ISicwangciso Sasemthethweni: Indlela Ugwebo Lomthetho Oluwachaza Ngayo Amagosa

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezigqibo zomthetho kunye nokugcinwa komthetho lwenza ityala lomthetho-mthetho. Xa iinkundla zichaza iSimendo sesine sokuLandlwano ’ izikhuseli ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni, iSimende sokuLawula seFind 5 seNkathi ̱ isiqinisekiso sokuzichasa ngokwaso, okanye iSiphendu-Mpanziso seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko i̱ zifumana ngokunempumelelo imigca yomda apho amapolisa kufuneka asebenze khona. Le mithetho ayiniki nje intanda-bulumko engekho ngqiqwele, ivelisa iinguqulelo echaphazela igosacholanti nganye kwisitrato, ukusuka ekumendweni ekuphumeni kwemvume yokubulawa.

Izigqibo zomthetho zisebenza njengomzekelo osemthethweni phantsi kwemfundiso ye stare decisis i̬ i-Latin ye- “ ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe. i– kanye inkundla ephakamileyo, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., ikhupha umthetho, zonke iinkundla zephondo kunye neenkundla zesizwe (kwimibuzo yemithetho-siseko) kufuneka zilandele olo toliko. Amaziko omthetho okunyanzelisa imigaqo yawo, uqeqesho, ikhohlolo, kunye nolawulo lwemiqathangongo yokwenza okuvisisana nomgangatho omtsha. Ukungalungisi kokwenza oko, ukukhupha ityala, ukunyanzeleka koburhulumente, kwaneencwadi yezolwaphulo-mthetho, kwanezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngokwesingqiniso, izigqibo zogwebo azisoloko zinika imithetho eqaqambileyo. Imithetho emininzi ifuna uvavanyo lokulinganisela i— umzekelo, ukulinganisa i-̱ uxanduva lwemfihlo nxamnye nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Oku kungaqondakali kusoloko kushiya ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwiindawo ezingwevu, kufuna ukuba abameli baphuhlise iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezingaphaya kweemfuno ezincinci zenkundla. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo etyhileka ngayo kuyimfuneko kwiinkokeli zamapolisa, abalawuli abasemthethweni, kunye nabenzi bemithetho.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Ubuchule, Umgaqo - siseko Noqeqesho

Ukumisela Isiqalo Sesibophelelo

Isithuthi esiyintloko ekuthi ngaso ukumiswa komthetho wokusebenza kwesigwebo silandele inyathelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.’ ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kudibanisa wonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye negosa lasekuhlaleni kwimibandela efana nesizathu esilindelekileyo, ukukrokreleka okusengqiqweni, kunye nomthetho wokususwa. Umzekelo, [[FLT]] [12] [FLT]/2] [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [1961]], iNkukholelwa ukuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMhlaziso-zi-zinziswano wesine abuna kungenakusetyenziswa kulwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo esinye esinyanzelwe lonke icandelo lomthetho lwesizwe ukuba lamkele imithetho engqongqo noxwebhu ngenxa yomngcipheko wolawulo lwesizwe ngoku.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zephondo kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka zephondo nazo zibumba inkqubo yazo ngokwemiqathango yazo. Isigqibo seNkundla yeSiphaluka yeSibheno seNkundla yeSibheno seNinth ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla siyasebenza kubaphathi baseAlaska, e-Arizona, eKhalifoniya, eHawaii, eIdaho, eMontana, eNevada, e-Oregon, naseWashington. Amagosa omthetho aqeqeshiweyo kuloo mazwe kufuneka alungise imigaqo yawo ngoko, nokuba lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka uvumelekile nakwenye indawo. Lo msebenzi wecangciso wenziwayo ubangela ukuba umsebenzi wemisebenzi emininzi nemikhosi esetyenziswa kufutshane nemigca karhulumente.

