Indlela Ukuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko Okuwuchaphazela Ngayo Umthetho

Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengesiseko esiphakamileyo somthetho wesizwe, uchaza isiseko sorhulumente, amalungelo abemi, nemigaqo esetyenziswa yibutho labantu. Kodwa akukho mgaqo-siseko umileyo. Njengoko ibutho labantu litshintsha, imithetho yalo esisiseko kufuneka ilungelelanise nemilinganiselo emitsha, itshintshe imigangatho, kunye neengxaki ezivelayo. Oku kulapho ukutshintsha komgaqo-siseko kusebenza khona. Izindululo zemithetho-siseko ziinguqu ezisesikweni okanye ulwandiso kumgaqo-siseko, kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswayo, kwaye iindlela ezicetyisiweyo ziphakathi kwezona zenzo zicetyiweyo zisungulwe kakuhle kuyo nayiphi nayiphi na inkqubo esemthethweni. Ezi nkqubo zikho ukuze zilungelelanise imfuneko yokuzinzo nenkqubela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu lwesiseko sesizwe alwenziwa lula kodwa lungahlangalulanga. Ukuqonda indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela ekufuneka ngayo nayiphi na indlela, okanye i-demokholoji.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sozinziso

IMigaqo-siseko yenzelwe ukunyamezela. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, onokudluliselwa okanye obuyiselwe ngovoti elula, imigaqo-siseko yenzelwe ukunikezela ngesakhiwo esizinzileyo esimelana neengcinezelo zexeshana elifutshane zezobupolitika. Oku kuhlala ixesha elide kukodwa kunamandla nobuthathaka obunokwenzeka. Umgaqo-siseko oqinileyo ungaphelelwa lixesha okanye ucinezele, ngeli lixa lowo uthambe kakhulu enokusilela ukulungiselela uzinzo olufunwa libutho labantu. Ngoko inkqubo yokuzinziswa kwemithetho-antellinethi ngoko sisixhobo esilungiselelwe kakuhle esihlala kufutshane notshintsho.

Abalawuli bomgaqo-siseko jikelele ehlabathini lonke baye balwa nale ngxaki. EUnited States, uJames Madison waphikisa kuludwe lwamaFederal No. 43 ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa mayingabi "lula kakhulu okanye ingabi nzima kakhulu" ukukhusela zombini iinguqu ezingephi kunye nokuphembeleka kolungiselelo oluphelelwe lixesha. Lo mgaqo uphembelele ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko emhlabeni wonke. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungisa zifuna ngaphezu koninzi olulula, imfuno ezininzi, ingqungquthela yolwaniso, okanye inxaxheba ngqo kuwonke-wonke ngokugqithisa. Ezi zimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa kolungiselelo kubonakalisa ububanzi nokuvumelana okuqinileyo kunokuphela kweminqweno ethile.

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zingafeza iinjongo ezininzi. Zingandisa okanye zicacise amalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengoko kubonwa ngeBhili yamaLungelo e-U.S. okanye ngokulungisa iinguquko zasemva kwemfazwe eJamani. Zingaphinda zimisele amasebe karhulumente, njengokusuka kwipalamente ukuya kwinkqubo yobumongameli. Zingathetha ngezobugcisa obutsha okanye izinto zentlalo, njengamalungelo obuqu ngexesha lamanani. Zingalungisa neziphene kuxwebhu lokuqala okanye ziphendule kwiingqinisekiso zogwebo ezithi amasebe ezobupolitika anqwenela ukuzishenxisa. Nokuba kuyintoni na injongo yawo, ukupheliswa kwawo kumela isenzo sobungangamdla sobumongameli. Zingathetha ngezo zonke iinjongo zobunzululwazi okanye izinto ezikhoyo, njengesigqibo semeko yokwenziwa kwakhona komthetho wamanani.

Iindlela zokumisela iziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Inyathelo lokuqala nakweyiphi na inkqubo yokulungisa liqonga lesicelo. Ngubani oza kucebisa utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko, kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko? Impendulo iyahluka-hluka kumazwe ngamazwe, ibonisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo malunga nendawo elikuyo igunya elisemthethweni.

ISindululo soMgaqo-siseko

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko ingeyondlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko, izicelo kufuneka zivele kubameli abanyuliweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwipalamente okanye kwingqungquthela. Noko ke, umqobo wokuzisa inguquko usoloko uphakame kunomthetho oqhelekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luxhaswe ngamanani ancinane ababhali-mthetho, anjengesinye sesithathu okanye ikota enye yamalungu, ngaphambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe ngokusesikweni.

