Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nzima Ukubhenela Kwinkqubo Yezobulungisa

Inkqubo yomthetho intsonkothile, kwaye iqonda indlela umsebenzi wokubhenela obalulekileyo ngayo kubafundi nakubafundisi ngokufanayo. Izibheno zinikezela inkqubo yokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla ezisezantsi, ziqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuyaphunyezwa kwaye imigaqo esemthethweni iyaxhaswa ngokuqhubekayo. Ngoxa ityala lilapho iziqinisekiso zimiselwa khona kwaye izigqibo zokuqala zinikezelwa, inkqubo yokufaka izibheno isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kule nkqubo, ukukhusela iimpazamo ezinokudodobala ukuthembeka kwijaji. Kumntu ngamnye ofunda umthetho, izalathiso, okanye isiseko solawulo, ukuqonda imigaqo epheleleyo yokuqhelisela i-a i-appellate ayiyo nje imfundo; kubaluleke ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.

Izibheno azilokulima okwesibini kwi-apile. Endaweni yoko, zijoliswe ekuhlolweni ukuba umthetho wasetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye walandelwa ngexesha lokuqhubekeka kokuqala. Lo mahluko ngowona mzi ophambili wokuqonda yonke inkqubo yokukhupha isandi. Amacandelo alandelayo aphula isakhiwo, iinkqubo, kunye noqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo oluchaza indlela isibheno esisebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yale mihla yomthetho, ngogxininiso olukhethekileyo kulwakhiwo lwenkundla yesizwe nelo nkundla.

Yintoni Into Ebangela Umtsalane?

Isibheno sisicelo esisemthethweni esenziwa kwinkundla ephakamileyo (inkundla ephakamileyo) ukuphinda ihlole kunye nokutshintsha isigqibo senkundla esezantsi (inkundla evavanyiweyo). Iqela eliqalisayo isibheno libizwa ngokuba yi [ i-applent, kwaye iqela eliphendulayo kwisibheno ityala [[FLT]]. Inkundla yezicelo ayiqhubeli tyala elitsha. Alibuphulaphuli ubungqina obutsha, okanye alibuchazi ubungqina obusuka kwibalalo. Endaweni yoko, indima yalo kukuhlola ingxelo yetyala lokuqala nokugqiba enoba iimpazamo ezingomthetho zenzekile okanye ezingokwasemthethweni zachaphaza.

Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yenkqubo esemthethweni nokunika uhlolo lwenkqubo kwizigwebo zomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubhenqwe, isigqibo esinye esiphosakeleyo kumgangatho wokuvavanywa singaba ligama lokugqibela, iqhubekekisa okungekho sikweni. Inkqubo ye-appellate ikwasebenza umsebenzi obanzi: inceda ukuphuhlisa nokucacisa umthetho. Ngokukhupha iingcamango ezibhaliweyo, iinkundla zekhompyutha zinika ukhokelo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, amagqwetha, kunye nabantu bonke, indlela imimiselo kunye nemimiselo yesiseko echazwa ngayo kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo.

Iintlobo Zezibheno: Urhulumente, Ulwaphulo - mthetho Nolawulo

Izibheno zaBami

Izibheno zamakhaya zivela kwiimbambano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho. La matyala aquka izivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, i-torts (ukwenzakala okanye ukungakhathali), umthetho wentsapho, okanye eminye imicimbi engeyoyamthetho. Kwisibheno sasekuhlaleni, okanye icandelo lingavavanya inkundla yamatyala i’ umgwebo. Umzekelo, umgwebi ogwetyiweyo ovunyiweyo okholelwayo ukuba uphantsi kakhulu angabhenela ekufumaneni ityala ngokwalo. Inkundla ihlola enoba umgwebi ogwetyiweyo usebenzisa umthetho ofanelekileyo kusini na nokuba ngaba umgwebi ogwetyiweyo i̱ izigwebo zaxhaswa bubungqina obubonisiweyo.

