Amandla okuzola ePacs ezinganxulunyaniswanga kukhetho lwasekuhlaleni

Iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs) kudala zikho kunyulo lwaseMerika, kodwa impembelelo yazo isoloko ichazwa kakhulu qha, kwaye iqhele ukuqondwa ngezantsi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa uwonke-wonke ujolise kwinkcitho yokuchitha imali eninzi kumongameli okanye kwimibutho yemibutho, kwibhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni, kwibhunga lesixeko, nakwimibutho yoomatiloshe esemthethweni. Kulo mkhosi uninzi lwabadlali abasebenza kwimibhoshongo yemali yemali efanayo. Phakathi kwabadlali abaninzi abakwizinkundla ezincinci abangeyo abanxibelelani: imiqobo enyusayo okanye echitha imali okanye echasayo ngaphandle kweqhina elithe ngqo kumngeni, kwiqela, okanye kwimicimbi yezorhulumente. Ngenxa yokuba unyulo lwengingqi yemali esetyenziswa ngokuzinye inkcitho ukusuka kwi-paC ekhoyo kuhlanga olungekho semthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi migaqo zayo, nemiqobo, kunye nemiqobo yayo ibandakanya nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani naku.

Ichaza iiPacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Phantsi komthetho wonyulo lwamazwe, i-PAC idweliswe njenge- idityaniswe okanye i-'paC]. I-PAC edityaniswe ngqo nombutho, umbutho womsebenzi, umbutho worhwebo, okanye umbutho wezopolitiko. Amaxabiso awo olawulo asoloko egqunywe ngumzali wayo, kwaye ingxowa yayo ilinganiselwe kwiqum elisikelweyo labani abanikeli. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-PAC izimele: akukho nkampani okanye umnqongo okhoyo ohlawula ngaphezulu, kwaye iyakwazi ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango yemibutho esetyenziswa kwimiqathango efanayo kwi-PC. IKhomishini ye-EFFF inika aba miyalelo aba bafundi abanomdla, kwaye iyakwazi ukuchaza ulwalathiso olu luhlu oluthe kokugqibela.[FFFF]

Ukuzimela - geqe Kwizikhundla Nezikhundla

Uphawu oluchazayo lwe-PAC engadityaniswanga lukungabikho kwayo ngokusemthethweni kwamaqhina nakweyiphi na ikomiti yeqela. Olu zimeleyo luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zomthetho. Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Federal Evolution Campaignment, i-PACs engadityaniswanga iyalelwa ngokungqongqo ekubekeni imali yabo ngokuhambelana namaphulo. Naluphi na unxibelelwano, unxibelelwano, unxibelelwano, okanye ukhokelo olungacwangciswanga cwangciswanga phakathi kwe-PAC kunye nombhaptizi lungaxhobisa ukrusa ukwaphulwa, ukuguqula inkcitho yePAC ngenye indlela engekho mthethweni kwiminikelo edityani. Olu mlilo lungagcina umahluko phakathi kwemirhumo oluthe ngqo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuzimela, nangona kusenokuba nzima.

Ulungiso ngamaqela anomdla kunye neentshukumo ezinomtsalane

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ivela kumgangatho omkhulu wabadlali bezopolitiko. Ezinye zenziwa yimibutho yezemfundo ejolise kwimiba enjengemfundo, indawo yokuhlala efikelelekayo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume okanye amalungelo emipu. Ezinye zenziwe ngemixube yengca ephuma kwimpikiswano ethile yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, utshintsho oluthe tyaba okanye ingxoxo yezifundo zesikolo. Ngenxa yokuba azijongwa kumbutho omnye okanye umbutho, ezi PCs zinokubonakalisa izinto eziphambili zesiseko sobulungu esibanzi. Noko ke, zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimirhubhede yemirhu encinane yemirhumbu yelanga kwaye zinokuba sengozini yokudinwa ngumdlali odibeneyo kunokuba zidityaniswe nee-PAC.

