UMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesine weSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owavunywa ngowe-1868, umi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezilandelwa ngumthetho waseMerika. Ulwimi lwawo olubanzi ngokusisiseko luye lwalungisa ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente, luqinisekisa ukhuseleko olusisiseko olukhusela inkululeko yobuqu, yeyontsapho, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Kubemi abaqhelekileyo, ukuqonda uMphetho-weMpanzi weshumi elinesine akuyo inkqubo yemfundo yobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwindlela izikolo eziphatha ngayo abantwana bakho ngendlela iinkundla eziphatha ngayo impahla yakho nenkululeko. Eli nqaku laphula imigaqo engundoqo inikela kwaye lichaza indlela abasebenza ngayo kuwe nentsapho yakho.

Imbali Nenjongo Yecare

Ekubeni yamkelekile kwimfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho weshumi elinesine wenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu base-Afrika abasanda kukhululwa nxamnye nemithetho karhulumente efuna ukubanqanda ubumi babo kunye nenkxaso efanayo. Kodwa ke, umbhalo wayo awupheleli kwiqela elinye. Ivakalisa ngokubanzi ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadalwe eUnited States ngabemi, kwaye iyawathintela amalungelo okanye ukhuseleko lwabemi abatshayo, ekunqineni nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo yomthetho, kwaye ekulahleni nabani na olinganayo nomthetho. Le nkqubo yezo zinto ingunogalelo-mthetho.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Umencial Protection Claus, equlethwe kwiCandelo 1, imiyalelo yokuba akukho rhulumente “oya kuthobela nabani na onegunya lakhe ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho.” Ngamandla alula, oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente makaphathe abantu ngokufanayo abamileyo. Kodwa amandla ale ngxelo axhomekeke kutoliko lwawo oluthambileyo: iinkundla zisebenzisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo okuhlola kuxhomekeka kulwahlulo olukhoyo.

Uphando Olungqongqo Lwendlela yokuhlela

Xa umthetho wocalucalulo osekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kuphambuko (kwezinye iimeko), iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwebala, umgangatho ophezulu wokuzihlola. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise inzala enyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe ngokumfutshane ukufikelela loo mdla. Lo mlinganiselo uye wasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa i-paration, i-'milist", i-'ltalgate dission'ssion's's', kunye nentlobo ezininzi zocalucalulo lohlanga. Umzekelo, [[FLT:][FLT:][FLT][3] brown.[FLT][5] [5] [5], inkundla yomtshato othenjiweyo]

Ubuchule bokudibanisa kunye nolungelelwaniso

Ukuhlelwa kwazo zonke ezinye iinkalo ezisekelwe kwisini okanye kumthetho, iinkundla zisebenzisa ukuhlolisisa : umthetho kufuneka usebenzise inzala ebalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye unxulumene kakhulu nomdla. Kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo (-age, ubutyebi, ukukhubazeka, imbonakalo yesondo (kweminye imospho)/iiinkundla zisebenzisa [[FLT:] isiseko sokwahlula i-mkhethe [: umthetho kufuneka ungqamane kuphela nenzala esemthethweni esemthethweni. [FFT] [6] [5]

Indlela Ukukhuselwa Okukuchaphazela Ngayo

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luchaphazela phantse yonke imimandla yobomi: imfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba urhulumente okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuphatha ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, ubufana, okanye omnye umkhwa okhuselweyo, ungazisa ityala phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. Kwakhona kukhusela ekusetyenzisweni kobuhlanga obungathathi-nxaxheba ebusweni, umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa anyanzelela umthetho othe phithi-jikeleyo kuphela kubantu bombala othile wesikhumba.

Inkqubela KaClaus

I-System Claus yenze ukuba imeko ingamnqabi “nabani na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Eli binzana linazo iinkalo ezimbini ezahlukileyo: inkqubo efunekayo yokuyila kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Zombini zibalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu kunye neentsapho.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ifuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente asuse ubomi bakho, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ubuncinane, oku kudla ngokuquka isaziso sesenzo esicetyisiweyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kukubaluleka kwenzala esibondeni kunye nomngcipheko wokunqandwa kwempazamo. Umzekelo:

  • Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho: Unelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, kumangqina, ukuba negqwetha, nokuhlala uthe cwaka. La malungelo anyanzeliswa ngenkqubo ye-IdClassias yeMbetho ye-145th Amendment (efunyaniswe kumaphondo) kunye noMphetho-Mdambiso wesihlanu (obhekiswe kurhulumente).
  • Kumatyala asekuhlaleni: Phambi kokuba inkundla ifumane impesa yomonakalo okanye ithabathe impahla yakho, kufuneka ufumane inkonzo efanelekileyo yenkqubo kunye nokuva ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, phambi kokuba amaziko karhulumente aphelise intlalo-ntle okanye ahlube ilayisensi yomqhubi, kufuneka anikeze isaziso kunye nohlobo oluthile lokuva.
  • kwimicimbi yentsapho: Imeko ayinakususa umntwana kwilungelo lokugcina umzali ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa, kwaye ayinakuwaphelisa amalungelo obuzali ngaphandle kobungqina obucacileyo nobeyisayo kunye nethuba lokuba umzali aviwe.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko esetyenziswayo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo zisesikweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza inkululeko esisiseko equka umtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho, ukuzala, ukukhulisa abantwana, nokuthembeka emzimbeni. La malungelo agqalwa njengayimfuneko kangangokuba nawuphi na umthetho owalelayo umele wanelise uphando olungqongqo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, umgangatho ophezulu. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

Ukukhuselwa Kweentsapho Phantsi KoMthetho We - 14 Wokulungiswa

Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo apho uMphetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine ukhusela wena nentsapho yakho kulawulo lomthetho wentsapho. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba intsapho isisiseko sebutho labantu yaye abazali banelungelo elisisiseko lokukhulisa abantwana babo njengoko bebona kufanelekile. Noko ke, eli lungelo aliphelelanga ngokupheleleyo; limele lilungelelaniswe nxamnye nomdla karhulumente wokukhusela abantwana ekonakaleni.

Ukulingana Komtshato

Phambi Obergefell v. Hodges, amatyala amaninzi awawamkelanga amalayisensi omtshato kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukukhanyela ukuba ilungelo laphula umthetho wokobabini i-Unit Procesting Claus (ngokuchasa inkululeko engundoqo) kunye noKhuselo lwe-Lingano (ngokusuka kwimbonakalo yesondo). Esi sigqibo saqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba “ilungelo lokutshata” liquka ilungelo lokukhetha iqabane elinye, kwaye urhulumente akanakusishiya isibini esikwizinxulumani esisuk'a ekunene. Namhlanje, ngokufanayo izibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo zinandipha ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olufanayo, neengenelo ezichaseneyo, kuquka nokufumana iimpahla zokuxhasa, kunye nenkxaso kobuhlanga.

Amalungelo Abazali Nelungelo Lokugcina Abantwana

Phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine, abazali banomdla osisiseko kwinkululeko yokunyamekela abantwana, ukugcina umntwana, nokulawula abantwana babo. Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente asuse umntwana ekhaya, kufuneka kungqine ukungafaneleka kwabazali ngobungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiseleyo. Lo mgangatho uphezulu uthintela urhulumente ukuba angaphuli iintsapho ngaphandle kokuzithethelela. Kwiimpikiswano zokugcina umntwana phakathi kwabazali, iinkundla zidla ngokuba nento “ezintle kumntwana”, kodwa abanakukhetha ngokwesiseko sohlanga, unqulo, okanye indlela yokuzimela ngokwesini. Iintsapho ezingamelekiyo, `iiiiiiiiindawo ezikhulisa abazukulwana, ukukhulisela abazali, kunye nezibini ezingokwabanga abantwana abafanayo' ezikhuselweyo ekungenelweni kwesizwe.

Ukukhuliswa

I-Curtive Procession and Aumedial Protection Clauss isebenza kwiinkqubo zokufumana abantwana nokukhulisa abantwana. Abazali abaza kufumana iintsapho zokutholwa abanakungalaliswa ngenxa nje yokuba betshatile, bebala, okanye imbonakalo yesini, nangona amanye amazwe egcina ukungabikho konqulo. Ukongeza, abantwana abakwinkqubo yokunyamekela abantwana banelungelo lokubekwa kumakhaya akhuselekileyo, anqabisekileyo, kwaye amagunya kufuneka abe neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa intlalo-ntle yabo.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline Neengxaki Zale Mihla Ezingokwasemthethweni

Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka, iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zichaza iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine kwimeko entsha. Nazi iinkalo ezintathu apho ukulungisa kuhlala kuyimfuneko:

