ukuphepha iimpazamo eziphindiweyo.

Iqela Elibangela Imeko Engafaniyo

Ukulungiselela isifungo sobumongameli asingomzamo womntu omnye. Iqela elizahluleleyo liqalisa ukusebenza iinyanga ngaphambi koSuku lonyulo, ngokufuthi liqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba iziphumo zonyulo zibhaliwe.

ISiluleko soMgaqo-siseko esiGunyazisayo

Iqela elincinane lamagqwetha omgaqo-siseko kwiqela lotshintsho lomongameli lithatha isikhokelo sokuqinisekisa amagama esifungo ahambelana nomGaqo-siseko kunye nayo nayiphi na imfuno eyongezelelekileyo okanye yemithetho. Babonisa ukunqumla okuchanileyo okuvela kugcino-mthetho lweSizwe, baqinisekisa ukuba umongameli okhetha "isifungo" okanye "isingqiniso," kwaye babhale isigqibo. Abameli bakwashwankathela umongameli ongunogada kwiimfuno ezisemthethweni — umzekelo, ukuba isifungo sibabopha iqhina lokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko kwana kwana xa singqubana neenkolelo zobuqu okanye izithembiso. Esi siseko somthetho singumaleko wokuqala wokulungiselela.

IKomiti yeSizwe kunye nabaPhathi-mthetho abaNcedileyo

I-JCCIC imisela "umlawuli wendlu emiselweyo" olawula ii-logarics eziphathekayo: ukubekwa kwe-dais, ukubekwa kwemibhobho, ukukhethwa kweBhayibhile okanye kwenye incwadi, kunye nexesha lokungena koMphathi oyintloko. Lo mququzeleli usebenza ngokusondeleyo neNdlu emhlophe yomthetho-mthetho kunye neqela lolawulo oluhambayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nkcukacha zingahoywa. Bakwacwangcisa u-"Hambr-throllow" ukuqhelisela — okuqhelekileyo okuqulathwe iiveki ezimbini phambi kombhiyo, kwandule, kwaye ekugqibeleni umhla wokuvalwa kwendlu ye-Inugration Day.

Abaqambi neNkcubeko

Nangona isifungo ngokwaso silungisiwe, amaxesha asingqongileyo — njengomxhasi omfutshane womlungiseleli womongameli oza kuphakamisa isifungo sokunene, umcu wokumisa isandla sasekunene, kunye nokunqumama phambi "kwangoku ndincede uThixo" — babhalwa ngabaquluphi bentetho kunye nabaphathi bothungelwano. Bayila amabinzana atshintshileyo angaphambili kwesifungo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba umongameli-okhenti uyazi kakuhle xa ezakuqala ukuthetha. Ekucubuthelweni, aba baqhubi baqhuba ngamaxesha onke, kuquka izinto ezingezomthetho: uqhagamshelwano, ubude besandla, kunye nendawo yasekhohlo kweBhayibhile. Abanye oomongameli baye baqhelisela phambi kwesipili ukuze bafumane indawo yomzimba wokuma.

Iqela lokhuseleko nelokhuseleko

Inkonzo ye-Imfihlelo e-U.S., iCapitol Police, kunye neLiko loMkhosi Womkhosi Womkhosi Wohlanga lonke lifak'emxhelweni wokhuseleko lwesifungo. Iinkqubo ziquka ukulinganiswa kwemeko zokhuseleko ezifanisiweyo — ukusuka ekulibaziseni kwemozulu ukuya ekuphazanyisweni kwabantu — ukuqinisekisa ukuba isifungo singanikelwa ngokukhuselekileyo naphantsi kweemeko ezingalindelekilenga. Inkonzo yeSsekwenzi somkhosini ikwaqinisekisa indlela eza kuhamba umongameli noMphathi-mthetho oyintloko, ukubekwa kwesixhobo sokukhusela iimbumbulu, kunye nokubekwa kwesandisi-mibhobho ukuqinisekisa ukuba isandi sithe xa sisasazwa.