Ukuphenjelelwa

IPaCs ingulo edityaniswe ngqo kwiPaC yasekuhlaleni ngokuyintloko ngenkcitho ezizimeleyo .Njengokuba ithengelwe nabani na umvoti kwaye imela ngokucacileyo unyulo okanye ukoyiswa komvotitshala othile. Ezi ndleko azikho phantsi kwemiqathango yomnikelo osetyenziswa kwiminikelo ethe ngqo, ithetha ukuba iPaC exhotyiswe kakuhle ingagalela amakhulu amawaka eerandi kuhlanga olunye lwasekuhlaleni. Kumgangatho kamasipala, apho uqingqo lwemali lwamanani athelekelelwayo lungasuka kumawaka ambalwa amawaka eera ukuya kumakhulu ambalwa amawaka, ezo zinto zingalawula incoko.

Iinguqu: Izibhengezo

Ezona zixhobo zibonakalayo zezibhengezo ezizimeleyo zenkcitho kumabonwakude, iifomati zikanomathotholo, iposi, kunye nezibhengezo zamanani. I-PAC engadityaniswanga isenokuqhuba uthotho lwezibhengezo ezihlasela irekhodi yokuvota yomntu osisigxina okanye income umcebi wemvelaphi yoluntu ekulungelelaniseni. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zibhengezo aziveli kwiphulo lomthetho lomntu, ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi olubukhali okanye iimpawu zobuqu ezichaphazelekayo ezinokuphembelela. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] C.[FFLT:1] [2010] [20] zivule umnyango wokuchitha imali engenakuthintelwa yimibutho, kodwa ezinganxibelelani kwimiqatha yemiqatha, kodwa ezimelelwayo ezikhoyo, ezisekwe ngokwemiqatha iimali ezikhoyo.

Ukukhupha impikiswano kunye nokungafundi.

Asizizo zonke iindleko ezisetyenziswayo yi-PAC ezithathwa njengenkcitho ezimeleyo. Eminye imisebenzi icaciswe ngokusemthethweni njengetyala lokungagunyaziswanga ```intelligence'' ngokukhuthaza ukuma okubanzi kwezobupolitika ngaphandle kokusebenzisa “magama omlingo” njenge-“ khetha,” okanye “defate.” Izibhengezo zentengiso zentengiso zingakhankanya abathathi-nxaxheba ngegama xa kuxoxwa iirekhodi zabo zovota okanye iinkqubo, logama nje izibhengezo zingabizi iziphumo ezithile zonyuso. Le ndawo i-PaCs ivumela ukuba iphembele iimbono zovoti ngaphandle kokuxhokonxa iimfuno ezipheleleyo kumazwe athile. Umahluko phakathi komba negalelo luveza kakhulu, kwaye amaqela afana no [FLD:0]

Ubuchule bephulo lamanani

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityaniselwanga zijikele kwiqonga lamanani ukuze zifumane impembelelo. I-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Google, kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezitsha zivumela iPAC ukuba ikwazi ukuthatha i-micro-ebonakalayo kwiphondo elikwimirhumo yokuhlola imiyalezo yengingqi, abazali babantwana abakwisikolo, okanye amalungu amaqumrhu anxulumeneyo, umzekelo. Ezi zibhengezo zamanani zisebenza ngokuhlola okuncinane kunentengiso zesithethe zempula-mekiso kwaye zingatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ukuphendula ekunyuseleni ulwazi. Ngaphezu koko, i-PACC ingaxhasa i-occocalls, kunye nempembelelo yezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Ixabiso elisezantsi lezixhobo zamanani amanani amanani athetha ukuba iPC kunye nombathothononyaka-nte-th lwemali ingaba i-mgalelo kumgangatho woluhlu loluntu.

Impembelelo Kuphulo Lwezobupolitika Lwasekuhlaleni

Impembelelo yeePAC ezingadityanisiweyo kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni inzulu, nangona idla ngokuncitshiswa. Kwintlanga apho umvoti ungenayo kwaye igama lincitshisiwe, inkcitho ezimeleyo esele ikhona ingagqiba iziphumo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba ucalucalulo lwemibutho yorhwebo lungagqalwa kancinane, imiyalezo esasazwa zii-PAC ingaba ngumthombo oyintloko wolwazi lwabavoti abaninzi.