Isicelo somthetho sisoloko sibandakanya ukufundwa okuninzi okanye amaqondo engxoxo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, utshintsho kufuneka luvunywe kwintlanganiso ezimbini zemithetho elandelelanayo, kunye nonyulo phakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lunethuba lokuvavanya izicelo. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge Netherlands neDenmark, apho utshintsho kurhulumente phakathi kweentlanganiso lungabulala ngokunempumelelo ukubuyiselwa okucetyiweyo ukuba ipalamente entsha ayidlelani. Amanye amazwe, anjengeJapan, afuna uninzi olubini lwesithathu kwizindlu zombini zendlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba nje acebise i-andreant, kunye ne-reamfo yomthetho oqhelekileyo oqhelekileyo ofunekayo ukuze ivunywe ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela yowiso-mthetho iluncedo ekufumaneni ubuchule kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi lwamagosa anyuliweyo. Abameli badla ngokufundiswa kakuhle malunga nemibandela engomthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye banonxibelelwano olungqalileyo olunxulumeneyo nabavoti. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinokubanjwa ziinguqu ezinokusongela amandla azo. Oku kungenxa yoko iinkqubo ezininzi zongezela igalelo lomthetho kunye neenkqubo ezithile zomgaqo-siseko.

Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Abemi Neendibano ZomGaqo-siseko

Kwamanye amazwe, abantu ngokwabo bangacebisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ngqo. Ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko kwabemi kuluhlobo lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo egqitha indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo okanye inyanzelisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba isebenze. ISwitzerland ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokusebenzisa le ndlela. Phantsi kwesixokelelwano saseSwitzerland, naliphi na iqela labemi lingacebisa ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko ukuba liqokelele usayino olusemthethweni olusebenzayo lwe-100 000 kwiinyanga ezili-18. Isicelo sibekwa kwi-demokhrasi yesizwe encomekayo, apho kufuneka izuze uninzi lwevoti eyaziwayo kunye noninzi lwe-cantoniton (asts) ukudlula. Le nkqubo inika abemi abaqhelekileyo isixhobo esinamandla sokubumba umgaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko, nangona izicelo eziphezulu eziqiniselwayo kuphela nge-obhethroot.

Enye indlela yeyomGaqo-siseko, indibano elungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo, elungiselelwe ukumiswa okanye ukuphinda kulungiswe komgaqo-siseko. Iindibano zingabizwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, yigunya elikhulu, okanye ngevoti ethandwayo. UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngokwawo wabhaliswa kwindibano yomgaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787, kwaye iSiqendu soMgaqo-siseko esinikela ukuba indibano ibizwa ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba iintlanganiso ezimbini zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zicela enye. Nangona le ndlela ingazange isetyenziswe kwimigangatho yesizwe eUnited States, ihlala iyinkqubo yokulungisa ii-antelligrafics. Iintlanganiso ezininzi ze-U. Iintlanganiso ezisekelwe kwintlanganiso zinokusetyenziswa ekuziseni intlalo-ntle ezahlukahlukeneyo yeqela labathunywa abavela kwi-gromaskopulder, ukusukela kwimiqathangophelelo yemi, ukulawulwa kwemibutho nje eUnited States, zingaphinda zitshintshe iintlanganiso ezingoogracwe yingqungqungquthelaneyo.

Amanye amazwe adibanisa iindlela ezininzi zezicelo. Ngokomzekelo, e-Ireland, ukulungisa kungacetyiswa yipalamente (iOiteachtas) kodwa kufuneka ivunywe ngabantu kwi-parente. Le palamente ingakuthumela kwakhona ukuqulunqwa kwesicelo kwikomiti ekhethekileyo okanye kwindibano, njengoko kwenziwa ngeNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko, eyayicinga ukuba ibandakanya umtshato ongoweshumi elinesithoba kunye nendima yamabhinqa kubomi babantu bonke. Le ndlela ye-prijini ivumela ukungenelwa kwengcaciso kunye nokuqulukwano kwabantu ngokubanzi ngoxa igcina igunya elipheleleyo labantu.

Ukunconywa koomatshini bokuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko

Xa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lucetyiwe, kufuneka lusebenzise inkqubo yokuvumela engqongqo ngabom. Iimfuno ezithile ziyahluka, kodwa ingqiqo esisiseko iyaguquguquka: iinguqu kufuneka zibonise ukuvumelana okunzulu nokubanzi, hayi okunciphileyo okanye okomzuzwana.