Izibheno Zezaphuli - mthetho

Izibheno zezaphuli-mthetho zibekwa ngabamangalelwa abaye bagwetywa ngetyala kwaye bazama ukubhukuqa ityala labo okanye banciphise isigwebo sabo. Kwezinye iindawo, abatshutshisi basenokuba banelungelo elilinganiselweyo lokubhenela, njengaxa ijaji egwebayo ikhupha izityholo okanye isithintela ubungqina. Izibheno zezaphuli-mthetho zidla ngokugxininisa ekumangalelweni komthetho, njengokungaluphumeleli kwesiluleko, ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, okanye iimpazamo kwimiyalelo yejaji. Ngenxa yokuba izibondanga eziphezulu ngokugqithisileyo, iinkundla zetyala zisebenzisa uphengululo olungqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa i̱ amalungelo enziwe akhuselwe ngokupheleleyo ukukhusela ukuqulukwa kwetyala.

Izibheno Zolawulo

Izibheno zolawulo zenzeka xa abantu okanye amaqumrhu evavanya izigqibo ezenziwa ngabameli bakarhulumente. Ezi zigqibo zingagubungela iinguqu ezininzi, kuquka iinzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu, ubume bokufuduka, imvume yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa. Izibheno zolawulo zidla ngokulandela indlela ekhethekileyo: iziko lokhuseleko ngokwalo linokuba nebhodi yokuhlola ngaphakathi, kwaye izigqibo ezingalunganga zinokubhenxiswa kwinkundla yamatyala karhulumente okanye inkundla yamatyala, kwaye zinokungeniswa ngako, ngemigangatho esesikweni. Umgangatho wokuzibheno kwizibheno zolawulo ngokufuthi ubandakanya ukufumanisa enoba umbutho ̱ inyathelo elinobuchule, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho.

Inkqubo yeNkundla ePhoqayo: Ukwakhiwa noLawulo

Iinkundla eziphandayo ziinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezihlola izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla zamatyala. Zilungelelaniswe ngokwemigangatho yezobungangamsha, kwaye ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe nayiphi na indlela yesibheno.

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo zeSizwe

Imo yenkundla nganye eUnited States inendlela yayo yokulawula inkundla. Inkoliso yamaphondo asebenza isakhiwo setyala esineenkundla ezintathu ezizimeleyo: iinkundla zamatyala (apho kuthethwa khona amatyala okuqala), iinkundla eziphakathi (ezihlola izigqibo zenkundla ezivavanyiweyo), kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe (inkundla yokugqibela yemiba yomthetho). Inkundla ekwinkundla yokugqibela enika imvume yokulawula imicimbi yomthetho). Inkundla ephakathi idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiNkundlalelo yezibheno okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye ibamba uninzi lwezibheno ezibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zamatyala. Inkundla ephakamileyo ithetha izibheno eziphakathi, kodwa inelungelo lokukhetha ukuba ihlole iinkundla ezingongoma ezizizodwa. NjengeNew York inomsebenzi okhethekileyo ogama lokubiza iintlanganiso zentengongoma, kodwa umsebenzi uhlala uhleli: iinkundla zenkundla ezichanile nezidiweyo kunye nokulungele ukutolika umthetho.

IiNkundla zezeNkundla

Inkqubo ye-appellate karhulumente ibonakalisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente kodwa isebenza kwisikali sohlanga. Iinkundla eziphambili ze-appelte zesizwe ziinkundla zeUnited States IiNkundla zezibheno, ezahlulwe zaba ziziqendu ezilishumi elinesithathu: iziphaluka zengi ezilishumi elinesibini kunye neFederal zuzuzu (eziphatha imvume kunye namatyala orhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe). Isiphaluka ngasinye sigqumathelisa indawo ethile ekwindawo ethile, kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka ezikwe kwezo ziko zikwesi siphendukulwayo kwinkundla yesithili kwisebe lazo. Inkundla ye-U.S.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States

INkundla Ephakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kweli lizwe, inegunya elipheleleyo lokuhlola izigqibo ezivela kuzo zombini iinkundla zephondo kunye nezorhulumente, ukuba kubandakanya umbuzo karhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo ayisiva isibheno ngasinye; inika ityala le-certiori kwintwana encinane yamatyala nyaka ngamnye, leyo ithetha ngemibuzo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko, iimpikiswano phakathi kweziphaluka, okanye imiba ebalulekileyo yomthetho karhulumente. Inkundla i̱ izigwebo zibo ezithi zibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezincinci kwaye ineziphumo ezinzulu kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni epheleleyo. KwiNkundla i&817; ulawulo kunye netyala elipheleleyo, [[FLT] iNkundla yeNkundla i-#2]

