Izigqibo zikarhulumente zibumba ukhuseleko lokutya okukwipleyiti yakho namanzi asempompini yakho. Ngolwazi lwemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zonyanzelo, urhulumente, urhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni, zimisela imilinganiselo elungiselelwe ukukhusela impilo karhulumente. Kodwa ezi zigqibo azikho zingenandawo zikhoyo. Zibonisa uphando lwenzululwazi, ezopolitiko, iingcinezelo zezoshishino, kunye nolwazi olusemgangathweni. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kunika abathengi amandla okwenza ukhetho olunolwazi, ukuxhasa ukhuseleko olunamandla, nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ebeke ityala. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ulwalamano oluntsonkotheko phakathi kokwenza kwethu nokuzinziswa kokutya namanzi, ukuvavanyaniswa kweenkampani, ushishino lwezomthetho, imingeniselo eqhubekayo, kunye nokuthe rhoqo oko kusenzeka kwixesha elizayo.

Isiseko Sempilo Kawonke - wonke: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukutya Namanzi Akhuselekileyo

Ukutya okukhuselekileyo namanzi acocekileyo okuselwa zizinto ezisisiseko zebutho labantu abasempilweni. Xa ulawulo lukarhulumente lusilela okanye lusilela ekuveleni kwezisongelo, iziphumo zibangelwa ngabantu, iinkqubo zonyango, kunye nezoqoqosho. NgokweZiko loLawulo lwezifo (CDC), malunga nomntu omnye kwaba-6 eMerika ugula zizifo ezibangelwa kukutya okubangelwa yimpilo, nto leyo ekhokelela kukufa kwabantu abangama-128000. Izigulo ezibangelwa yileendleko zamanzi, ngoxa zingachazwa rhoqo, zinokubangela ukuqhambuka kwe-cryporidiosis, i-gidiosis, i-gia, kunye ne-milenze yomzimba, ingakumbi abantu abanenkqubo yokuzikhusela ukungondleka okubuthathaka komzimba. I-USDA iqikelela ukuba ukugula okubangelwa kukugula okungaphezulu koqoqo kwemali.

Izigqibo zikarhulumente ziphembelela ngqo la manani. Xa imithetho yokhuseleko inyanzelekile kwaye inyanzelekile, ungcoliso lwezinga luyehla. Xa uqingqo-mali lusikwe, uhla komlinganiselo wovavanyo, kwaye ubungozi bokugula bunyuka. Unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo nempilo kawonke-wonke lungaphikwa, yiyo le nto ingxoxo nganye elawulwayo inobunzima obubalulekileyo.

Imicimbi karhulumente oPhakamileyo nendima yayo

Ukutya namanzi eUnited States kukhokelwa lumanyano oluntsonkothileyo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente, karhulumente kunye nasekuhlaleni.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA)

Isebenza phantsi kweSebe lezeMpilo nezoluntu, iFDA ilawula malunga nama-80% okutya okunikwa yi-FDA, kuquka iziqhamo, imifuno, imifuno, ubisi, intlanzi, nokutya okuxutyiweyo. Ikwajongela amanzi afakwe ebhotile njengemveliso yokutya okupakishweyo. IFDA imisela imiqathango yokuchaza ukutya, ivumela isongezo sokutya, kwaye inyanzelisa i-Foood Safety Modertization Act (FSMA). Igunya layo likwandisa isongezo sokutya nenkqubo yokutya neentsana.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA ingoyena ugcina amanzi okusela. Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Defic Adter Water (SDWA), imisela amanqanaba apheleleyo okusebenzisa amafutha angaphezulu kwama-90 okudibanisa ibhotile, i-arsenic, kunye ne-microbial parosogens. I-EPA ilawula ubunjani bamanzi aphumayo njengemifula, amachibi, kunye namanzi asemhlabeni. Indima yayo yahlukile kwi-FDA: ngelixa i-FDA isalathisa ibhotile yamanzi njengemveliso yentengiso, i-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yamanzi empompo enikelwa ziinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke. Kwakhona isizikompatho zidlala indima engundoqo kumgaqo wemichiza, nto echaphazela ukhuseleko ngokutya okuncitshiswa kwemichiza.