Uphengululo lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neMibhalo yeSebe

Umzekelo, emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo i’ isigqibo sesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ’ [iiNkundla ePhakamileyo neSinyuko seNkundla i-Antanum; i-. [iiiyunithi zemigangatho yooGram] [FLT] [1] GRAM v. Contro[[FL:2][1998] [FLT] [199], emisele i-“ ukuthantakazela i-mvolayelo R umgangatho wokusebenzisa-eprojectal, abameli be-lovezwelonke, begxininisa kwiimeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye, nokuba lungaphi na, okanye luye luchatshaye lwamkele ukugwetyelwa okanye lunga.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzelo ngoku kubandakanya ulwimi olucacileyo malunga nonyuso kunye nokulungelelana, olunokukrolwa ngqo kukhokelo lwejaji.
  • Ukukhangela kunye nokuxhuzula umthetho olandelwayo kuhlaziywe emva kokulawula Riley v. California (2014, ebambe ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokukhangela okuqulathwe kwiziphumo zeselfowuni ukuze abambe.
  • [[NTL:0] Iinkqubo zokuhlulwa zihlengahlengiswa emva kwezigqibo ezinjenge Miranda v. Arizona [66] kunye nengcaciso kamva ezifana [ Borgus v. Thompkins (2010), ethetha oko kuyila umenzi wamalungelo osebenzayo.

Uqeqesho nesiqinisekiso esingaphezulu

Xa iinkqubo zihlaziywe, inyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo luqeqesho. Izikolo zamapolisa, kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lobuchule, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lokusebenza kwi-intanethi ziquka izigunyaziso ezintsha zomthetho. Internationalpolate Association of Shills of Police (IACP)[FLP] kunye norhulumente woMphathi-mikhosi woXolo, kunye noqeqesho (POST) zisoloko ziphuhlisa imodeli yemodeli esekelwe kwizigqibo ezisandul'ukuzenza. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babonise ukuqonda ngemiboniso esekelwe kwimiboniso nenkcazelo ebhaliweyo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ukungaphumeleli ukuqeqeshwa okugqityiweyo kwisigqibo esibalulekileyo senkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla ephakamileyo kunokuchaphazela igosalvielt &817;crect.

Uqeqesho lukwayabela nabaphathi bomgca wokuqala, abanoxanduva lokuqwalasela. Umzekelo, emva kokulawula [FLT]TESE v. Garner [1985], eyathintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ekugxotheni iifeyini, amasebe anikwe kakhulu etofini/kwi-̱ imfaniso yesixhobo sokulinganisa isantya somsebenzi osemthethweni. Injongo kukubeka umgangatho osemthethweni kwigosaseko lwenkqulo kwi-̱ ukwenziwa kwengcaciso zemvelo ngexesha longqubano oluphezulu.

Amatyala Aphawula Umhlaba Aguqula Umthetho

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zingqinelana njengezokuchonga indaleko yamapolisa. Ityala ngalinye laphendula umbuzo okhethekileyo womGaqo-siseko laza lavelisa iinguqu ezithe saa, ezihlala zihleli kumsebenzi wamapolisa.

Miranda .Arizona (1966) kunye noMthetho Wayo

Mhlawumbi owona mthetho ubalulekileyo, Miranda waqinisekisa ukuba uHlomelo lwesihlanu lufuna amapolisa ukuba azise abakrokrele ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala buthule nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya. Isigqibo sakhokelela kwisilumkiso esisezantsi esifundwa kwimimandla yonke. Kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kuye kwakhuphiswa kwiimeko ezilandelayo.

  • Ulungiso olungokwentsingiselo: Ngoku amapolisa aphatha amakhadi abhalwe ngendlela echanileyo yezilumkiso, kwaye amasebe amaninzi abhala uxwebhu lokuncinwa ukuba izilumkiso zinikeziwe kwaye zirhoxisiwe ngokuzithandela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imingeni ezenzekelayo: Unyuko lophando lwabanqolobi lukhokelele kwi “ ukhuseleko loluntu oluchasayo ̵ kwi New York v. Quarles [19984], ukuvumela abaphathi ukuba babuze imibuzo ngaphandle kwe Mirnda izilumkiso xa kukho isisongelo sokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kwahlukeneyo kufuna abaphathi bokwahlula- okwesibini malunga nobume besisongelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amagosa akwindawo yokuvalelwa: kufuneka ngoku agqibe ngokuthe ngqo xa umntu eselugcinweni ukwenzela iinjongo zeMiranda, ezinokwenzeka ngaphandle kokubanjwa okusesikweni ukuba umntu onengqondo akanakuziva ekhululekile ukuphuma.

UTerry v. Ohio (1968) kunye neStop- kunye neFrisk Practices

Isigqibo [[NTL:0] iTerry esigunyazisiweyo sokukhangela (iindawo eziphantsi) ngezixhobo ezisekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Esi sigqibo sadala isiseko esisemthethweni somsebenzi wokumisa kunye nefrisk. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwelitha ngokutsha kuphucule imfundiso.