Ujikelezo Lomahluko

Enye yeziphumo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwe-PAC engadityaniswanga kukukwazi ukutshintsha iimbono zabavoti. Uthotho lweeposi okanye izibhengezo zamanani ezisoloko zidibanisa umnyulelwa-nxaxheba nendawo engathandwayo `okanye nomonakalo ochaseneyo neqela elingaphandle.) ngokuchaseneyo nomonakalo womntu ogama lingumntu othe wangenayo kulungiso olugqithiseleyo. Ngokuchasene noko, i-PAC eqhuba izibhengezo ezikhuthazayo ezinconywayo okanye eziphumelekileyo zingenza umfanekiso olungileyo ngaphandle kokuba umvoti otheza umngeni asebenzise imali yakhe elinganiselwe. Le mandla anamandla ngokukodwa kukhetho lwasekuhlaleni apho iirelathisi zeqela lasekuhlaleni zingekho khona; ngokunempumelelo i-PAC's tramss i-ms cover.

Ukutshintsha Iphulo

Xa i PAC engadityaniswanga ingena kuhlanga lwasekuhlaleni, itshintsha indlela abaza kufunda kunye namaphulo abo aziphatha ngayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba benze imiyalezo yabo ukuze baphephe ukuxhobisa iPAC okanye ukubhena kwisiseko somnikeli we PAC. Inkamzamzamzo zingalungisa iindlela zabo zokubhengeza xa kuphendulwa ukuphendula ngokuzimeleyo, maxa wambi ukutsala izibhengezo kumjelo abawubona njengomanzi nge-PAC imiyalezo. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho be PAC inktaating bungakha umbutho wezixhobo: ukuba omnye umxhasi ungenelwano kwimali ye PAC ezimeleyo, omnye wabaxhasi basenokuziva enyanzelekile ukuba afumane okanye afake imali ekhuphisanayo. Lo mjikelo unganyusa iindleko zemali kwimizwanombo esezantsi.

Isifundo Setyala: Ukhetho lwebhodi yeSikolo Sasekuhlaleni

Qwalasela umzekelo othe ngqo kodwa osengqiqweni: ibhodi yesikolo ekwidolophu ephakathi apho abatshakazi ababini bebodwa. Omnye umvo oxhaswe lumanyano lwabafundisi- ntsapho, uneembono ezilungeleleneyo kutshintsho lwezifundo. Enye, ixhaswe liqela labazali elixhalabele “ingcamango yohlanga,” iqhuba kwiqonga lokubona ngaphaya kobubanzi. I-PAC engenziwa yi-advocations yesizwe ehlala kwindawo enye. Umbutho othengiswe yi-accomplication uchitha ii-$40 000 kwi-4 000 kwimibutho yeposi nakubhengezo zamanani zihlasela umbutho othengi ngokubhekiselele ekuthi ncam kubazali." Umbano lomntu uqingqo lwemali oluzihambelayo lungaphenduli kuphela. I-PC i-PC iyakwazi ukuphendula ngokuphinda kabini ukufikelela komrhumo wonyulo olusezantsi, apho ii-mali ezifumana imali ezithe krucio ezithe krac.

Iingenelo Nocelomngeni

IPaC ezingedityanisiweyo zinika iingenelo ezahlukileyo kwilizwe lezobupolitika lasekuhlaleni, kodwa zikwazisa iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ukuthathelwa ityala kwedemokhrasi.

Ukutshintshatshintsha Nokungabi Nabungozi

Ngenxa yokuba ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo azithwaliswanga yisakhiwo esisebenzayo sephulo lobhaptizo okanye ikomiti yeqela, zingahamba ngokukhawuleza. Zingaphakamisa imali yokuphendula ekuphunyukeni kweendaba, ukundulula izibhengezo, kunye nokujika-jika iintetho zazo njengoko ziyimfuneko. Oku kwenza ukuba ziphumelele ngokukhethekileyo kwimijaho apho iimbambano ziguquka ngokukhawuleza okanye apho elinye icala lizama ukuchaza elinye phambi kokuba umbhaptizi aphendule. Ngaphezu koko, i-PAC engadityaniswanga ayizinyanzeliswanga lucwangciso lonxibelelwano, maxa wambi olunokuqwalaselwa okanye luqwalaselwe kwiziganeko ezincinane ezilinganisayo.

