ISinyuso seshumi elinesine, esagunyaziswa ngo-1868, simi njengenye yezona zinto zilandelayo zongezelelo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Salungisa ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente, imigaqo esebenzayo yokulingana, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nobumi belizwe. Ngoxa umbhalo wayo ulinganiswa nje ngamakhulu ambalwa, ukutolikwa kwawo phantse kwiminyaka eli-105 edluleyo kuye kwachaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika (ukusuka kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kwigumbi lokuvota. Ukuqonda indlela isiHlomelo seshumi elinesine elinasikhuseli esikhusela ngayo amalungelo eemfuno kumazwe amathathu kubalulekile ukwazi oko kufunwa zikolo, abaqeshi, abaqeshi, namagosa bonyuli, kunye naxa bengazi ukuba loo nto ifunwayo ayidibani.

Imvelaphi Yembali YoMthetho - ngqangi Weshumi Elinane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sabhaliswa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya njengenxalenye yoHlaziyo loMphetho-mda. Abayili bayo abaphambili babengamalungu eMbutho wama-39 weBhunga eyayifuna ukuqinisekisa amalungelo asekuhlaleni aseAfrika asandul' ukukhululwa nxamnye nemithetho yezobutshaba, ingakumbi iBlack Spective Redemes ewiswe kumazwe aseMazantsi. I-mentement iqulethe amacandelo amahlanu, kodwa enempembelelo eninzi yicandelo 1, elichaza ubumi kwaye liyalela amatyala ekungahlawulwa kwamalungelo okanye ukukhuselwa kwabemi, ehluza nabani na umntu wobomi, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, okanye engazange ilandelwe nawuphi na umntu olinganayo; kunye neCandelo 5, eligunyazisa iBhunga lokugcinwa komthetho ofanelekileyo.

Phezu kwalo nje ulwimi lwayo olubanzi, [[FLT:] iSinyuko seshumi elinesine] sahlala singabikho kaninzi emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kokuvuselelwa kwakhona. INkundla Ephakamileyo yawachaza ngokufutshane amalungiselelo ayo, umzekelo kwiNdlu yeNdlu [FLT: 0]] iCase-'eNdlu [1873] [iiiikhulu lama-12] [iii-FLT] [iii-[FLT] [18696], apho iNkukhongongoze ixhasa i-lifako-yo kodwa ilingana” imfundiso. Akuzange kube de inkulungwane ye-1920 ye-1920 i-Andreand iqalile ukuqonda amandla ayo okungamalungelo esizwe, iqala ngemeko [FLDicerrease], nemeko yemfundo enkulu yemfundo enjenge-Fogne], eyathi yemfundo eninzi. [5]

Namhlanje, uMphetho weshumi elinesine usenguxwebhu oluphilayo, yaye ukufikelela kwalo kunwenwela kwiimpikiswano zale mihla zokuvuma, ukuvalwa kwamalungelo, imiqathango yokuvota, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlola impembelelo engqalileyo yamalungelo akho kwiinkalo ezintathu eziyingozi: imfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuvota.

Amalungelo Akho Kwimfundo Ngaphantsi KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Ezikolweni Zasekuhlaleni

I-Unimeal Protection Claus of the 1450 Defective isisombululo semfundo esisiseko. Iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente “oya kuthanda ukuba kubekho nabani na okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Xa isetyenziswa kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, oku kuthetha ukuba isithili sesikolo asinakuphatha abafundi ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ezinye izigwebo ezikhuselweyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho umdla karhulumente onyanzelekileyo kunye nempahla esetyenziswayo inokwenziwa ngokumxinwa. Lo mgaqo wamiselwa kwi- Brown v. Komiti yemfundo yezemfundo, apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo ingqinelanayo ukuba ucalucalucalucalucaluel, ulwaphula u-Clauss.