Iimfuno eziPhakamileyo kuMthetho

Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokuvunywa kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe bubonke obuninzi. Unyuko oluphezulu lungumqobo ophezulu kunobuninzi obuqhelekileyo, ngokufuthi lumiselwe kwisibini sesithathu okanye isithathu sesithathu samalungu. Inani elithe ngqo lamalungu. EJamani, umzekelo, ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko kufuna ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo babe ngababini kwisithathu kwiBoundstag (indlu esezantsi) kunye neBoundesrat (indlu ephezulu emela amazwe). EFransi, umongameli angathumela i-antenter kwintlanganiso yepalamente edityani, apho kufuneka ivunywe ngabaninzi abathathu abamele bafumane. E-Itali, igumbi ngalinye kufuneka livume i-Bundendsrat, kwiinyanga ezintathu ezincinci, kwaye kufuneka livoti-ninzi lwesibini, kufuneka linikezele inani elipheleleyo levoti-gosa.

Imfuno eziphezulu zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Banyanzela abacebi bolungiso lolwakhiwo olubanzi olunqamleza iilayini zeqela. Bacotha inkqubo, benika abamisi-mthetho ixesha elibanzi lokufunda nokuphikisana ngesicelo. Bakhusela izilangazelelo ezincinane ngokuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwengingqi alunako ukuyitshintsha ngokungenasiphelo imithetho engundoqo yomdlalo. Noko ke, iimfuno ezinkulu zingaba ngumqobo kwiinguqu eziyimfuneko. Kuluntu olwahluliweyo, kusenokungabi nako ukuhlanganisa nakancinane utshintsho olubalulekileyo, lushiye umgaqo-siseko wesiseko singenako ukutshintsha kwaye ungakwazi ukuqhelanisa.

Indima Yokubuyiselwa Kwemijelo

Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba iinguqu ezicetyiweyo zibekwe kubantu ukuze zivunywe ngokupheleleyo nge-asterendum. Eli nyathelo ledemokhrasi lingqalileyo liqinisekisa ukuba umthombo opheleleyo wegunya lomgaqo-siseko, abemi ngokwabo, banokuthetha oko kokugqibela. IReferendendums inokuba yeyona nto ifunekayo, ithetha ukuba zonke izilungiso kufuneka zibekwe kwivoti, okanye ngokungeyomfuneko, intsingiselo yokuba i-avensum iqala phantsi kweemeko ezithile kuphela, njengaxa i-passion ingakwazi ukufikelela kwi-atmajority okanye xa inani elikhankanyiweyo labemi becela omnye.

Ii-antentemposi ze-odokisi zixhaphakile kumazwe anezithethe ezinamandla zedemokhrasi engqalileyo. I-Switzerland ifuna ipasendium kuzo zonke iziphene zomGaqo-siseko, njenge-Ireland ne-Australia. E-Australia, ukupheliswa okucetyiweyo kufuneka kuvunywe luninzi lwabavoti besizwe kunye noninzi lwabavoti kumazwe amaninzi (onesine kwabathandathu). Le mfuneko idibeneyo ithintela ukuba amazwe angabi noluntu oluninzi ukuba angakhutshwanga kakhulu, uyilwanohlobo olubonisa umgangatho oqhelekileyo we-Australianpolity. EIreland, inkoliso elula yabavoti yovoti-voti (abathathu kwabathandathu) iyafuneka igcinwe kumaxesha athile emva komvumo lwepala.

Ii-arhentemes ezizizo zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ingumqhubi oyintloko wotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kodwa apho abantu bagcina khona amandla omthetho. Umzekelo, eDenmark, inguquko evunyiweyo ekhompyutheni kufuneka ithunyelwe kwi-arhente-endum ngaphandle kokuba ivunywe li-5-61 uninzi lwabalawuli bendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukuba i-arhentem ibanjwe, i-antemp kufuneka ixhaswe nguninzi lwabavoti abajikayo, kwaye uninzi lumele lumele ukuba lumele ubuncinane obungama-40 ekhulwini abanyulu abanyuliweyo abafanelekileyo. Le bharlu oluphezulu luqinisekisa ukuba i-ands azinakuvunyelwa yi-palmenti, i-aterravective-out.

Amaphulo obhekiso phambili anokufakela umaleko womthetho-mgamshelwano wolawulo-mgam-mgam-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, kodwa akwanyusa amaxhala aluncedo. Iincwadi azinakukwazi ukuvalwa kakuhle ngemibandela entsonkothileyo yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye amaphulo okuhlola anokuphenjelelwa zintengiso ezilahlekisayo okanye ukurhwaphiliselwa kwemiqathango. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ii-antentem ze-gcustom zinokuyinciphisa imibuzo ecacileyo kukhetho olulula luka-ewe-o-okanye, lususa ukucinga okuyimfuneko kwisiseko esinesandi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba abantu bangoyena mlawuli opheleleyo kwaye akukho mgaqo-siseko unegunya ukuba awunakutshintshwa ngabo ulawula.