Ukungabikho kokuBhalisa

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunxulumene ne-PACs lubumfiliba bemithombo yabo yenkxaso-mali. Ngelixesha i-PACs yorhulumente kufuneka ityhile abanikeli bayo kwi-FEC, imithetho emininzi yombuso kunye nemithetho yokutyhila yasekuhlaleni ibuthathaka. Amanye amazwe avumela iPAC ukuba ivume iminikelo evela kulo “imali efihlakeleyo” idityaniswe namaqela . /Ingeniso engafunekanga ukutyhila abanikeli bazo ngemali kwi-PAC. Xa kufuneka, ulwazi lungagcinwa iiveki okanye iinyanga emva konyulo, inika uvota indlela yokwazisa ukuba ngubani oxhasa izibhengezo abazibonayo emnyango. Oku kungabikho kokubonakala ngokucacileyo okuthengisela uthelekelelo lukawonke-ssol-96 okanye ukungaveli kwezithakazelo zangaphandle.

Inkxalabo yokuphendula

Ngenxa yokuba ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo azinakuphenduleka kubavoti, zingenza ii-Pixmall okanye ii-aspect zobungozi obukhohlakeleyo ngaphandle kobungozi obufanayo obujongene nabatsha. Umba otshatiswa ohamba nokhanyo oluphosakeleyo angagwetyelwa ukutyhalwa okanye afumane unyuso olunyuliweyo. A PAC, nokokuba, angazinyibilikisa emva konyulo okanye ukupheka komjikelo olandelayo, ukuphepha uxanduva. Le asmmetringtle ikhokelele ukubiza unyanzelo olunamandla lwemithetho yentengiso kunye nemithetho efuna i-PAC-fusion iphawule ngokubalulekileyo iingxolo zazo. [[FLT:][FLT] Brant Center yeJain [FFFLD] [FFF: 1]

Isalathisi soMsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni noMgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho elawula iPAC engadityaniswanga ikhona kumgangatho worhulumente nowesizwe, kwaye umsebenzi wesiziba somthetho udala amathuba kubasebenzisi abantsonkothileyo ukuxhaphaza umahluko.

Umanyano leenkcukacha. Imithetho kaRhulumente

Kumgangatho we-PAC kazwelonke, enganxulunyaniswanga, i-PAC ilawulwa yi-FEC kwaye kufuneka ibhalise xa ingaphezulu kwe-R1000 kwiminikelo okanye kwinkcitho. Iphantsi komqathango wemali emalunga ne-$5 000 ngonyaka kumbhaptizo kunye nee-$15 000 (R3,000) kwikomiti yesizwe. Iinkcitho ze-edependent, nokokuba, azinaso isohlwayo. Kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni olungabandakanyekiyo kwibhunga lengi yengingqi, imithetho karhulumente iyasebenza. Amanye amazwe anemida engqongqo nemfuno ye-R39 000 ngonyaka; amanye akanayo imilinganiselo ecacileyo ithetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-PAC engekho mgangathweni yesizwe nemithetho ebuthathaka, ngoko ke ayinakuchitha iimali ezingasikelwemali kwibhungasiyo kwibhunga loluhlu lwesixeko sesixeko esikhoyo.

Iimfuno zokukhusela idiski nemingxuma yeseti yeengxelo

Umazwe amaninzi afuna i PAC ukudwelisa iingxelo zawo zomnikezeli kunye nenkcitho. Noko ke, ixesha kunye nokufunyanisiweyo kwezi ngxelo kuyahluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe avumela i PAC ukwamkela iminikelo evela kwii-LLLC okanye ezinye izakhiwo ezingabhenqi iziphumo eziluncedo zabo zokugqibela, ukwenza umngxuma owenza imali ibe yeyona mali. Kumazwe athile, i-PAC ingazenzela kwaye ichithe imali ngaphambi kokuba ibhaliswe, ivumela iwindow emfutshane kodwa enempembelelo engafihliwayo. Ezi zizinto zokuphepha zingumbandela wemigudu yotshintsho eqhubekayo, ngokukhuthaza ukutyhilwa kwexesha lokwenene le khompyutha kunye nemithetho efuna ukuchazwa komthombo wokuqala.