Inkqubela yesibheno: Ukuwohloka Kwenyathelo Ngenyathelo

Inkqubo yokubhena ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela ahlukeneyo, abalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lichanekile kwaye lihlolisiswe ngokucokisekileyo. Nangona iinkqubo ezithile zingafani ngokwamagunya, oku kulandelelana okulandelayo kungumgangatho kwiinkundla ezininzi ze-U.S.

Ukubhala Isaziso Sesibheno

Inyathelo lokuqala nakweliphi na isibheno kukwenza uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba yisaziso sesibheno ngenkundla ekhupha ugwebo lwantlandlolo. Esi saziso sicacile; sichaza ukuba iqela lifuna ukubhena. Imida yexesha engqongqo iyasebenza, isuka kwi 14 ukuya ku 30 iintsuku emva komgwebo wokugqibela okanye umyalelo. Ukungalufumani olu cwangciso kudla ngokuphumela ekulahlekeni kwamalungelo okubhena. Eli nyathelo liyi procedturaal, kodwa yisiganeko esifunekayo sokuqalisa.

Ukulungiselela Ushicilelo Ngokutsalwa

Xa isaziso sesibheno sifakiwe, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba irekhodi epheleleyo esuka kwinkundla egwetywayo idluliselwe kwinkundla yetyala. Ingxelo iquka zonke izibongozo, iintshukumo, iinkxwaleko, iikhowudi, iingxelo zobungqina, kunye nenkundla evavanyayo yenkundla i̱ umgwebo wokugqibela. Ingxelo yindalo epheleleyo yolwazi eya kuqwalaselwa yinkundla yetyala. Ngenxa yokuba akukho bungqina butsha buziswa kumgangatho we-amplaste, ukugqibelela nokuchana kwengxelo kubaluleke kakhulu. Nasiphi na impazamo ekwingxelo inokuchaphazela isiphumo sesibheno.

Imposiso ye Prejustate

Emva kokuba irekhodi ilungisiwe, omabini amaqela anikela iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezaziwayo njenge briefs. IApplellant ’ ichaza kafutshane isizathu sokuba inkundla evavanyiweyo iphambuke kwaye kutheni umgwebo kufuneka uguqulwe. I-appelleÙ iphendula kafutshane, iphikisa ukuba inkundla yamatyala i̱ izigqibo zazichanile kwaye zimele zixhaswe. Amaxwebhu akhankanyiweyo akhankanya amaphepha achaza amagunya asemthethweni, imimiselo, kunye neenxalenye zengxelo. Zisithuthi esiphambili sengxoxo ebheno ebheno. Iinkundla ezininzi ze-appellate zimisela imidalo engqongqo yoluhlu kunye nokulungisa iimfuno ezifutshane.

Iimpikiswano Ezingaqhelekanga

Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkundla enika iziphumo zengxoxo iza kucwangcisa ukuphikisana ngomlomo, ngexesha apho amagqwetha amacala ngamacala onke avela phambi kweqela labagwebi (ngokoqobo abathathu) ukunikela amatyala abo. Impikiswano engoonobumba asikokuphinda kufutshaniswa kwemiba emifutshane; lithuba lokuba abagwebi babuze imibuzo, bahlolisise ubuthathaka kwiimpikiswano, kwaye bafune ukucaciswa kwemiba engundoqo. Ingxoxo enyanzelekileyo ingaphembelela iziphumo, kodwa yimifutshane evelisa umqala wetyala. Ixesha elibelwe impikiswano yomlomo lisoloko lilinganiselwe kwimizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-30 ngecala.