Iinkqubo zomanyano

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente welizwe sibumba inkqubo yalo yokulungisa ngokuphawulekayo. Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namaqela asezantsi anjengamazwe okanye amaphondo, iziphengululo zifuna imvume yawo omabini amanqanaba karhulumente. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akatshintshiwe ngurhulumente wesizwe. Kulo rhulumente ngamnye, umzekelo, ukupheliswa okucetyiswayo okucetyiweyo ngoorhulumente ababini abambalwa kumele kuqinisekiswe ziingqungquthela ezintathu okanye ngeendibano ezintathu zephondo. Oku kunika imo yendima engqalileyo kwinkqubo yokungena koorhulumente, ukhuseleko lwawo ngokuchasene nolawulo.

EJamani, utshintsho lufuna uninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kwiBoundestag kunye neBoundesrat, ezi zamva ziqalwe ngabameli boorhulumente besizwe. Oku kunika amatyala ilizwi elinamandla kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, umgaqo-siseko waseJamani ukwaqulathe "umgaqo-siseko wesixeko" othintela ukupheliswa kokusingeniswa kwesakhiwo sorhulumente, isidima somntu, okanye imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanangenkxaso ephakamileyo, iimpawu ezithile zomgaqo-siseko awunakutshintshwa.

Kwiinkqubo zomanyano, apho amaqela aphakathi komhlaba wonke engenayo imeko ezimeleyo yomgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yokulungisa ilula. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ingaba ngumphathi kuphela, okanye i-arhenteum ingafuneka, kodwa amaqela asezantsi esizwe akanayo indima esesikweni. IFransi neSweden yimizekelo yamazwe azimeleyo apho ukubuyiselwa kombutho kuvunywa yipalamente, ne-arententem engakhethiyo kwezinye iimeko. Ukungabikho komaleko karhulumente akuthethi ukuba ukupheliswa komaleko akuyo, nokokuba kufuneka okubalaseleyo, njengokuba iimfuno ze-omatilo-mthetho-mthetho ezininzi zisanikela ii-ehlolo-e.

Ukusetyenziswa kweZihlaziyo nokusetyenziswa

Xa ulungiso lucocile yonke imiqobo efunekayo, kufuneka ivunywe ngokusemthethweni kwaye idityaniswe kumgaqo-siseko. Ulwandiso sisenzo esisemthethweni esiqinisekisa ukulunga kolungiso kwaye sinika amandla asemthethweni. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, ulungiso luzenzekelayo xa iimeko zokuvunyelwa zidityanisiwe, ngoxa kwezinye kufunwa isibhengezo okanye impapasho esesikweni. Intloko yorhulumente, njengomongameli okanye umlawuli, inokuba noxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi kufunyenwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuzalisekisa kubandakanya ukuhlaziya iikopi ezisemthethweni zomgaqo-siseko, ukuphinda kulungiswe imithetho enxulumene nayo, kunye nokwazisa abameli bakarhulumente kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Iinkundla zisenokufuna ukuchaza indlela utshintsho olutsha olusebenza ngayo namalungiselelo akhoyo omgaqo-siseko. Kwezinye iimeko, ukubuyiselwa kusenokufuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokuchaza iinkcukacha zalo okanye ukwenza amaziko oluwabonayo. Umzekelo, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kudala ilungelo elitsha lomntu kungafuna imithetho echaza iinjongo zalo nenika iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho. Isigaba sokusebenza sinokuba sibaluleke njengesicelo kunye neendidi ezivunywayo, kwaye ukulibazisela okanye ukuchasana ekusebenzeni kwalo kungakuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-and.

Kukwafuneka ukuphawula ukuba asizizo zonke izilungiso ezicetyiweyo eziphumeleleyo. Kodwa ke, umgudu ongaphumelelanga wokulungisa awuphoswanga. Ingxoxo ngokwayo iyakwazi ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, okanye ishiywe emva kwengxoxo ende. Ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buyigqibile ngenjongo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho ngenkxaso yokwenene neyomeleleyo lungaba yinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ulwenzeko olungaphumelelanga lokulungisa alwenziwanga. Ingxoxo ngokwayo iyakwazi ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuphembelela utoliko lwetyala, kwaye ibeka isiseko semigudu yexesha elizayo. Kwezinye iimeko, ukubuyiselwa komthetho okanye utshintsho olungaphumeleliyo usukelo oluninzi ngaphandle kokutshintsha okubhaliweyo okusemthethweni.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala lokuNciphiswa kweMithetho yoLawulo

Ukuqonda indlela ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olusebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni lufuna ukujongwa kumazwe athile. Utshintsho lwenkqubo yelizwe ngalinye lubonisa imbali yalo ekhethekileyo, impucuko yezobupolitika, kunye nendlela yokuyila. Uphando olulandelayo lubonisa uludwe lwendlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo.