Kusukela [kutshanje], iintendelezo ziye zasebenzisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo ukuphelisa uqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho olusuka kumgangatho ophantsi wezikolo ezincinane kakhulu ukuya kushenxiswa kwabafundi abaneziphene kwizifundo eziphambili. Kutshanje, igalelo liye lasetyenziswa ukucelw'ucelw'imposiso imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yokuba abafundi bemibala, efana nowezero-tolerdancel ekhokelela kwimiqathango ephezulu kunye nokugxotha isantya sabafundi abamnyama nabafundi abano-latini. Ngexesha imigaqo engabonakaliyo efana nesenzo sokuvuma kwizifundo ezisekholejini isaqhubeka, umgaqo ongundoqo ushiyekile: kufuneka baphathe bonke abafundi ngokulinganayo kwaye bangathathi imithwalo esekelwe kwiminyanzelo okanye ngokurhanelayo.

Ilindeleke Abafundi

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olulinganayo, i-Adth Procession’s Accole ye-14th Amendment ikhusela amalungelo abafundi asemthethweni nangaphantsi kweso sikolo. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba umfundi ahluthwe impahla ebalulekileyo okanye inkululeko (njengelungelo lokuya esikolweni okanye lokufumana idiploma) isikolo kufuneka sinike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Kwimeko yembali Gos v. Lopez [197], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba abafundi besikolo bajongene neentekotho zeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi kufuneka bafumane isaziso esingephi nangako, ukucaciswa kobungqina, nethuba lokunikela icala labo.

Ukugxothwa ixesha elide kufuna iinkqubo ezingakumbi ezisesikweni, kuquka ilungelo lokubiza amangqina nokuba nomelo. Ngokufanayo, abafundi abaneziphene bafumana ukhuseleko olungakumbi phantsi koMthetho weDisculation Education (IDEA), kodwa inkqubo efunekayo yeDine Amendment yenkqubo yeshumi elinesine isesebenza nakubani na umfundi ojamelene noqeqesho olunzulu.

Ngeli xesha, kukhusela amalungelo asisiseko abafundi, njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yokuzimela, kunye nenkululeko yomzimba yokwahlukana . "Umthetho] wokuphazamisa urhulumente. Nangona izikolo zinesibanzi sokugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko (njengoko ziqatshelwe ku] Isikerr v. Des Moines kunye [[FLT]] New Jersey. v. T.L.[FL.3]]), azinakuphazamisa amalungelo angundoqo okuLandlwa noMdathiso ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa okufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, izikolo azinako ukusohlwaya abafundi ngentetho engabangela ukuphazamisa okuninzi, okanye ihambo engakufuni ukukrokraza. Ezi zinto zifumana ukukhuselwa kwe-Genegamentieting.

Ilayini epheleleyo ye LGBTQ+ Abafundi kunye nesihloko IX

ICentulote Protection Claus ikwasisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela iLGBTQ+ abafundi ekucalucalulweni. Bostock v. Clayton County[[FLT:] [2020], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufana neentlobo zesini buthetha ukuba ubufana “ngenxa yokuba" phantsi kweSihlomelo samaLungelo esingu-19649. Ngoxa loo nto ityala inkundla esezantsi iye yasebenzisa uluvo olufanayo kwimfundo phantsi kweSihlo se-IX kunye noKhuselo oluPhakamileyo u-Claus. Izikolo ezithi zikwalela abafundi ukuba bangasebenzisi iintambo okanye amagumbi okutshixa igumbi ahambisana nokuzichaza kwabo ubufana nobufana nobufana nobufanabo, okanye uqeqesho olubonisa ingqeqesho lwesondo, lunokujamelana nocelomngeni olulinganayo.

Ukongezelela, ukutolikwa kolawulo lweBiden ngo-2021 kweSihloko IX kuluthintela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwindlela esiziyo ngokwesini nangokokuba neentlobano zesini, nangona amazwe amaninzi ebelucel ’ umngeni lo mthetho. Abafundi abajongene nocalucalulo kufuneka baqhagamshelane neSebe le-Ofisi yezemfundo yaMalungelo e-Civil (] [OCRFL ]) okanye badibane negqwetha ukuze baqonde amalungelo abo phantsi kwe-145 Amend Amend.

Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini Phantsi KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 14

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwabasebenzi

Ukhuseleko lweSinyuso seshumi elinesine lusebenza ngqo kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Kubantu abasebenza kurhulumente. ._abo basebenzela urhulumente, okanye amasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni."The Secume Living Protection Claus) abavumeli abaqeshi ekwenzeni izigqibo ngokuqeshwa, ukudubula, ukunyuselwa, ukuhlawula, okanye ingqeqesho esekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, okanye ezinye izicatshulwa ezirhanelekayo. Abaqeshi bakawonke-wonke kufuneka bathethelele naluphi na ukhetho oluphatha iqela ngokwahlukileyo kwelinye, kwaye abanovelwano olunzulu kakhulu ngokoluhlu (umz. umhlathi, okanye ubufana), uxanduva oluphezulu lobulungisa.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umbutho karhulumente uyamkhanyela ummeli ofanelekayo ngenxa yohlanga lwabo, oko kuya kwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba isithili sesikolo sihlawula abafundisi-mfundo abangamabhinqa ngokungaphantsi kootitshala abangamadoda ngomsebenzi olinganayo ngaphandle kwesizathu sokungadibani, inkqubo iyakuba yeyokungamelanga. Umzekelo wesithintelo Frontietro v. Richardson [10]) wathi irekhodo yokuba imilinganiselo esekelwe kwisini ixhomekeke kwisazulu, ixhomekeke kwi-Claus Claus Eququque, iyenze ibe nzima kubaqeqeshi becala abaqeshi benqanawa ukuze bathethelele ukuhlukanisa ubufana.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lweMimiselo alwenziyo hayi ngokungqalileyo] olulawula abaqeshi abazimeleyo. Ucalulo lwasemsebenzini lwamacandelo obuqu lulawulwa ngokuyintloko yimithetho karhulumente efana neSihloko samaLungelo sika-III soMgaqo-siseko we-1964, iNkathi Yexesha Lokucalucalula KuMthetho we-Msebenzi, kunye namaMelika aneziphene zokungalungelelani. Noko ke, le mithetho ngokwayo ingumthetho womthetho weBhunga phantsi kweCandelo elingu 5 leCandelo, elivumela iNko kunyanzelwe iziqinisekiso zeZiqinisekiso ze-Athobo.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke

I-System Process Claus ye-14th Amendment ikwakhusela abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abanomdla wempahla emsebenzini wabo, ngokuthetha ukuba abafundisi-mfundo abaqeshiweyo, abasebenzi bezomthetho, okanye abasebenzi abanezi zivumelwano ezithenjiswe umsebenzi oqhubekekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba umqeshwa onjalo agxothwe okanye arhoxiswe, umqeshi karhulumente kufuneka anike isaziso ngezizathu kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuphendula. Oku kukhusela kukarhulumente kuqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshwa abasebenzi abanyangelwayo abasuswe okanye basekelwe kwizityholo zobuxoki.

Ku iColeverand Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umqeshwa kawonke-wonke onenzala yempahla emsebenzini wakhe unelungelo “lohlobo oluthile lokuva" phambi kokupheliswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuva akunyanzelekanga kube kukuvavanywa okupheleleyo kwe-solkhasi, kodwa kufuneka kuquke isaziso setyala, ingcaciso yobungqina, nethuba lokuba umqeshwa axelele icala labo.

Ukongezelela, abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke banomdla wenkululeko kwidumela labo kwaye basenokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ezonakeleyo okanye ezihlazisayo. Ukuba umqeshi udubula umntu aze ababize ngokuba lixoki okanye isela, umqeshwa unokuba nelungelo “lokuva iindlebe ezicacileyo” ukuphikisa izityholo, kwanokuba akanamdla wempahla kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo.

