INkundla Ephakamileyo Njengomyili Womthetho Womtshato

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States isebenza njengengcaciso epheleleyo yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye imimandla embalwa yobomi baseMerika ivakalelwa kukuba igunya elilichaza ngokusondeleyo njengomtshato. Isigqibo ngasinye esikhutshwe kumanyathelo ebhastile eNkundla sibuyisela imida yokuba ngubani onokuthi atshate, oko kukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni okuthwalwa ngumtshato, nendlela amazwe amele ajonge ngayo amaqhina omtshato. Ngenxa yokuba umtshato unxulumaniswa namalungelo empahla, abazali, irhafuthelo, ukufuduka, nelifa, nasiphi na isigqibo esiphezulu setyala. Umgwebo omnye ungayiphelisa amashumi eminyaka emithetho karhulumente, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, ukunyanzela ukuba ziphinde zibhalwe imithetho, okanye anike izigidi zabemi ufikelelo lwendawo ngaphambili aziwamkelwe.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izigqibo eziyintloko zeNkundla Ephakamileyo eziye zaguqula imithetho yomtshato eUnited States, lihlolisisa indlela le migaqo echaphazela ngayo impikiswano eqhubekayo yenkqubo yomtshato, lize lichaze imida elandelayo yokuhlaziywa komtshato. Ngokuqonda imizekelo yengqiqo yeNkundla, sinokulindela indlela abaya kucombulula ngayo imiqathango evelayo enjengokutshata ngokweentlobo ezininzi, imiqathango encinane yobudala, namalungelo amaqabane atshate nawahlukileyo.

Izinto Ezisisiseko: Ukumisela Umtshato Njengelungelo Elisisiseko

Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayinqabile ukungenelela kumthetho womtshato, ishiya ulawulo lusemgaqweni. INkqubo yoLawulo ye-144th eLandmentation and i-Unimement Procespects yanika isiseko samatyala athe ngokuthe ngcembe aphakamisa umtshato ube nelungelo elisisiseko elifanelekileyo ukuze nawuphi na ummiselo karhulumente uhlale uqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo.

UGqr. Virginia (1967): Isiphelo Semiqobo Yobuhlanga

Imeko ye ekwindawo yeSithili saseColumbia. Virginia ihlala ingundoqo wemitshato yale mihla. URichard Lower, indoda emhlophe, kunye noMildred Jeter, ibhinqa eliMnyama, batshata kwiSithilishi saseColumbia ngo1958. Xa babuyela kwilizwe labo laseVirginia, babanjwa ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wobuhlanga, owathi umgwebi wemitshato ye-ihlanga. Ityala laye lasibeka isigwebo sabo kwimeko yokuba bashiye iVirginia baze bangabuye kunye iminyaka engama-25.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yawugatya umthetho waseVirginia yaye, ngokongeza, yonke imimiselo eseleyo echasene nokungavumelani nomtshato kwamanye amazwe alishumi elinesihlanu. Ukubhalela iNkundla, iNkulumbuso yeJaji u-Earl Warren yavakalisa ukuba “inkululeko yokutshata isoloko iqashelwe njengenye yamalungelo omntu obalulekileyo abalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kolonwabo ngamadoda akhululekileyo. Isigqibo sathi ucalulo lobuhlanga emtshatweni lwaphula zombini i-Sucle I Project Clausle. [FLT: 0] Funda isishwankathelo esipheleleyo se-Oyez . Virginia

Zabloti v. Redhail (1978): Ukuqinisa ilungelo lokutshata

[[NTLT: 0] . . .[Redhail, iNkundla yathetha nomthetho weWisconsin owawufuna ukuba abemi abanezibophelelo ezibalaseleyo zokulondoloza umntwana bafumane umyalelo wenkundla ngaphambi kokuphinda baphinde batshate. Ilizwe laphikisa ngelithi umthetho unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abazali banokuhlangabezana neembopheleleko zabo zemali. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, isebenzisa uhlolo olungqongqo kwaye iwenza ungasebenzi umthetho, iqiqaqashe ukuba uphazamisane ngqo nelungelo elingundoqo lokutshata. Isigqibo esicacingisiwe sokuba ilungelo lokutshata linyuke ngaphezu kokhetho lweqabane lokudibanisa amandla okungena kwisivumelwano somtshato ngokwaso. [3] [5] [3]