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo Inkqubo yokulungisa kwakhona

Ulungiso lokwenene lwesifungo yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, ebekwe ngobuninzi. Xa uwonke wonke ubona inyathelo lokugqibela, amanyathelo alandelayo ayenzeka emva kweminyango evaliweyo:

Inyathelo 1: Uqinisekiso lombhalo osemthethweni

Iiveki phambi komsitho, amagqwetha afumana umbhalo osemthethweni kwithala leencwadi leengqungquthela aze awuthelekise noguqulelo olushicilelwe ngaphambili. Naluphi na utshintsho — olufana nokususwa kwekoma okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe "afrith" endaweni ye "isifungo" — lufunyanwe luze lugqitywe. Iqela lenguquko ngoko livelisa umbhalo omnye, wokugqibela odityanisiweyo obekwe kwikhonkco lomatshini wokulinganisa umongameli ngomhla. Lo mbhalo awuguquki emva kokuba uvunywe ngumphathi-mthetho.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukubuyisela ngasese

Malunga neeveki ezimbini ngaphambi koSuku lokwenziwa kwemimiselo yotshintsho, uqheliselo lobeko mongameli lokwenza isifungo ngokuvakalayo kwindawo yangasese — idla ngokuba ligumbi elincinane lenkomfa kwikomkhulu lenguqu okanye kwindlu yomongameli eliyisekela lenkokeli. Bakhatshwa ngumququzeleli omkhulu kunye nombhali wevidiyo obhala intlanganiso ukuze bahlole indlela abame ngayo kunye nokungxola. Umongameli uphinda isifungo naphi na nanini na kumaxesha amahlanu ukuya kwamashumi amabini de amagama abe nokuziva ezenzekelayo. Abanye oomongameli baqhelisela ngobulungisa obuyintloko abaza kuqhuba isifungo; abanye basebenzisa ukuma ukuze baxelise iJaji eSigqwele.

Inyathelo 3: Ukuhamba ngokuzeleyo

Ngeveki yokunikezelwa, umongameli noJaji oyintloko bathatha inxaxheba ekuhambeni ngokuzeleyo kwiNtshona Front yeCapitol (okanye kwisiza esitshintshileyo ukuba imozulu iyifektha). Oku kuqhelisela kuyafana kwisiganeko esiphilayo: umbane omnye, amaqondo esixhobo sokulinganisa ixesha elinye. UJaji oMkhulu ufunda isifungo kanye njengokuba siza kunikelwa, kwaye umongameli ucebisi uphinda asikhankanya ngesandla. Amalungu eStaff amela izikhulu, kwaye inkqubo yokhuselo iyavavanywa xa kunokwenzeka ukuba ukungaphumeleli kobugcisa. Oku kucaciswa oku kuchaza ukuba kwamalungu entsapho omongameli aqhutyele umboniso wedais.

Inyathelo 4: Lentsasa Engenamsebenzi

NgoSuku lohlolo lomongameli uhlolo lwesifungo sihlandlo sokugqibela — izihlandlo ezininzi ngesidlo sakusasa — kwaye yenza iphiko elifutshane elishushu neqela labo lonxibelelwano. Ilungu leNkonzo yeSekwenziso liqinisekisa ukuba iBhayibhile (okanye umbhalo ochasene nomthetho) ikwindawo elungileyo kwidais. IJaji ePhakamileyo nomphathi-majoni bayakwazi ukuxhawulana ngasese kwaye baqinisekisa ixesha.