Isigqibo Nendlela Esichana ngayo Imbono Yabo

Emva kokuhlola ingxelo, iimpikiswano ezidluliselweyo, inkundla yetyala ikhupha isigqibo esibhaliweyo. Esi sigqibo singathatha iindlela ezininzi: singaba negalelo [[FLT: 0] inkundla evavanyayo i̱] inkundla evavanyayo, [igwebo elikwinkundla elungele ukuthethwa kwetyala, igweba umgwebo (ukuwulawula), [[FLT:] ne-[FLT] ityala elibuyela emva kwinkundla yetyala lokuvavanya okuthelelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwenkundla &8; okufunyenweyo, okanye umdibaniso wezi nkundla. Inkundla yenkundla yezomthetho i-&817; ingcaciso yezoluvo ezingo zomthetho ezisetyenziswa emva kwesigwebo kunye netyala eliyenziwayo.

Izinto Ezinokubhenela Kuzo: Sinokucelw ’ Umngeni Nini Isigqibo?

Asinguye wonke umntu ophulukana neqela elinelungelo lokubhenela kwimpumelelo. Izizathu zokubhena mazisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo kwiziphumo zetyala.

  • Imposiso yetyala: Inkundla egwebayo igqwethelwe ngokuphosakeleyo okanye isetyenziswe kakubi umthetho, ummiselo, okanye ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ijaji isenokuba isebenzise umlinganiselo ophosakeleyo wobungakhathali kwimeko yomonakalo wobuqu.
  • Ubungqina obungonelanga: Ubungqina obunikelwe echongeni babunganele ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa isigqibo. Inkundla yezahlulelo iza kuhlola irekhodi ukuze ibone ukuba ngaba inkundla elungileyo egwebayo inokuba ifikelele kwisigqibo esifanayo ngokusekelwe kubungqina.
  • Iimpazamo ezifunyanisiweyo: Iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo zenzeka kwindlela ityala ekwenziwa ngayo, njengokuvuma ngokungafanelekanga okanye ukungabufaki bungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji. Umgwebi kufuneka adla ngokubonisa ukuba impazamo ayiyongozi kwaye ikhethe isiphumo.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukwaphulwa komthetho: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, izibheno zisoloko zibhenela ekuphulweni kwemtshutshisweni i’ zikhokelele kumalungelo omGaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokumangalelwa ngokusesikweni, ilungelo lokujolisa kumangqina, okanye ukukhuselwa ekuphangweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzumeni.

Iinkundla zezibheno zisebenzisa umgaqo wokuhlola oyalela umgangatho wokulibamba onikwe inkundla yamatyala i’ iziphumo. Kwimibuzo yomthetho, uhlolo luyelo de novo[, ithetha inkundla yenkcazelo ecacileyo iwugqala lo mba mtsha kwaye ingenazingxengxezo. Ukuhlola okucacileyo kungenxa yempazamo ecacileyo, intsingiselo yenkundla ye-appellete ayiyi kuyibhukuqa inkundla evavanya i̱ izinto ezichanekileyo ngaphandle kokuba zikho ngokucacileyo. Izigqibo zeqhinga, njengezigwebo okanye ezicacileyo, ukugweba, ukuhlola kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo.

Indima Yezibheno

Indima ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo ezichaphazelekayo. Iinkundla zixhomekeke kwimithetho yangaphambili ukukhokela izigqibo zazo, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukuqikelelwa, nokusesikweni ekusetyenzisweni komthetho. Imfundiso yokurharha, ethetha i-̴ ukuma ngezinto ezigqitywe, i” inyanzela iinkundla ukuba zilandele imizekelo emiselweyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuzibhukuqa. Lo mgaqo litye lenkqubo eqhelekileyo yomthetho kwaye unika izigqibo ezisileyo.

Xa inkundla epapashiweyo inikela uluvo, olo luvo luba ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi ezingaphakathi kwegunya layo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla yezibheno yeNinth kwiNtlanganiso sibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla zesithili zeNinth kwiNtu yeNdebe. INkundla ePhakamileyo i̱ izigqibo zibophelele kwinkundla nganye kwilizwe ngemibuzo karhulumente. UPrecedent unika izizinzo kwaye uvumela amagqwetha kunye namagqwetha ukuba axele indlela iingxabano ezifanayo eziya kuconjululwe ngayo. Noko ke, iinkundla zinokuwuguqula umgaqo xa iimeko okanye xa isigqibo sangaphambili sifunyenwe siphosakele kakuhle.