  • [[UMTL:0] Umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokukrokreleka: abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bachaze ngokucacileyo, izibakala ezibhaliweyo ezithethelela ukuma. Imilinganiselo yokungahambelani kohlanga ekunqandeni ugcino-lwazi lukhokelele ekujongeni kwizixeko ezinjenge New York nePhiladelphia.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukuxwesa kunye nomlinganiselo: Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziphikisana ukuba ixesha lokumisa kukaTerry linganwebezwa kuphengululo lwenja-sniff (bona Rodriguez v. United States [2015]), kwaye nokuba umntu & #8217; ukubhabha okusuka kumapolisa kwindawo ephezulu ye-crime kuphela kwenza ukukrokraza okusengqiqweni (bona [[[FLT:]] i-Illinois v.[FLT][5][200]]
  • [[FLT: 0] Impendulo yobupolisa:[ Amasebe amaninzi ngoku afuna amagosa ukugqiba amakhadi okudibanisa uxwebhu lohlanga, ubuzwe, nokuthethelela ukumisa ngako oku, ukuvelisa ugcino-lwazi olwazisa uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi kunye nemimiselo yolwamkelo.

Ulwimi lwaseUnited States v. Jones (202) kunye noBuxhakaxhaka

[[NKT.0] Ijones, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukudibanisa isixhobo sokulandelela iGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo yaso kubumba uphendlo phantsi koLawulo lwesine. Esi sigqibo asikhange sifune mvume kuzo zonke iimeko, kodwa sabonisa ukuba uphando lwezobugcisa lunyusa amatyala ayimfihlo aphezulu. Oku kumisela kwakhona indlela abanyanzelisi bomthetho abasebenzisa ngayo ubugcisa bokulandelela umkhondo [[]GPS iphembelela ukukhangela indlela yogcino-lwazi lweseli, iipleyibhithi zephepha elizenzekelayo, kunye nee-drones.

  • Iimfuno ezineenkcukacha: Amasebe amaninzi ngoku afuna isiqinisekiso esixhasiweyo yisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokudibanisa umthumeli we GPS okanye ukufumana ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yeseli enye olude (ukulandela iqonga l. United States [2018]).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abaphathi be-Data: Izikhululo kufuneka zigcine amatyathanga angqongqo ogcino-lwazi lwezonyango lwamanani kwaye zithabathe iinkqubo ezimisela ixesha elingakanani eliseleyo lokugcina ulwazi lwendawo.
  • Amagosa aqeqesha ugxininiso: afunda ukwahlula phakathi kwexesha elifutshane lokulandelela (ngamanye amaxesha avunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume phantsi komthetho kawonke wonke) kunye nojongo olude, olubangela ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine.

Imigangatho kaGraham v. Connor (1989) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweForce

Phambi Graham, iinkundla ngamanye amaxesha zihlalutya intengiso yonyanzeliso olugqithisileyo phantsi kwe 14neth Amendment’ i-secupt iproject efunekayo. Graham[ icacisa ukuba zonke iziphakamiso zefuthe eligqithisileyo ngexesha lokubanjwa, ukumiswa kophengulula, okanye okunye ukuxhuzula kuyavavanywa phantsi kweMbelo wesi-Drandement’ i-#820; i-objective ” umgangatho. Oku kugwebo kufuneka uqwalasele izibakaliso kunye neemeko, ngaphandle koncedo lwe-ethe-engile.

  • Intsingiselo yokuqeqesha: Abaphathi bafundiswa iiprongs ezintathu ze Graham: ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, isisongelo esikhawulezileyo, kunye nokuchasa okusebenzayo okanye ukukhuphisana. Uqeqesho oluphindaphindiweyo lwabaphathi ekusebenziseni ezi meko.
  • Ityala letyala letyala: Isigqibo sakwenza kwabalula ngabachaphazeli ukusinda kumgwebo wesishwankathelo kwiimeko zonyanzelo ezigqithiseleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwindawo zokuhlala ezininzi kunye nezigqibo zokuchonga. Isebe liye lafaka iikhamera zomzimba ukwenzela ukuthatha ubungqina obuzinjongo.
  • Indaleko ye-: Abameli abaninzi ngoku baquka unyuso olufunekayo, nangona iNkundla ingalugunyazanga. Amanye amazwe adlulise imithetho efuna amagosa ukuba akhuphe zonke iindlela phambi kokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo, akha iGraham