Ikhompathimente engazidibaniyo neyadityanisiweyo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwee-PACs ezidityanisiweyo nezingadityaniswanga zibalulekile kubavoti kunye nezifundiswa zephulo. I-PACs edityanisiweyo ixhaswe yishishini, i-'C'e' i-'C' ifumana inkxaso-mali-mali-mali-mfutshane ekhoyo, isiseko somnikelo, kwaye ixhomekeke kwimali yogcino-mali eqengqelekayo (isithintelo esinemida). I-PAC, ngokuchaseneyo, kufuneka ikhuthaze ngokukhutheleyo iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye kwaye ilinganiselwe ukuya kwii-$5 000 (5 000) ngonyaka ngamnye. Le modeli yemali yobonelelo yenza ukuba abantu abangadibaniyo baxhomekeke kwimiba encinane okanye kwimibutho elijongeneyo, apho kulindeleke khona ukukhuthulwa kwemibutho elingeyo, i-PAC, i-ekukhuselwa ngokugqithisileyo, i-ok-ok-ok-ok-od lwabiwo oludisiweyo.

Ubuchule bokunika ingxelo

Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni lulokuba abavoti badla ngokungamazi ukuba ngubani osemva kwemiyalezo abayifumanayo. Xa i-posi ifika inegama elifana “Izikolo Ezingcono,” abavoti abaninzi abanayo indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuchana kwentengo okanye ilungelo leqela. Izixhobo zokukhupha ulwazi zingenza indima ebalulekileyo ngokuphanda i PAC ehtal kunye nokuxela unxulumano phakathi kwabanikeli, PCs, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Noko ke, ngoku ukuphelelwa koomatshini bobulali, amaqela amaninzi ngoku awana buchule bokuchaza indlela ezi zinto zihamba ngayo. Iindaba ezingeyo ezi-projective ezi-info ezizimeleyo kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa imbonakalo yengingqini ezikhoyo.[FOLD:]

Utyekelo Nezindululo Zotshintsho Zexesha Elizayo

Indima yee-PACs ezingeyoyontlola zasekuhlaleni zisenokukhula njengoko imithetho yezemali iqhubeka iguquka. Ekulandeleni [[FLT: 0] ICizenn , ubuninzi bemali engaphandle ithe yanyuka, kwaye imfuno iquka ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yemali ekhoyo kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni. Inkcitho encinci ekhoyo iquka ukusetyenziswa kwemirhumo-mnqakathi, ukwenziwa kwenjongo enye edityaniswe emva konyulo olunye, kunye nokwanda kobuntlola obungephi bobukrelekrelekrele obuncinane bokwenza umsebenzi. Iminxeba yotshintsho iquka ukwenziwa kwexesha elifunekayo, imida esezantsi yeminikelo yesandla ye-PC echithwa kwiminvo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemithetho engqongqo yokunqanda ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kweminye ingeniso.

Isiphelo

I-PAC engadityanisiweyo inamandla, izimele kumaqela ezobupolitika asekuhlaleni. Ubuchule bayo bokunyusa nokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokunxibelelana ngqo nabatshatiswa bubanika ububele obukhethekileyo, kodwa kwakhona iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokubonakala nokuphendula. Ngenxa yokuba unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lunovelwano olungakumbi ekuhlawuleni imali. Apho amawaka ambalwa eerandi anokutsho atshone ngaphandle kwelizwi lasekuhlaleni le-PACs . Impembelelo yezi PC ifuna ukuhlolwa. Abacholathi, iintatheli, kunye nabenzi bemithetho kufuneka basebenze ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzimela kwala maqela akuzifumani ngexabiso ledemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela abangeyo abanxibelelana i-PACs kumgangatho wokuqala ekukhuseleni unyulo olulolo lwemihla ngemihla yethu.