Ukutshona okunzulu kwindlela iinkundla zelizwe lase-U.S. eziyilwe ngayo nendlela ezisisingatha ngayo izibheno, i- i-U.S. inikeza ukhokelo olugunyazisiweyo.

Imilinganiselo yempinda: Indlela Inkundla Echaphazelekayo Egqunywe Ngayo

Yingcamango enzima edla ngokudida amatsha angumgangatho wohlolo. Umgangatho wohlolo umisela umgangatho wokuzibamba inkundla egwebayo enika inkundla egwebayo i’ izigqibo. Imiba eyahlukeneyo ifumana uhlolisiso olwahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Impinda yeNovo: Iphendulwe kwimibuzo yomthetho. Inkundla yenkcazelo yetyala ayiyinikeli mfutshane kwinkundla evavanyiweyo kwaye igqiba umba ngokuzimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impinda Yempazamo Ecacileyo: Iphendulwe kwiziphumo zento. Inkundla yeziphumo zetyala ayinakuyibhukuqa inkundla yamatyala ’ ifumana ngaphandle kokuba inesiqinisekiso esiqinisekileyo nesiqinileyo sokuba kwenziwe impazamo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweNjongo yoLingelo: Isetyenziswa kwizigqibo zobulumko, ezifana nemithetho ekwisiqinisekiso okanye kwintshukumo ukwenzela ukuvavanywa okutsha. Inkundla yezicelo iza kujika kuphela ukuba inkundla evavanyiweyo i’ izigqibo zazingacinezelwanga, okanye zingenangqiqo.

Ukuqonda le migangatho kubalulekile ekubhaleni ipetroli esebenzayo kufutshane kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili ukuba kungaphumelela ekubheneleni. Umphicothi uxambulisana nombuzo womthetho unamathuba angcono okuphumelela kuba uhlolo ludevo, lo gama i-applector icel ingce uphakamiso lwenyaniso efunyenweyo ijongene nebhatyi ephezulu kakhulu.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kweenkundla Zetyala Nezigwebo

Ukuqonda umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwetyala neenkundla ezichaphazelekayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda inkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Iinkundla zamatyala zilapho amatyala aqala khona. Ziziintyanga zenyaniso nomthetho ekuqaleni. Ii Juries (okanye iijaji ezikwizigwebo zesihlalo) ziva ubungqina, zivavanya ukuthembeka, zinike izigwebo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla ze-Appellate azibuphulanga ubungqina okanye zibuphendule ubungqina.

Omnye umahluko ongundoqo yindima yomgwebi. Kwinkundla yamatyala, ijaji enye iyawongamela ityala. Kwinkundla ebhaliweyo, amatyala adla ngokuviwa liqela labagwebi abathathu (okanye, ngakumbi, kwimeko yokuhlola ukuvalwa komthetho). Esi sakhiwo seqela sikhuthaza ukucingisisa nokunciphisa ubungozi bomkhethe. Abagwebi abagwebi abafumana izigqibo kwingxelo ebhaliweyo nakwiingxoxo ezinikelwayo, hayi kwingqiniso ezikhoyo okanye kwisimilo samangqina.

Iingqwalasela Ezifanelekileyo kwizibheno

Ukufaka isibheno asisiso isigqibo esiza kuthathwa lula. Kufuneka uqwalasele ngenyameko. Izibheno zibiza imali eninzi kwaye zisebenzisa ixesha. Zifuna ukulungiswa kwengxelo eninzi, ukucaciswa kwemifutshane engokwasemthethweni, kwaye okunokwenzeka kokuhlawula iindleko zeshem. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, asizizo zonke izigqibo ezingalunganga ezivumela isibheno. Izibheno kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba impumelelo esekelwe kwisiseko sokubhena, umlinganiselo wokuzihlola, namandla eempikiswano ezisemthethweni.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, amaqela ahlola ezinye iimpikiswano zokoyisa okanye ukhetho lokulungisa izinto nasemva kokuba isaziso sesibheno sibekwe. Ukungaqiniseki kohlolo lwesehlo kungashukumisela amacala omabini ukuba afikelele kulalaniso. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izibheno azifakwa zilindele ukuphumelela ngokungqalileyo, kodwa ziphononongelwa komthetho okanye zigcine uphicotho-mali lwexesha elizayo. Isiluleko somthetho sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni ezi meko zicwangcisiweyo nasekukhokelezeni abaxhasi ngokwenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo.