USafley (1987): Iintolongo URetain Ilungelo Lokutshata

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba abantu abavalelweyo bangatshata kusini na kwiNkundla . ISafley v. Umthetho wokulungisa iMissouri wawufuna ukuba amabanjwa afumane imvume kumphathi wentolongo ngaphambi kokutshata. Umlawuli angasikhanyela imvume ukuba umtshato ubangele usongelo okanye ulungiso. Inkundla ibambelele ekubeni, ngoxa imimiselo yentolongo inelungelo lokuthoba, ilungelo lokutshata libaluleke kangangokuba kwanawo amabanjwa angakwazi ukukhutshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esinyanzelekileyo. Umthetho omisela imiqathango entsha yentolongo kumalungelo omgaqo-mthetho kufuneka “ichazelwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba imimiselo yentolongo ivumele ukukhanyelwa, yabethwa.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Umtshato wolinganayo kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezifanayo

Akukho meko yomtshato ukususela [[FLT: 0] ukufuduka kubangele impikiswano yesizwe njenge . Hodgefell v. Hodeges. uJim Obergefell neqabane lakhe, John Arthur, batshate eMaryland ngo-2013, kodwa imo yabo yaseOhio ayivumanga ukuvuma umtshato kwisiqinisekiso sokufa kuka-Arthur, ukungavumi okuneziphumo zelifa, amalungelo omzali, neengenelo zokufa. Umzekelo waqukunjelwa ngeengxaki ezifanayo ukusuka eMichigan, eKennedy, naseTesseessee.

IJaji uAnthony Kennedy, ebhalela u 5-44, yathi ukuHlakulelwa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine kufuna onke amazwe ukuba avumele imitshato phakathi kwabantu besini esinye nokuqaphela imitshato esemthethweni eyenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Uluvo lugunyaziswe ilungelo lokutshata ngokulinganayo kwi-Curvement Clausde (njengenkalo yenkululeko ne-constmetion) kunye noMgaqo-manani Wokukhusela u-Claus (njengokwalela ukulwa nocalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo). [[FLT:] [FLD]] [12], iNkuvosahlolo yaphinda iphinda ithi:[FFFF:]

Ubuchule kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo: Indlela Umthetho Oyiyo Owenziwe yinkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo azinanto yakwenza nemithetho esemthethweni emele ilandelwe yiBhunga, yizindlu zowiso-mthetho, neenkundla ezisezantsi. Amatyala omtshato avelise iziphumo ezintathu eziphawulekayo zomthetho.

Umanyano nokwamkelwa komtshato ongaphandle kwesizwe

Phambi .Obergefell, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoKhuselo loMtshato (DOMA) ka-1996 yavumela amazwe ukuba angavumi ukuvuma imitshato efanayo-yokungatshati eyenzeka kwamanye amazwe. [ United States v. Umoya [2013], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha iCandelo le candelo 3 leDOMA, elichaza umtshato njengophakathi komntu omnye nomfazi omnye ngokweenjongo zolawulo lorhulumente. Ngokubuyisela iinzuzo zolawulo lwezibini ezitshatile-extivene, iNkunyanzelo ithetha ukumelana noxinzelo phakathi komtshato wabo kunye nomthetho-siseko womthetho-siseko ukuqaphela imitshato ekhoyo.

Namhlanje, amatyala asanegunya elibalulekileyo lokumisela iimfuno zomtshato, imvume, uvavanyo lwegazi, kunye nemvume yabazali, kodwa abanakusebenzisa ezo mfuneko ukucalula izibini ezinomtshato owaziwayo kwenye indawo. Wundsor kunye ne[FLT]Obergefek [ imiqathango ecwangcisiweyo eluncedo yesizwe, icutha imigaqo yemithetho yesizwe eyahlukeneyo yokugqiba enoba umtshato uyasebenza kusini na.

Ucelomngeni Lokucinezela Unqulo

Kuphando lwe [[FLT: 0] Oberge wawel, amazwana amaninzi adlulise iNkululeko Yonqulo kumsebenzi wokubuyiselwa (RFRAS) kunye neminye imithetho egunyazisa abantu kunye namashishini ukuba balahle iinkonzo zemitshato esekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo ezifanayo. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawulawulanga ngqo umGaqo-siseko wale mithetho, isigqibo sayo esimalunga nama-2023 [FLT:] 303] Ukwenziwa kwe-LLC v. Eleni (uchaza umyili we we we we we we we we we we wewebhusayithi ongafuniyo ukwenza imitshato efanayo) icebisa ukuba umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwemithetho yomtshato kawonke-onke. [5]

Ukusetyenziswa kweMithetho Yomtshato KaRhulumente

Ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ivakalise umtshato njengelungelo elisisiseko, iimeko azinakunyanzela imithwalo engekho sizathu sinyanzelisayo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kuhlawulwe iindleko zelayisensi yomtshato, amaxesha okulinda, uvavanyo lwegazi, kunye nokwalungela ukwalungela ukwaluphala kwemithetho. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo aye azama ukunqanda umtshato ngabantu abanamatyala abalaseleyo okuxhasa umntwana (ukungavumelani nomthetho owabethwayo [[FLT:]]] uZionkini[[[FLT: 1]]]). Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zixhomekeke kwisakhiwo esiqinileyo somtshato [[FLT]] [i]

Imimandla Edityanisiweyo: UMthetho Womtshato Ngenkulungwane Yama - 20

Kwanaxa kumiselwa ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo yiNkundla, imibandela emininzi ephikiswayo ayipheliswanga. Njengoko izithethe zoluntu ziguquka, inkundla inyanzela ukuba icace imida yelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata.