ISebe lezeLimo laseUnited States (USDA)

Inkonzo ye-USDA ye-Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) ijongene nokhuseleko lwenyama, inyama yenkukhu, kunye nemveliso yamaqanda alungelelanisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-FDA-ethe , ezi zinto zisekwe ngokuqhubekayo kuhlolo lukarhulumente. I-USDA ikwasebenzisa iNkqubo yeSizwe yoBume kunye ne-Agriculture Marketing Services, emisela imigangatho yokuzithandela. Ukutya nokhuseleko lwamanzi, i-USDA isebenzisana ne-FDA kwimiba efana nokuxhathisa i-A.

IZiko loLawulo noLothintelo lwezifo (CDC)

ICDC ayikulawuli ngqo ukutya okanye amanzi, kodwa inendima ebalulekileyo ekulandeleni ukuqhambuka, ekwazini imithombo yokungcoliswa, kwaye inike amanye amasebe ukhokelo olusekelwe kwinzululwazi. I-CDC inxulumene ne-Fooodborney Disease Active Surveillance Nethwekhi yoMmandla we-oodnethi (FoodNet) kunye ne-DSDodborbow Outut Surveillance Sy ivelisa ugcino-lwazi olunika izigqibo zenkqubo. Xa ukuqhambuka kwemimandla emininzi kusenzeka, iCDC ilungelelaniswa nesebe lesebe lezempilo lesizwe kunye ne-FMP ukuze ichaze umthombo kwaye iqula usasazo.

Urhulumente namagunya engingqi

Amasebe ezonyango kunye nezolimo esizwe egunyazisa imithetho emininzi karhulumente kwaye anemilinganiselo yawo yokhuseleko. Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni ahlola iivenkile zokutyela, izikolo, kunye neziko lokutya. Kwakhona ahlola imithombo yabucala kunye neenkqubo zamanzi ezincinane eziphuma ngaphandle kolawulo lwe-EPA. Le nkqubo ixineneyo ithetha ukuba ukuphumelela kwezigqibo zikarhulumente kuxhomekeke kubuchule nendima ephambili enikelwa ngurhulumente neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni.

Indlela Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ekhutshwa Ngayo: Ukusuka Kwinzululwazi Ukuya Kuzo

Ukwenza umgaqo omtsha wokutya okanye wokhuseleko lwamanzi yinkqubo ende, eneenyathelo ezininzi ezilinganisa ubungqina benzululwazi, impembelelo yezoqoqosho, kunye negalelo likawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo.

Uphando lwenzululwazi nomngcipheko

Umthetho ngamnye ongundoqo uqala ngohlolo lomngcipheko. Izazinzulu ezivela kumasebe afana neFDA, i-EPA, okanye i-USDA zihlola uphando olukhoyo, ziqhuba uphando lwazo, kwaye zilinganisa iingozi zempilo ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa okanye ukuqheliswa okuthile. Umzekelo, phambi kokuba iFDA imisele imida emitsha yesikhokelo sokutya komntwana, abaphengululi bahlalutya ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumawaka eesampuli kwaye bafuzisela iziphumo kwinkqubela yolwazi lwabantwana. Inzululwazi eqwalaselweyo yenza isiseko, kodwa isoloko ikhuphisana namaqela amaqela ezama ukuphikisa imimiselo engqongqo kakhulu okanye iindleko ezingaphezulu leenzuzo.

Igalelo loMthamo kunye neNgqabaza yoLuntu

Xa umthetho ocetyisiweyo ubhalisiwe, upapashwa kwiFederal Register kwaye uvulwe ukuze ugqabaze uwonke-wonke. Eli qonga limema igalelo kubenzi bokutya, abasebenzi bamanzi, abathengi, iingcaphephe zemfundo, kunye nabemi bobuqu. Lo mbutho kufuneka uhlole onke amagqabaza kwaye uphendule kwimibandela encinci ngaphambi kokuba ugqibele umthetho. Le nkqubo ivulekile ivumela ukuba iimbono ezibalulekileyo ziviwe, kodwa ikwabangela amathuba okuthinjwa kwamaqela alungeleleneyo ukulibazisa okanye atyhafisi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke ifuna utshintsho ukuze kuphenjelelwe kwishishini.