Izicwangciso Zokuvuma: Xa Igqudu Liphosakele

Nangona izinto zilungiselelwe ngenyameko, izinto zinokuba zingasebenzi, kwaye ziphinde zahamba kakubi. Isiganeko esidumileyo sakutshanje senzeka ngexesha lokunikezelwa kukaBarack Obama ka-2009, xa uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Roberts wasithatha kakubi isifungo, engaqondanga esongeza "ngokunyaniseka" emva "Sekela" endaweni yangaphambili. U-Obama wanqumaka, waphinda waphinda waphinda ibinzana elibekiweyo. Ukuphepha nasiphi na isifungo somthetho-mGaqo-siseko, uJaji omkhulu uJohn Paul Stevens wanikela isifungo ngokuchanekileyo kumsitho wendlu yabamhlophe wecawa. Esi siganeko sakhokelela kutshintsho olusisigxina: ngoku siquka ukuphinda umvanisa ngenye iNkuhlela ephambili yezobulungisa — esoloko ilungile ukuba umqhubi wenkundla obalulekileyo umele aphinde ayenze isifungo.

Ezinye izinto ezingxamisekileyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ulibaziseko lwe-Weather: Ukuba umsi ogqithisileyo, imvula, okanye ikhephu linyanzelisa umsitho ngaphakathi, lonke uqheliselo luphinda-phindwa kwindawo etshintshiweyo (umz., iCapitol Rotunda). Unikezelo lwama-2021 lwasebenzisa umsitho olinganisiweyo wangaphandle kodwa lwaqhelisela uhlobo lwangaphakathi ngokunjalo.
  • [[NTL:0] ungxamiseko olungxamisekileyo lwezithintelo: Inkonzo efihlakeleyo inemithetho elandelwayo ukwenzela isiganeko sonyango ngexesha lesifungo. Ugqirha umiswe phakathi kweenyawo ezingama-30 zedais, kwaye isifungo singamiswa okanye sifunyanwe ukuba kuyimfuneko — nangona umongameli ongunogada ephaphele kwaye ekwazi ukuphendula.
  • Ukungaphumeleli kweteknoloji: IiMicrophones ziphinda-phindwa (zifakwe ucingo, enye icingo), kwaye ukutya kwesandi kuhamba ngezixhobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba utyiso oluphambili lungaphumeleli, i-freyim yogcino-khuselo kwisiqingatha sesend. Ikopi yoshicilelo yesifungo ikwatsalelwa ngaphakathi komkhethi webhatyi yesuti yomphathi — isithethe esidala esincedayo ukuba iitelempters ziyasilela.

Indima YeBhayibhile Neengcungela Zomfuziselo

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungafuni kusetyenziswa iBhayibhile — oomongameli bangasebenzisa nayiphi na incwadi okanye baphakamise isandla sabo nje kuphela — abaninzi bakhetha iBhayibhile enentsingiselo yobuqu okanye yembali. Iqela elilungiselelayo lisebenza nentsapho yomongameli ukukhetha umqulu, ngokufuthi iinyanga eziliqela ngaphambili. IBhayibhile kufuneka ihlolwe ukuze ifumane imeko; ngamanye amaxesha amaphepha ayalungiswa okanye aqiniswe ukuthintela ukukrazula ngexesha lombhiyozo. Ukubekwa kwayo kwidais kulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala phezulu kakuhle kunye ne-engile yesandla sasekhohlo sikamongameli.

Kule minyaka idlulileyo, abanye oomongameli baye basebenzisa iiBhayibhile ezininzi — ngokomzekelo, besebenzisa enye ka - Abraham Lincoln ecaleni kweBhayibhile yentsapho. Ngelo xesha, iqela lisebenzisa iincwadi ezimbini ngaxeshanye, liqinisekisa ukuba zipakishwe kakuhle yaye isandla sikamongameli sihleli kuzo zombini. IJCCIC ikwanxibelelana neLibrary of Congress ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiBhayibhile zembali azinakufezekiswa ziphathwa ngeegloves kwaye zibekwe kwiziko.