Amalungelo

Nangona uHlaziyo lwe 14th Demendment lwaluquka isohlwayo sangaphambili solawulo olwalungavunywa ngokungqongqo kubemi bamadoda, i-Fout Protection Claus elinganayo iye yasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni imiqathango yokuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ilungelo lokuvota linelungelo elisisiseko, kwaye nawuphi na umthetho odambisayo okanye okhanyelayo ukuba isekelwe kwisizwe okanye ezinye izigwebo ezirhanayo kufuneka zihlale zixilonga ngokungqongqo. Umzekelo, [FLT] [FLT] County v. Raker[FLT][12] [25:3], inkundla erhabayo iphumeza isicwangciso somthetho wamaLungelo, kodwa i-Cometic Clausleevice ihlala ikhalisile ekuceni ukuvavanya i-buhlanga, i-ovene, i-ovotioctertive, i-octer i-octive trac, i-octal.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo

Iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zemfundo, umsebenzi, kunye noTshafuno ziye zajongana nocelomngeni oluphindaphindiweyo lwemithetho-siseko phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. Inkundla ibambelele kwicandelo elisekelwe kuhlanga kumavolishi kufuneka yanelise uhlalutyo olungqongqo. ] Izinxulumanisi zeFair Adgistrations v. [FLT]] [[FLT]] [2023], iNkugqibele ngokufanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kohlanga olungenalwazi kwimfundo ephezulu, kodwa yaphawula ukuba abafundi basenokuthetha ngentlalo kwincoko yabo yobuqu. Lo mmandla uhlala uphindo, kwaye iimeko zexesha elizayo zinokucacisa indlela okunokusetyenziswa ngayo kokungalingani kwembali ngaphandle kokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Ukufuduka Nomanyano Lwentsapho

Ukhuseleko lwe 144th Amendment (L) loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo we-14) ufikelela kumntu ovela kwamanye amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ume esemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithi abantwana abaphambukeli banelungelo lemfundo kawonke-wonke phantsi [FLT]] Plyler v. Doe[FLT]][1982] [iiiiiiimeko esemthethweni], kwaye loo mazwe akanakuwakhanyeza amalungelo angundoqo enkqubo efunekayo ekugxothweni. I-andementmentation ikhusela umanyano lwentsapho: U.S.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho E - 14 Ohlaziyiweyo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kusisiqingatha semfazwe; kwanangoku, ukubakhusela. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzisekayo.

  1. Uxwebhu lokwaphula umthetho: Lugcine iingxelo zokuphathwa okanye ukugqwethwa, kuquka imihla, amagama, amangqina, kunye naluphi na unxibelelwano namagosa karhulumente.
  2. Funa isiluleko somthetho: izibhengezo zoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine zinzima kwaye zifuna uluvo olunzulu lomthetho-siseko. Xhumana negqwetha lamalungelo abantu okanye umbutho woncedo lwamalungelo oluntu ukuba awunalo igqwetha.
  3. Ifashoni yesikhalazo: Ulwaphuko oluninzi lungabhekiswa kumaqumrhu olawulo. Umzekelo, ucalulo lwemisebenzi lungaxelelwa kwiKhomishoni ye-Unime Accounting Opportountion (EOC), kunye nocalucalulo lwemfundo kwiSebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yaMalungelo oMsebenzi.
  4. Uluvo lobalo: Ukuba amayeza olawulo angaphumeleli, ungafaka ityala phantsi kweSihloko 42 U.S.C. . ngo1998, elivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe ngurhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli abaphumeleleyo bangafumana umonakalo, isiphumlisi, kunye nemali yamagqwetha.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Hlala uthe qwa: utoliko lweNkundla ePhakamileyo loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine lutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Landela imithombo ethembekileyo enje Iqumrhu lolwazi lokuhlaziya umthetho wetyala.

Isiphelo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sisixhobo esikhusela intsapho yakho kwizenzo zoburhulumente ezizikhetheleyo kunye nocalucalulo. I-Livie List Procesme iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho elinganayo isebenza kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi. I-State Procession Claus iqinisekisa ukuba impatho esesikweni kwaye ikhusela inkululeko engundoqo eyenza ubomi bentsapho bube nokwenzeka (umtshato, ubuzali, ukuzimela, kunye nobuhlobo obusondeleleneyo. Ngoxa ukuphumelela ngokupheleleyo kokukufikelela kuyaqhubeka kuxonxwe ziinkundla , yaye maxa wambi impikiswano ephikisana engontsinzeko: urhulumente akanakuphatha njengomntu opheleleyo onelungelo lokufumana isidima, nokulingana. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kukunika amandla okuzikhusela, kungekuphela kokuba ulwe nguwe kodwa kubantwana bakho kunye noluntu lwakho.