Uhlolo lolawulo kunye nokuzalisekiswa

Emva kwexesha lokugqabaza, umbutho uhlaziya umthetho kwaye upapashe uhlobo lokugqibela oluquka umhla osebenzayo kunye nemigca yexesha elifanelekileyo. I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo loHlahlo inika uhlolo olubalulekileyo lwemimiselo yempumelelo yezoqoqosho. Emva kokuba igqitywe, umbutho kufuneka unyanzelise umthetho ngokuhlola, iimfuno zokubhala amagama, kunye nokuvavanya. Umgama phakathi kokufumana umthetho kunye nokusebenza kwawo ngokupheleleyo unganwebeka iminyaka, ingakumbi xa kungabikho nkxaso okanye ubuchule bobugcisa.

Umthetho ophawulwe ngelizwe kunye nempembelelo yawo

Imithetho emikhulu ichaza indlela abameli abasebenza ngayo. Imithetho emininzi iye yatshintsha indlela okulawulwa ngayo ukutya nokhuseleko lwamanzi.

UMthetho we-FSMA (Ukhuseleko lokutya

Ityikitywe kumthetho ngo-2011, i-FSMA imela eyona mithetho yolungiso etshayelelayo yokhuseleko lokutya e-U.S. Yasusa ugxininiso ekusebenzeni ekuthinteleni ukuqhama. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo ziquka ulawulo olunyanzelekileyo lokukhusela izibonelelo zokutya, ukuvelisa imigangatho yokhuseleko, ulwamkelo lwangaphandle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokulandelela. Umthetho wanika iFDA igunya lokukhumbuza, kunokuba uxhomekeke kwisenzo sokuzithandela. iFDA's webrep ibonelela ushwankathelo oluneenkcukacha lwemithetho kunye nenkqubela phambili. Ngelixa iziphumo zayo ziphuculwe, iziphumo zayo azilungeleniseki. Iifama ezincinane kunye nenkqubo eziye zazama ukuthoba.

Umthetho Okhuselekileyo Wokusela Ngamanzi (SDWA) Nomthetho Okhokelayo Nowobhedu

I-SDWA idluliswa ekuqaleni ngo-1997, i-SDWA imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi okusela. Iinkqubo zokhuselo zamanzi ngo1986 nango1996 zomelezwa. Umthetho weKhole noMkhosi wekopper (LCR), wokuqala wakhutshwa ngo-1992 waza wahlaziywa ngo-201, ufuna ukulawula ukukhokela nokuqhuba kobhedu emanzini ngokufuna iindlela zokuwavavanya amanzi nokuwaphatha. Iimeko zamanzi zamanzi zadamba ukungaphumeleli nokungathobeki kwe- LCR. Ngokuphendula, i-EPA ihlaziyikisa umthetho wokufuna ukubuyiselwa komgca wenkonzo kunye nezenzo ezingqongqo. i-EPA kwiphepha[FLT] Imimiselo yangoku ekhoyo [FLLCR.[FULD]

Umthetho Wakutshanje Nemibandela Emandundu

Ngo-2020, iFDA yaseka iTreastry Retting Fund yoThintelo loTsomiso lokuKhuthazwa kweFako ukusukela ukulandelela imveliso ezonakalisiwe. Ngokwangoku, i-2021 I-Infractractive Infactive Infactive Insticement kunye neSebe liquka ii-R35 zezigidi ze-R3,5 zezigidi ze-R3,5 ze-R3, kwi-Ater Time Revolution Fund. Kwicala lokutya, i-FDA ibisebenza kwinkqubo yokukhusela ukutya edityayo kunye nemigudu yorhulumente. Okwangoku, ixhalanalo malunga nePFAS (epher-poolflualkyl) kumanzi kunye nokutya okuzimpahla kuxhobisa i-EPA ukuba ifumane imidayo kunye ne-FMP ukuze isebenzise ezinye.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Ekufumaneni Ukhuseleko