Unyuselo lwangoku:

Nangona isifungo sibhalwe kumagama angama-35 kuphela, oomongameli basoloko belindeleke ukuba basidlulise ngaphandle kwe-teleprompter — eli xesha lithathwa njengelisondeleyo kwaye lingcwele kakhulu kwizixhobo zobugcisa. Noko ke, emva kwembonakalo, amakhadi ecue alungiselelwa njengenkxaso. Umbhalo ushicilelwa ngohlobo olukhulu, olucacileyo kwiplacard ebekwe ngaphandle koluhlu lwekhamera ngumntu osebenza ngekhompyutha. Lo msebenzi uqheliselwa ukuma kwi-engile ekhethekileyo ukukhusela ubuso bukamongameli. Ukongeza, iindibani zendlebe zisetyenziswa ukudlulisa ubalo olusuka kumphathi wesigaba, kodwa zinqabile ukusetyenziswa ekukhupheni isifungo esisuka kwisifungo sokuphepha imenyongo.

Kunikezelo lwama-2021, eli qela lavelisa isibane esichuliweyo se-LEDcue esifakwe kwi-dais esibonisa ixesha elichanekileyo lokuba umongameli aqalise ukuthetha. Obu bugcisa, buye baphuhliswa ngokuhambelana ne-JCCIC, buvumela ukuba kubonwe ixesha elichanekileyo ngaphandle kwe-cueograph. Ezi zintsha zivavanywe ubuncinane kwizinto zokuziqhelisela ezimbini ngaphambi kwesiganeko esiphilayo.

Ukunxibelelana Nobulungisa Obuyintloko

Inkalo ekhethekileyo yokulungiselela isifungo kukuqhelisela ngogwebo oluyintloko lweJaji eUnited States — okanye, ukuba iJaji ePhakamileyo ayifumaneki, elona tyala likhulu. Ngokwesithethe iJaji eyiNtloko iyasiqhuba isifungo, kodwa intsebenziswano ayizenzeki. Ezimbini ziqhelisela ubizo-no-luvo olulula: iJaji eyintloko ifunda ibinzana ngalinye, kwaye umongameli uyaphinda. Ixesha lokunqumama phakathi kwamagama lidla ngokuphinda-phindwayo ukunqanda umongameli ekudibanisweni okanye ekuthetheni kwasekuqaleni.

Ngexesha lohlolo lwango-2009, uRoberts no-Obama babevumelene ngesigqi, kodwa kumabonwakude ophilayo, uRoberts wafaka igama elongeziweyo. Ukususela ngoko, umthetho wokuqhelisela uquka ukuqinisekiswa okucacileyo kokubhaliweyo okucacileyo, kuquka ukukhangela ulwandiso "londinceda uThixo" (lo abanye oomongameli bakhetha ukudibanisa kwaye abanye bashiye). Iqela leJaji ePhakamileyo likwalungisa ikhadi logcino logcino-lwazi ngombhalo wesifungo xa kunokwenzeka ukuba iJaji eyintloko ifuna ukhawuleziso. Eli khadi libekwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwengubo yeJaji yeNtloko enguMphathi.

Ijelo leSizwe:

Isifungo siyasasazwa emhlabeni wonke, kwaye iqela elilungiselelayo lisebenza ngokusondeleyo nedama losasazo ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yekhamera, ukukhanya, kunye nesandi zifezekile. IWhite House Communications Agency ivavanya ukusasazwa koomatshini izihlandlo ezininzi, kwaye ukuqhelisela kushicilelwe ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezifanayo eziza kusetyenziswa ngomhla. Umphathi weqonga ujonga iwotshi ehamba phantsi edityaniswe kucwangciso lolwazi lwe JCIC, oluye lwacaciswa ngolwesibini. Ukuba isifungo sicwangciselwe 12:00 PM ET, lonke ixesha lokucwangcisa liqala kanye ngelo xesha lokubeka ixesha lokuthatha inxaxheba kwiwotshi yomzimba.