Urhwebo Nocelomngeni Lokusebenza

Izigqibo zomthetho azizenzeki ziguqulele kuqheliselo olufanayo. Abaphathi, abalawuli, nabo bonke abameli basenokuchasa, ukungaqondani, okanye ukuphepha imithetho yezomthetho-siseko ngabom. Eli candelo lihlola ezona zinto zibalulekileyo eziphazamisayo ekuthobeleni.

Uqhaqho nongquzulwano

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sidla ngokuvelisa iimbono ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo neziphikisanayo, zishiya iinkundla ezincinci zilungisa ukuma. Umzekelo, emva United States v. Drayton [2002], iinkundla zitsala nzima ukuchaza xa umkhweli webhasi ohleli kwisihlalo sepasejini i ̴ u-” ngexesha lokukhukuliseka kwamapolisa. Isiphumo sakhokelela kwiziphumo ezididanisayo kwimimandla eqeshiweyo. Amagosa ogunyazisa imithetho anokusabela kwimigaqo enzima enzima (indlela yokuhlola esemthethweni) okanye ngaphezulu (i-ekhothoba (i-ligiji).

Ukuxhathisa Kotshintsho Kweziko

Impucuko yolungiselelo phakathi komsebenzi wobupolisa ingathintela ukwamkela imigangatho emitsha esemthethweni. Amagosa asebupoliseni angajonga izigqibo zokwalathisa njengemiqathango yangaphandle ebangela ukuba i-#820;wandcuff̵ amapolisa. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olunamandla kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula, utshintsho lungahlala ephepheni kunokuba lukhokele isimilo sokwenyani. Imizekelo yokuchasa okuphezulu iquka umyalelo wesivumelwano [[#FLT:] [FLT] eGenesoust, Missouri, apho iSebe logwebo lifumene khona ukupheliswa okucwangcisiweyo koMdaniso weSine.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukuhambisana nezigqibo zotyalo-mali kudla ngokufuna iikhamera zomzimba, i-GPS yokufumana i-software, izibonelelo zoqeqesho ezihlaziyiweyo, kunye nezigunyaziso ezisemthethweni zonke zixabisa imali. Amasebe amancinane, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, asenokuzama ukuzalisekisa imigangatho efanayo namasebe akwiziko-dolophu eliphakanyisiweyo. Oku kungakhokelela ekukhuselweni kwamalungelo ahlukeneyo esiseko kwiimeko ezingaphandle.

Indima Yokungahambelani

I-arhente ilungele ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela imigaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithathe uvavanyo lwezithintelo kwiimfanelo zabemi ngaphandle kokuba yaphula umthetho ngokucacileyo i̵ umthetho. Nangona ingqwalaselo yenzelwe ukukhusela abaphathi abazenza iimpazamo ezifanelekileyo, abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokulula ukuphembelela ukuphendula kwemithetho esesikweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithathe utshintsho, kodwa ngoku ifanelekele ukukhusela ukukhusela ukunqanda izigqibo ngoku kusemgangathweni wamagosa athile. Oku, kunciphisa intlukwano yesebe ekulungiseni imigaqo ngokuqhubekayo ukuphendula okungavakalisi ngokucacileyo imigaqo elungileyo njenge-#820; ngoku kumiselwe ngokufanelekileyo. ̵

Ubuxhakaxhaka, amalungelo emveli kunye noBume obujikelezayo

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili nokuphakanyiswa kwabantu ngamalungelo oluntu, iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka zijamelana neengxaki ezitsha ezicel ’ umngeni imigaqo ekhoyo.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobuchule Bokuxela Ikamva

Ii-algorics ezisetyenziswa ukuxela kwangaphambili amachaphaza ashushu olwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuchonga abantu abasengozini yogonyamelo zinyusa uGqibelo lwesine kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. LIOMIS v. Wisconsin (2016), inkundla ephakamileyo yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-COMPAS (isixhobo sobungozi) kodwa yalumkisa ukuba ubukho bayo bendalo bungachasana nabamangalelwayo ̱ amalungelo. Iinkundla zesizwe ziqalisile ukuhlolisisa enoba iinkqubo ezigunyazisa imigaqo esekelwe kwizizathu eziqikeleliweyo ezanezeze. Izigqibo zejaji kule ndawo ziya kubumba ukuba ngaba abaphathi bamele bafumane iziqinisekiso phambi kokuba benze kwiziphumo ze-almolitis.