Ukuhlawula Ngokulinganayo Nokucalucalulo

Ngeli xesha uMthetho we-Act elinganayo we-1963 kunye noMthetho we-Sihloko we-VII unika intlawulo ehlawulwa ngqo, uMphetho weshumi elinesine unganika abasebenzi boluntu enye indlela eyongezelelekileyo. Ukuba umbutho wesizwe uhlawula amadoda namabhinqa ngokwahlukileyo kumsebenzi olinganayo ngaphandle kwesizathu esifanelekileyo, inkqubo ingayaphula imivuzo elinganayo yokhuseleko luka-IClauskaus. Umzekelo, kwi-Washington v. Gunter[FLT] [[FLT] [1901], iNkundleko ephakamileyo ivumela ukuba amadoda namabhinqa asebenze phantsi kweSihlomelo esingu-6 apho umqeqeshi wawo atheli athi umvuzo ubeka umvuzo ophantsi ngenxa yesondo, nangona imisebenzi yayingafanangafanangafanangafiki kumbuzo womthetho womthetho womthetho, imeko ibonisa indlela enokuthilwa ngayo imigudu ekhoyo.

Kutshanje, amanye amaphondo amisele imithetho yokunika intlawulo ecacileyo, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe uye wathatha amanyathelo okulwa nocalucalulo. Abasebenzi abarhanela ukuhlawula ucalulo kwicandelo likawonke-wonke kufuneka bacinge ngokumisa isikhalazo kwiKhomishoni ye-Aumeter Yorking Opportunity (]EOC) okanye ajonge igqwetha lomsebenzi malunga nezibhengezo ezinokwenzeka zeMpanzi weMpaso-14th.

Ukukhathazwa Emsebenzini Nokuchaswa Kwemeko - bume

Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke nabo banemigaqo-siseko ekhuselayo ekuxhatshazweni okunzima okanye okusasazekileyo okubangela imeko-bume eyingozi yomsebenzi esekelwe kuphawu olukhuselekileyo. Ukuba umphathi ubandakanyeka ekuthukweni kohlanga, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini, okanye ukugculelwa konqulo, kwaye umqeshi akaphumeleli ukuthabatha inyathelo lokulungisa, umqeshwa angazisa intetho efanayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ku Davis v. iMonroe County Board of Education[ (1999) iSihlomelo se-IX kumfundi elithi y.[nongnognow blast, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyavuma ukuba imigaqo efanayo kubasebenzi phantsi kolawulo lwe-Genethikitten. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba i-mond isebenza kuphela kulawulo lwabadlali-omatisi, abasebenzi abaqululeki bobucala kufuneka baxhomekeke kwi-Osertive.

Abantu abakholelwa ukuba bakhathazwa ngumqeshi karhulumente kufuneka babhale indlela yokuziphatha, bafake isikhalazo kwimibutho yabantu okanye kwiofisi yemisebenzi elinganayo, kwaye baqwalasele ukudibana ACLU okanye eminye imibutho yamalungelo abantu ukwenzela ukhokelo kwiimfuno zomgaqo-siseko ezikhoyo.

Ukuncoma Amalungelo NoMthetho - melo Weshumi Eline

Amalungiselelo Asekuqaleni Akhuthazayo Aloo Mhla - nyuka

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, iCandelo lokuqala leMimiselo yeshumi elinesine yoMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo 2 lathetha ngovote hayi njengelungelo kodwa njengesohlwayo. Lanika ukuba ukuba urhulumente akalamkeli ilungelo lokuvota nakuwuphi na ummi ongumfana ongaphezulu kwama-246one (ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba kwimvukelo okanye kolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho), loo melo lukarhulumente kwiBhunga luza kuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo. Eli lungiselelo lalijoliswe kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukuba ahlulwe amadoda aseAfrika nangona isithembiso sokukhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo sasinganyanzelwanga, kwaye kamva uMthetho weshumi elinesihlanu woLawulo (1870) wakwalela ukucalulazwa ngokungqalileyo kokhetho.

Phezu kwayo nje indlela engangqalanga, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa uLawulo lweMpatho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine − ngokwemodwa iNtengo eLinganisayo uClaus-ukuphelisa uqheliselo lokuvota olungekho semthethweni okanye oluncitshisa iivoti zamaqela athile. Ityala eliqhelekileyo lingu Reynolds v. Sims [1964], eyamisa “umntu omnye, ivota enye” umgaqo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yathi isithi isithi imimandla yemithetho yowiso-mthetho kufuneka itsale i-ovoti i-odoli nganye i-odolite ngobunzima obulinganayo, igweba igweba ii-stapetravertsssssssss apho imimandla yasemakhaya yayinabemi abambalwa kunabemi basedolobheni kodwa inyule.