Isithembu kunye nokungabikho koMsebenzi

INkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange imisele ngqo ngokusithembu somgaqo-siseko ukususela Reynolds v. United States (1878), exhasa umthetho wesizwe olela isithembu kwimimandla. Reynolds[, iNkundla yahlula phakathi konqulo nehambo yonqulo, ibambe ukuba ngoxa amaMormon enokukholelwa kwisithembu, urhulumente unakho ukulwaphula umthetho wesithembutho. Eso sigqibo sixhomekeke kwimbono emxinwa yomtshato njengo-RoseAV.

Abaxhasi bezi mini beentsapho ezinamalungu angaphezulu nangawakho amatyala baphikisa ngokuthi Obergefell ingqiqo yokuba abantu banelungelo lokuchaza ulwalamano lwabo olusondeleyo----anokuyamkelwa kwimitshato ebandakanya abantu abadala abangaphezulu kobabini abavunyiweyo. Noko ke, akukho nkundla enkulu yesizwe eyamkele le mpikiswano. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zicaphula uReynolds[FLT] ukuxhasa imithetho elwa nomthetho yesizwe elwa noophatho, kwaye iNkumbuso oPhakamileyo ayikhange ivume ukuva izibongoza. Inkundla yango, kunye nenkqubano yayo yantlalo, ibonakala ingayichazi ukuphinda iphinde iphise umngeni, kodwa itshintshane kwiintsapho zaseMelika.

Umtshato Wekousini Nemithetho Engoyena Usondeleyo

Uninzi lwamatyala ayalwalela umtshato phakathi kwabazalana bokuqala okanye izizalwana ezisondeleleneyo, nangona amanye amazwe (njengeKhalifoniya, New York, kunye neColorado) evumela imitshato yokuqala ye-colonin phantsi kweemeko ezithile. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayimiselanga kumgaqo-siseko wokuvalwa kwezi zithintelo ukususela iZabti. Ngenxa yokuba [iiii-zabliti] ifuna ukuba imiqathango yomtshato ifakwe kwinzala enyanzelekileyo, abaxhasi bokuvalela imiqathango-mali kufuneka babonise ubungozi obuthile bemizila. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ubungozi bokuzalwa kweziphene zokuqala zenzala zilinganayo.

Ilixa elizayo lingavavanya ukuba ukuvalwa komsebenzi othe tyaba kukhulu, ingakumbi xa kukho ukucetyiswa nokuhlolwa kwemizila yemfuza. Ukuvuma kweNkundla ukuqwalasela ubungqina benzululwazi kwezinye iimeko (njengokuqhomfa nemithetho yeziyobisi) kungaphembelela indlela yokuqhuba idinga lazo apha. Okwangoku, akukho mGaqo-siseko ucacileyo onelungelo lokutshata umza, yaye lo mbuzo awusayi kuthintelwa.

Umlinganiselo Omncinane Weminyaka Yomtshato Nomtshato Onyanzelekileyo

Amaphondo amaninzi akanayo iminyaka ephantsi engokomthetho yeminyaka yokutshata ukuba abazali bayavumelana kunye nemvume yomgwebi. Umtshato wabantwana (ochazwa njengomtshato ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-18) uhlala usemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye amawaka abantwana, amantombazana, batshate nyaka ngamnye. Amaqela obuzalwana aphikisa ukuba umtshato wabantwana uchasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko obantwana, ingakumbi ilungelo labo lokuhlala beqinile emzimbeni kunye nelungelo labo elisisiseko lokutshata (oko, abaphikisana, kufuneka baquke ilungelo [[FLT: 0] [[FLT: 1]] xa betshata).

INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ijongene nomgaqo-siseko womtshato wabantwana ngqo. Noko ke, kwi i-hinder v. Safley, iNkundla igxininisa ukuba umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko kwanasemabanjwani, kwaye ukhuseleko olungakumbi (ngokulula okanye ukufumanisa ukukhula) lunganceda iNkundla ekwaneleyo. Oku kungafikelela kwiNkundla engokwasemthethweni eqinileyo efuna ukungqinela ukuba umlinganiselo oncinci weminyaka encinci umele ukungqina ukuba umgangatho omncinci uyimfuneko ukukhusela abantwana engxwelebeni, kwaye ukhuseleko olungakumbi (njengokucebisa okanye ukufumanisa ukukhula komgangatho) lungancediswa ngumdlalo omnye. Oku kungafikelela kwiNkundla yeminyaka elishumi elandelayo njengoko kukhula ukuqondwa komtshato.

Uguqulelo kunye neqabane elingahlaliyo

[Umthetho] we-Obergefell wamisela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomtshato osisicatshulwa, kodwa kusekho imibuzo engokuqwalaselwa kwemitshato ebandakanya ukutshatisana okanye abantu abangekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, ukuba inkundla ichaza ukutshata njengomntu oyindoda nomfazi, inokuba indoda etshate nendoda ekwisigebenga elingumfazi? Iinkundla ezisezantsi zicalucalucalucalucalulo kusini nokuba amatyala omntu weqabane omtshato amele aqaphele ukuba umtshato weqabane elikwisigxina mvume somtshato. Inkundla ephakamileyo ingu 2020 kwi [[FLT: 2] Bosstock. [FLT] uClayton'''' [FLct3], nto leyo ekholelwa ukuba ichazwe ngokwesiGeneawulayo phantsi kweSihloko, isebenza kwiNkupho yomtshato, kodwa imele ukuba iqwalase imbono emtshatweni.

Igalelo Phakathi Koluvo Lwasekuhlaleni Nengcaciso Yogwebo

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zomtshato zilandela izitshintshi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke, kodwa zikwanceda utshintsho oluthe vetshe. Kwisiqingatha senqanaba phakathi [[FLT: 0]] unyuko kunye no-[FLT]-obergefell, inkxaso yomtshato weqela leqela lesizwe wasuka ngaphantsi kwama-50% ukuya ngaphezulu kwama-90%, kwaye inkxaso yomtshato omnye onyuke malunga nama-30% ngo 2000 ukuya kungaphezulu kwama-70% ngexesha [[FLT:]] u-Obergeye wawela . Inkundla ayizange ibonise nje ukuba zitshintshe; izenze ngokuzichaza ngolungeleniso olutsha.

Noko ke, ukufaneleka kweNkundla kuxhomekeke ngokwenxalenye ekuhlaleni phakathi kwemithetho ephambili yaseMelika. Xa iNkundla ihamba phambili kakhulu phambi kwemvakalelo kawonke-wonke, okanye emva kwe-(iyingozi kukhuseleko okanye ukungadibani. uxhathiso lwemeko-ntle ku "Obergefell[[FLD:1]], kuquka ukwala koomabhalane bengingqi ukunikezela iimvume zomtshato ezimfutshane nezibini ezingokwasemgaxekweni, kodwa lubonisa ukuba ubukhulu becala kumthetho womtshato abuphelelanga. ICandelo linamandla phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMmiselo weshumi elinesine loMgalelo-10) lokunyanzelisa ku-okanye, kwinkcaciso yenkcaciso, nangona amandla anqabileyo esetyenziswa kumalungelo omtshato.

Isiphelo: Iphulo Elingapheliswanga Lomgangatho Womtshato

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo siye sayiphelisa imiqobo esekelwe kuhlanga nesesini esekelwe emtshatweni, samkela umtshato njengelungelo elisisiseko elifikelela kumabanjwa nakubazali abanezibopho zokuxhasa umntwana, kwaye sabeka imiqathango engqongqo ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente. Ezi zigqibo zimela incopho yengxelo esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko eyaqala ngokuLamlishwa koMgaqo-nkqubo weSinyuso-mthetho yaza yaqhubeka ngenguquko yesini kunye nombutho wamalungelo e-LGBTQ.

Kodwa umsebenzi awugqitywanga. Imibuzo malunga nomtshato oziincutshe, umtshato womzanyana, ubuncinane bobudala, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwenqanawa ngeplastiki ayikapheliswa. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqanjwa kweNkundla kusoloko kutshintsha. Ukumiswa okutsha kungakhokelela iNkundla ekulawuleni okanye ekumxinwa ] iOberge yawisa[ kunye [[FLT]] no [FLT] Lovelve] [2]] ukrusazeko [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] uqikelelo olunjalo lungalinganiyo], nangona inyathelo elinjalo lingaba lingenakuthelekiswa nanto ekuphelisekeni kwezigidi zezibi ezidibani. Umthetho wexesha elizayo luzakuba lugqibe umgaqo olubanzi lomthetho olulungele ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.