Ukwaziwa Kobuso Nomlinganiselo Wezinto Eziphila Ngomlinganiselo

Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuqwalaselwa kobuso ngomthetho kuye kwabangela ukuba kuhlaziywe phantsi kwemithetho yeSihlaziyo sesine kunye nemithetho yebhayoloji yobuqu. Lynch v. Urhulumente (2020), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseWashington ibambelele kwelokuba, ukhangelo lwevidiyo olungenasiqinisekiso lwe-̱ ikhaya ngokusebenzisa ikhamera yepalmeter ayizange yaphule iSine, kodwa abachazi balumkisa ngeziphumo ze-̴ iziphumo ezingaphezulu; i-&821; njengoko amasebe efikelela kwiinkundla eziphezulu, kufuneka amapolisa alungiselele imiqathango enokwenzeka yokuqwalaselwa kobuso okanye ukuqhankqa kwabanga elikhoyo.

Ikhamera yomzimba nofikelelo kwiingxelo zamapolisa

Ngeli xesha abameli abaninzi befumene ngokuzithandela iikhamera zombutho, izigqibo zomthetho zibumba i’ zinelungelo lokufikelela kwicala. Iinkundla zahlukene ukuba ushicilelo lungakhululwa kwimithetho evulekileyo karhulumente. Amasebe amapolisa kufuneka asebenzise imithetho entsonkothileyo ekwaziyo ukulinganisa ukubonakala okungachaphazeliyo nxamnye nemicimbi ye-mfihlo kunye neemfuno ze-Arhente. Iimeko zakutshanje ezifana [[FLT:]] ACLU of Illinois. Isixeko saseChicago [2018]) aye afuna abameli ukuba bakhuphe iintambo zokubonisa ukuchasana kwana kwemeko-mntlukwano okanye ii-ofisi, ezinyanzelisa imiqatha yesebe yokuphuhlisa iprotocomstiki.

Ukusabela Kwingxaki Yengqondo

Izigqibo zomthetho zifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuhlaliselwe abantu ngesifo sengqondo. Sheppard v. PHFH (2021], iNtshukumo yeSithili ikholelwa ukuba abaphathi basebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo xa bathumela i-taster nxamnye nomntu owayenengxaki yemvakalelo owayengasongeli nabani na. Oku kulawula kunye nemithetho yemvume kwizixeko ezifana ne-Baltimorence nePortland, kuye kwabangela ukuba amaziko andise iCistion Intervention Teation (CIT) kunye noqeqesho lwezigulo zengqondo zoomatshini zokuthumela.

Isiphelo

Izigqibo zezeejaji asizizo ezokwenye indawo ezithe ngqo ezingokwasemthethweni; zizithintelo zomGaqo-siseko ezichaza umlinganiselo ovumelekileyo womthetho olawulayo. Ukusuka kwiMiranda ukuya kwimida yokulandelela iGPS, umthetho ngamnye unyanzela amaqumrhu ukuba ahlolisise kwakhona iinkqubo zawo, aqeqeshe abaphathi bawo, aze alungele imisebenzi yawo ngemigangatho egqwethekileyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuphikisana, iphawulwa kukungacacanga, ukuchasana, kunye neengxaki zemali. Kodwa ihlala yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba loo matshini kwidemokhrasi imele amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngedemokhrasi ngoxa igcina ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Iinkokeli zomthetho ezifunda ngokuzingisileyo iimbono zakutshanje, zifak ’ isandla ekuqeqesheni okusekelwe kwimiboniso, zize zihlakulele isithethe sokuthobela umthetho kuya kulunga ukuhambela phambili kumhlaba ohamba ngokutshintsha-tshintshayo. Iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke, zixhomekeke xa amagosa eqonda ukuba anokuthini na, kodwa oko umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba bakwenze. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye nolindelo lwezenkcubeko luqhubeka luguquka, ingxoxo phakathi kwejudicary namapolisa iya kuhlala ingundoqo ekulandeleleni komthetho osesikweni.