Nangona kukho imithetho eyomeleleyo namaziko azinikeleyo, ezi mqobo zifuna ukusoloko zijongwa ngoogxa babo kwaye zifuna ukutshintsha inkqubo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokungaphindi

I-U.S. irhweba malunga ne-15% yokutya kwayo, kuquka ama-60% eziqhamo ezitsha kunye nama-80% eentlanzi. Ezi mveliso zidlula kwiminxeba entsonkothileyo enqamleza amazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo yokhuseleko eyahlukeneyo. IFDA ihlola kuphela inxalenye encinane yokutya okungenisiweyo emdeni. I-FDA's Foreign Profictorerr Veritiation Program ifuna abaxhasi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abathengisi babo bangaphandle badibana no-U.S. imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, kodwa ukunyanzeleka kuhlala kunzima. Ukungaqikelelwa kungabi nakwenzeka xa into engcolileyo ixutywa nabanye okanye iphinde ifakwe. Ukuqhashukwa okutsha okunxulumene nokuveliswa ngaphandle kwemveliso evela eMexico naseIndiya kugxininisa ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo yokutya kwehlabathi jikelele.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neengcinezelo Zemekobume

Ubushushu obunyukayo, iziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kudala iingozi ezintsha zokutya namanzi akhuselekileyo. Izikhukula zingazithwalisa izityalo zonyango lwamanzi zize zisasaze i-athogen ehambayo kunye nemichiza ephumayo ephumayo emoyeni ephuma emanzini. Izixhobo zokuhlohla imfutho ziyakwazi ukunyusa amanzi anokusetyenziswa ekunyibilikiseni. Amacandelo karhulumente aqala ukutshintsha indlela yokutshintsha imozulu. Amaqondo obushushu ayingozi abangela ubungozi kumachibi nakwiidanga. Kwifama, uxinzelelo lobushushu lunganyusa ukwanda kwemijelo yokutya efana neSalmonella emfuyo.

Izinto Ezidibanisayo: PFAS, Microplastics, Nangaphaya

Imichiza yezemizi - mveliso eyayicingelwa ukuba ikhuselekile ngoku iyaziwa njengezinto ezisongela imeko-bume ekhoyo ngoku. I-PFAS, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"demicals," ifumaneka kwizinto zokupheka ezingangeni manzi, kwimpahla engangeni manzi, kwigwebu lokulwa nomlilo, kunye nepakethi yokutya. Ziyaqhubekeka kwindalo zidibene nomzimba womntu, zidibene nomhlaza wethayirodi, kunye nengozi yokuzala. I-EPA ikhuphe imichiza yempilo enyanzelelwe ukusela amanzi afunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe amaziko ama-PFAS amathandathu, kodwa athe ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokupheleleyo. Ngokufanayo, imicroplasticscsclecss kunye ne-microplasss zibonakala kakhulu emanzini, ibhotile, amanzi, kwana neziphenezo ezithunjini zabantu. Abaphandayo basahlola iingozi zokutyalayidia.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wenkcitho

Kwanemimiselo engcono ecwangcisiweyo isebenza njengendlela yokusebenza. Ukunqunyulwa kohlahlo lwemali kunciphise inani leFDA kunye ne-USDA abahloli, kwandisa ixesha phakathi kohlolo, kunye nobuchule bokuvavanya obusikelweyo belebhu. Ingxelo esuka kwi-ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente ifumanise ukuba iFDA ayikahloli zonke iindawo zangaphandle rhoqo njengoko kuyimfuneko. Iinkqubo zamanzi ekufumanekeni okusezantsi nakuluntu lwasemaphandleni zisoloko zingenayo imali yokunyusa izibonelelo zokwaluphala ukuhlangabezana nemilinganiselo emitsha.