Oko Sikufundayo Kwimbali: Amalungiselelo Aphawulekayo Nemisheke

Ulawulo ngalunye lufunda kwixa elidluleyo, kwaye incwadi yokudlala ijika ngomjikelo ngamnye. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa yembali eyayila inkqubela yanamhlanje:

  • George Washington (1789): Isifungo sokuqala sasingaqheliseli; iWashington ngokuphandle yongeza "Undincede uThixo" kwaye waqubuda kwisihlwele. Oku kwaphembelela oomongameli bamva ukuqwalasela uhlomelo lobuqu — kodwa kwagxininisa nemfuneko yokuzinza okubhaliweyo.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1945): Unikezelo lwesine lwabanjwa kwi House yomkhosi ngenxa yemiqathango yemfazwe. Uqheliselo lwaluncinane, kwaye iRoosevelt, ebonakala igula, yakhupha isifungo ukusuka kwindawo ehleliyo. Emva koko, imithetho eqinisiweyo yokulungelelanisa isifungo kwindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zomzimba.
  • Lyndon B. Johnson (1963): Ukujijeka ngaphakathi komkhosi womoya Owodwa emva kokubulawa kwe-JFK, uJohnson wasebenzisa i-Protoms yamaKatolika ephosayo endaweni yeBhayibhile. Lo msitho we-imfo wabalaselisa imfuneko yokuceba ngokuqubulisa kwisiganeko senguquko yequbuliso — nto leyo ekhokelela kuqheliso lwangoku lokugcina ukhuphelo olubhaliweyo lwesifungo kumongameli ngalo lonke ixesha.
  • UDonald Trump (2017): Trump wakhetha ukusebenzisa amaBhayibhile amabini (ayemnye ukususela ebuntwaneni kunye nelinye elisetyenziswa nguLincoln). Iqela lazilungiselela ukupakisha nokuqinisekisa ubude obudibeneyo bukhululekile. Kwakhona uTrump waphulwa yisithethe ngokujonga isihlwele nokuphakamisa isandla sakhe ngaphezulu kunesiqhelo — ulungiso olwenziwa ngexesha loqeqesho.
  • Joe Biden (2021): Isifo esigqumayo esifunekayo sokunxiba isigqubuthelo kunye nokuphambuka kwebutho labantu ngexesha lohlolo. Iqela lasebenzisa ii-stime-injini zoMphathi oyintloko kwaye lasebenzisa iimpahla ezintathu ezipheleleyo zokuqhelisela, kuquka enye enezotyiso lwesandi ukuvavanya iinkqubo zokhuselo.

Isiphelo: Isiqu Esingabonakaliyo Esibangela Ubuhle

Isifungo sikamongameli sibonakala kuwonke wonke njengesenzo somGaqo-siseko somzuzwana, esizenzekelayo sokunyaniseka. Enyanisweni, sisiphelo seeyure ezingamakhulu eeyure zokungqinelana, ukuqhelisela, uvavanyo lobugcisa, kunye nokulungisa iimvakalelo. Iqela elisemva kwezo mbono — ukusuka kumagqwetha achitha iiveki echaza amagama achanileyo kumagosa okhuseleko aqhelisela ukuphepha ngongxamiseko — lisebenza ngosukelo olunye: ukuba isifungo sidlula ngaphandle kwesiganeko, sivumele ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla ukuze aqhubeke ngesidima nangentembelo.

Ngexesha elizayo xa ubukele umongameli osebenza endaweni yesandla kwiBhayibhile kwaye uphinda isifungo, khumbula intsalela engabonakaliyo yomsebenzi owenza ukuba kube lula ngelo xesha. UMgaqo-siseko ungagunyazisa amagama, kodwa lucwangciso oluzolileyo oluqinisekisa ukuba anikezelwa kanye ngendlela enenjongo — abophele umphathi omtsha kumthetho ophezulu welizwe kwaye athembeke ngabantu baseMelika. Abo banomdla kwimbali epheleleyo esemthethweni, ugcino-mali lwesizwe [[ lunika umbhalo wokuqala, ngelixa [[FLT:] [12] ithala leencwadi ngalinye] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [FLT] [2] [iLT]] unika ukuqonda indlela abangene ngayo abalawuli besithethe. Ukutshona kwesithethe. Ukutshona kwemiboniso, [FLG.[FT]