Ukungavumelani Nezinto Neenkolelo Ezingaziwayo

Enye yezona mbambano zokuvota eziphikisanayo phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa weshumi elinesine leSigqibo yi-felton edityanisiweyo. Amatyala amaninzi ayalikhanyela ilungelo lokuvota abantu ababanjiweyo, maxa wambi ngokusisigxina. Umbhalo weCandelo 2 ngokwalo ukhulula ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo okanye olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, ucebisa ukuba amatyala angenza ukuba i-frantactive ingabi sisongelo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba imithetho enjalo ichaphazela ibutho elincinane yaye ngaloo ndlela iyaphululaza imigaqo elinganayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukurhoxiswa kwe-fenfankranice ku-[FTLT:0]. RY]

Ukususela ngoko, ingxubusho itshintshelwe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho. Iimeko ezininzi ziye zaguqula imithetho yazo ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota emva kokugqitywa kwesigwebo okanye kwanaxa isejele. Okwangoku, umba we- ongundoqo uyaqhubeka uphila: ukuba umthetho wokwahlukana kwecawa umiselwe ngenjongo yokukhupha ityala, ungayaphula i-Externity Protection Claus. Ezinye iinkundla zivumele abalawuli abachasayo ukuba bavavanye imigaqo ngokubonisa imbali yocalucalulo lohlanga kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nempembelelo echasene nomthetho.

Imiqathango Neengxaki Zale Mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uHlaziyo lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine luye lwacelwa ukuba lucel ’ umngeni imiqathango yokuvota edluliswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, kuquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukunqumla kwakudala, ukukhucululwa kwemivoti, nokuvalwa kwendawo zokuvota. Abaxhasi bale mithetho baphikisa ukuba bathintele ukukhohliswa komvoti; abachasi bazama ukonzakalisa ngokungenalusini, abakhulileyo, kunye nabavoti abaphantsi kwemali. Ngoxa iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase imiqathango ethile phantsi koMphetho weshumi elinesihlanu noMthetho we-Vong Act, i-Cometic Provity Claus Calace bahlala besona sixhobo esingundoqo.

Ngokomzekelo, Selby County v. Homer (2013), iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokugquma weVoting Rights Act eyayifuna amagunya athile nembali yocalulo ukuze kuvele naluphi na utshintsho lokuvota. Noko ke, iNkundla yashiya kuvuleke amathuba okungavumelaniyo nemithetho yokuvota phantsi kolawulo lwe-1459th Amereka Amereka. Amazwe afaka imithetho ecacileyo enenjongo yokukhupha ucalucalulo.⁠[1] njengomthetho we-ovoti ye-ID osusa iintlobo ze-ID eziqhelekileyo ezibanjwa ngabantu baseAfrika. Kodwa, isenokukwazi ukukhusela ngokufanayo ukugwetywa.

Ukongezelela, isigqibo seNjingalwazi yesine yeNjingalwazi 2023 NAACP v. Thomas (ityala levoti yaseMzantsi Carolina ID) yaqinisekisa ukuba zombini iziHlaliso ze-Dinjisi yeshumi elinesine neshumi elinesihlanu zikhusela uqheliselo lokuvota. Amachaphaza kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho wawiswa ngenjongo yokukhupha isigebenga kwaye unesiphumo sokukhupha i-discrini. Le nto yimba ephezulu, kodwa ingqwalaselo eninzi `ngokugalela phantsi komthetho wokuvota wobugrato ngo-2016 2016.59.5 bonisa ukuba umthetho wokuvota okunga kwe-onki.