Indima yenzululwazi nobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka bobuxhaka bomgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenzisana

Inkqubela kwinzululwazi kunye nobugcisa inika izixhobo ezintsha zokuthintela ukungcoliswa nokuqhambuka. I-GONX i-CDC kunye ne-FDA ivumela i-CDC kunye ne-FDA ukuba ilandelele uxinzelelo lwentsholongwane evela kumntu ogulayo ibuyela kwifama ethile okanye kwisityalo sokulungisa ngeeyure kuneentsuku. Le nkqubela-lwazi iguqule uphando lweziqhalo kwaye ikhawulezisa inkumbulo. Abaquququzeli bomthetho kufuneka basebenzise inkxalabo yokwenziwa kunye nomatshini wokufunda ukuqikelela ukuthumela nokuhlola okuphezulu. Ukuveliswa kwemiqathango kunye nemifanekiso yesatellite ingabona iingxaki ezinokwenzeka kumgangatho wamanzi onyibilikiweyo kwiinkqubo zokuhamba nokusebenza kolawulo zithatha ixesha kunye nokhundla.

Ukwazisa nokukhuthaza uluntu: Indima kawonke-wonke

Izigqibo zikarhulumente azikwenziwa kwigumbi elifunyanisiweyo. Uxinzelelo loluntu, usasazo lwe-media, kunye nokuma kobundlobongela kwabathengi. Ingxaki yeFlint, umzekelo, ibangela inkathalo yelizwe lonke ukukhokelela ekukhokeleni emanzini okusela kwaye ikhokelele kwiinguqu kuMthetho weKholo newotshi. Ukuqhambuka kokutya okuphezulu okubangelwa kukutya kuxhobise ngokukhawuleza nokucace ngakumbi. Abaxhasi bangahlala besazi ngokutyikitya ngokuzilinda izilumkiso ezisuka kwiFDA ne-USA, ngokulandela ukuqhambuka kweCDC, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi ecetyikisiweyo. Imibutho yoluntu iyakwazi ukunyanzela ukunyanzela ukubonelela nokunyulwa koncedo lwamanzi. Imfundo ngokuphatha ukutya nokuvavanyanisa ngokukhuselekileyo, ngokukodwa xa kukho iziphazamiso. [i-CDG.][0]

Iingxaki Zezoqoqosho Nezentlalo Zezigqibo Zokhuseleko

Imithetho yokutya neyokhuseleko yamanzi ibalulekile. Kubenzi bemali, amaxabiso aphezulu, ingakumbi kubalimi abancinane kunye nabasebenzi bobuchule bokulungisa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi imithetho engqongqo ithintela ukunyuka nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ixabiso lentsebenziswano-intsi, ityala, ukuthengwa kwabathengi, likhulu. Inkcitho enkulu iyakwazi ukulahlekelwa yinkampani. Kuba amanzi anokuhlangabezana nemilinganiselo emitsha yePFAS okanye ukukhokela ifuna izigidi zezigidi zeerandimali ekuthengisweni kwemali egqithiseleyo. Le ngxaki yezoqoqosho idala iimfazwe zezopolitiki phezu komtya nesantya somthetho. Imithetho yezentlalo ikhuthaza ukuba abantu bafumane ingeniso ephantsi kakhulu ekungakhuseleni ukutya nakumgangatho ophezulu. Imithetho yezoshishino isenokubangela ukuba abantu bangazinziwa kakhulu.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kolawulo Lobulumko

Izigqibo zikarhulumente ezingabonakaliyo zikhokelele ekukhuselekeni kokutya esikudlayo namanzi esiwaselayo. Kwizihlolo zenzululwazi ezithi isiseko somthetho kwizenzo zokunyanzelisa ukukhusela abathengi, isigqibo ngasinye sibonisa ukudityaniswa kobungqina, amaxabiso namandla. Njengoko kuvela izisongelo ezintsha kutshintsho lwemozulu, imichiza yemizi - mveliso, kunye nokubonelelwa komqhaqho-mali emhlabeni wonke, imfuneko yokuzivumelanisa, inkxaso elungileyo, kunye nolawulo olubalulekileyo kumthetho ongazange lube lukhulu. Amalungu awona afumana ukhuseleko angenamsebenzi; abathathi-nxaxheba abafuna inkxaso engakumbi, abavelisi-mashishini abanoxanduva, nokuhlala besaziswe. Ikamva lokutya namanzi lixhomekeke ekubotshelelweni kwabantu abahlala kuluntu, norhulumente olungeleyo, kunokuba bangenelele kwizinto zabo.