Isikhokelo esisebenzisekayo kumanyathelo abandakanyekileyo ekufakeni isibheno, kuquka iifomu zomfuziselo kunye nexesha elimisiweyo, iMithetho ePhambili yePultlette Procedire egcinwe nguCornell Law School ̱ iZiko loLwiso-mthetho linguvimba obalulekileyo.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Notshintsho Kuqheliselo Lokuphanda

Uqheliselo lokulawula amanani alumi ngamaxesha athile. Utshintsho luye lwalungisa indlela eziphethwe ngayo izibheno kwiinkundla zale mihla. Enye intsingiselo ephawulekayo kukusetyenziswa kobugcisa okukhulayo. Iinkundla ezininzi ezilawulayo ngoku zifuna i-electal compling (e-filletal) kunye nenkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yamanani. Olu tshintsho luye lwalungisa ukuqukuqela kwamaphepha kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkunkuma yamaphepha. Enye intsingiselo kukugxininiswa okukhula kwempumelelo yengxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo, kunye nezinye iinkundla zizama ngamaxesha amafutshane empikiswano okanye zigqibe amatyala ngaphandle kwempikiswano endleko xa iingxoxo zinikela imibandela ngokufutshane ngokwaneleyo.

Kukwakho ingxubusho eqhubekayo ephathelele ukufikelela kubulungisa kumongo we-appellate. I-se lilligants (abo bazimelayo) bajongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekulandeleni imithetho yesithethe yenkqubo ye-appellate. Ezinye iinkundla ziphendule ngokunika iifomu ezilula, izikhokelo ezicacileyo, kunye namaziko okuzinceda. Noko ke, inkqubo ye-appellate ihlala ikho ngokuphezulu kakhulu kwezobugcisa, kwaye uninzi lwezibheno eziphumelelayo zisaphethwe ngamagqwetha anamava.

Iziguqulo ze Jurisdiction zikwayimfuneko. Amanye amaphondo aye acinga ngokulungiswa kweenkundla zawo zokulungisa ukusingatha ukuthwaliswa kwetyala ngendlela elungeleleneyo, kuquka izicelo zezixhobo ezithile zekhompyutha (umz., zamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho okanye imicimbi yentsapho). Kumgangatho wesizwe, umthamo wesibheas corpus zixhobise ulungiso lwexesha elithile kwimithetho ebhaliweyo. Ezi nguqu zibonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulinganisa iingcamango zohlolo lwendlela kunye neenyani ezisebenzayo zoovimba betyala.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwezibheno

Ukuqonda inkqubo yezibheno kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda inkqubo yomthetho. Iinkundla zezicelo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba okusesikweni nomthetho kuyaxhaswa, okwenza kube yimfuneko kubafundi nabafundisi ukuba baqonde ezi ngcamango. Inkqubo ye-appellate ayiyonkqubo nje yokukhuthaza iprocessical; ingumkhuseli osisiseko nxamnye nempazamo yomthetho kunye nenjini engundoqo yokuphuhlisa imfundiso esemthethweni. Ngokulungiselela indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqwalasela izigqibo eziphantsi zenkundla, icela uncedo ekugcineni intembelo kawonke-wonke kwisigqibo esisesikweni nengqibelelo yejajidiary.

Nokuba ungumfundi olungiselela uvavanyo lwamatyala, umfundisi- ntsapho oyila izifundo, okanye ummi ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yakho yomthetho esebenza ngayo, imigaqo edweliswe apha inika isiseko esiqinileyo. Kwixesha elizayo xa udibana nebali leendaba elimalunga netyala le-̴ i-appelement kwinkundla ephezulu, i” uza kuyiqonda kakuhle into efunekayo le nkqubo kwaye kutheni ibalulekile. Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngembali nangenkqubela yeenkundla zekhompyutha, iProject ekwiSikolo soMthetho seChicago[FLT][FLT] [FLP]