Ukudityaniswa kwemizimba kunye ne-Gerrymandering

Omnye umba wamalungelo okuvota phantsi koLawulo lweNgqongqo yeshumi elinesine luvoto olubangelwa kukuthoba ipesenti yesizwe. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe izoba imigca yesithili ukunikela ingqalelo okanye ukuchitha abavoti bohlanga oluthile ukuphelisa amandla abo ezobupolitika, abaphula i-Uncil Protection Clauslee. Shhaw v. Reno [1993], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yathiswa yi-onkethi etsalwa luhlanga “kwimeko ephambili yezobupolitika” kwaye ayinakuchazwa ngokungqongqo kwizizathu ezingangongonyaka we-76.

Ipartisan gerrymanidering (esekelwe kwiqela lezobupolitika kunokuba libe lihlanga) kunzima kakhulu ukucela umngeni ngaphantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinesine. Richuk v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo (2029), iNkundla yathi ithetha ukuba i-Garrymandering ayilunganga kuba akukho milinganiselo elawulekayo yeenkundla zokusebenzisa. Noko ke, i-gerrymanning ihlala iyimbambano ephilayo, kwaye amaqela e-advoctacy ayaqhubeka ezisa ukumangalela phantsi kwe-Cal Protection Claus xa iimaphu zidiwe ngenjongo yobuhlanga.

Ukunyanzeliswa Nokusikelwa Umda KoMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwe - 14

ISindululo seshumi elinesine asizinqumlisi; sifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngeKhomishini (INkundla 5) nangeenkundla. IKhomishini iye yawisa umthetho ongundoqo wamalungelo abantu).

Noko ke, kukho imiqathango. Okokuqala, ukupheliswa kusebenza kuphela kwisenzo sombuso, hayi ihambo yangasese (ngokunye okungavunyelwayo yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, njengaxa into ekhoyo yabucala isebenza umsebenzi kawonke-wonke). Okwesibini, imigangatho yokuhlola iyahlukahluka: ukuhlolwa okungqongqo kokwahlulwa kobuhlanga, ukuhlolwa okuphakathi kobufana, kunye nesiseko sokuqikelelwa kwezinye izicatshulwa. Izenzo ezithe ngqo kufuneka zingqine ngokuba nocalucalucalucalulo, hayi nje kuphela iziphumo ezingqubanayo, phantsi kweSikhuseli sokhuseleko esilinganayo sikaClasse. Ekugqibeleni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamaxesha athile iye yanciphisa umlinganiselo we-Rhulumente, njengakwi iDocut of Boerne v.[Fract1] [Foct1] [1997], ekwane provementals], ekholelwa kwiCalmentaltioctive 5]

Phezu kwayo nje le miqathango, uMphetho weshumi elinesine uhlala ungumthombo onamandla wamalungelo. Uye wacelwa ukukhusela ukulingana komtshato (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015), ukukhusela ilungelo labazali lokulawula ukukhulisa abantwana babo, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela ekuthinteleni ukumitha nokuqhomfa, nokokuba okulandelayo kuncitshiswe ngu [ Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [[FLT:]22], eyayikholelwa ukuba ukukhuselwa kokukhupha isisu.

Isiphelo

UMthetho-Mbetho weshumi elinesine asilulo uxwebhu oluzimelayo; intsingiselo yawo iyaguquka njengoko ibutho labantu kunye nejaji ijamelana neengxaki ezintsha. Kwimfundo, iqinisekisa ukufikelela nokuhambelana nenkqubo efanelekileyo kubafundi kwaye ikhusela ekuqeqesheni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Emsebenzini, igada abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke ekuphathweni ngokungekho mthethweni nangemigaqo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa kuvolwa, isekela umgaqo womntu omnye, ivoti enye kwaye inikela igosa nxamnye nokungavumelani kohlanga.

Enoba ungumfundi ojongene nokungalawuleki, umfundisi- ntsapho ocinga ngokukhalaza ngocalulo, okanye umvoti odidekileyo yimithetho emitsha yonyulo, esazi ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-14th Amendment lukunika amandla okuqinisekisa amalungelo akho nokugcina urhulumente ephendulile. Le yiplani yomGaqo-siseko yeMelika elinganayo qha), kwaye isabhalwa yonke imihla.