EUnited States: Inkqubo Yenqaku V

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ulungiswe izihlandlo ezingama-77 kuphela ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwawo ngo-1788, usenza sibe sesinye sezona zizathu zesizwe ezinzima ukutshintsha. Inqaku V linikela iindlela ezimbini zesicelo: ngevoti ezimbini kwizindlu zoBhunga okanye ngendibano ebizwa ngeekota ezimbini zendlu zowiso-mthetho. Indlela yendibano ayizange isetyenziswe kumgangatho karhulumente, nangona kuye kwakho iminxeba enzima yexesha elithile. Izixhobo zifuna uvumo lweziqu ezithathu zezindlu zolawulo okanye iindibano ezithi zime ezithathu kumazwe, kunye nokukhetha indlela ephakamileyo. Indlela ephezulu yokuba iindibano ezininzi ezicetyikisiweyo zingaze zisetyenziswe kwiBhungane, kwaye zincinane kuphela kwezi zifumana. I-Gajijini elinganayo. I-Gajini ediweyo, eyathiswe okokuqala kwiimeko ezintathu ze-199372, kunye nee-1972 zeNt. Inguquluneli ephantsi ephantsi ephantsi kwemithetho elawulayonga enkulu.

EIndiya: Ukuvumelana Nemida

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya, obhalwe ixesha elide, uthatha indlela ethambileyo yokulungisa izivumelwano. Inqaku lama-388 livumela ukuba kudluliswe izindululo eziqhelekileyo kumalungu amaninzi akhoyo navota kwindlu nganye yepalamente, ngaphandle kwezinye izinto. Izindululo ezichaphazela amalungiselelo karhulumente, inkundla yephondo, okanye amalungelo athile asisiseko afuna ukudityaniswa kwemithetho egqwethekileyo. Oku kuvumela ukuba iIndiya ivumele ukutshintsha umgaqo-siseko wayo izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwekhulu ukususela ngo-1950, ivumela ukwenziwa komthetho-mthetho-siseko wayo, ukutshintsha uxwebhu ukuze lutshintshe iimeko ngoxa umgaqo wayo umgaqo wayo uqinile. Noko ke, iNkukhosi ephezulu imisele "isiseko" semfundiso, iphethe ukuba iintlawulo-mthetho, ezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi, ukuhlola okungundoqo, ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda umgaqo-mthetho-siseko.

IJamani: Ukukhusela Imigaqo Yecore

UMthetho oBanzi waseJamani (Grundegesetz) wamkelwa ngo-1994 ngogxininiso olunamandla ekukhuseleni idemokhrasi kunye namalungelo abantu. Izigubuliso zifuna isibini sesithathu soninzi kuzo zombini iBundestag kunye neBundesrat. Noko ke, inqaku lama-79 liqulethe "ingxelo esisiseko" ethintelayo nakuphi na ukutshintshwa kwesakhiwo solawulo lwesizwe, isidima somntu, okanye imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho womthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwana ngenkxaso enkulu yezobupolitika, iinka ezithile zomgaqo-siseko waseJamani zingaphaya kwenkqubo yokungagqibeleli. Ingxelo engapheliyo ibonisa ukuzinikela kwemfazwe yeJamani ekuthinteleni ukubuyela kwi-odekhrasi kwaye ixhaswe yiNkulawula yeNkundla yezongalamgano yezonganiso yoMgaqo-siseko wezo-siseko.

ISwitzerland: Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo Iyasebenza

Inkqubo yokulungisa iSwitzerland yeyona nkqubo iphambili yabemi ephambili kuyo nayiphi na idemokhrasi engundoqo. IziHlaziya-mali zingacetyiswa yipalamente okanye ngenyathelo lobumi. Inyathelo lommi lifuna i-100 000 yosayino kwiinyanga ezili-18, emva koko izicelo zibekwe kwi-parente-renteum yesizwe. Ukudlula, inguquko kufuneka iphumelele uninzi lwevoti ethandwayo kunye nenkoliso yamacanto. Le mfuneko idibenekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu kunye neenkankani ziyavumelana notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. I-Switzerland iwufake umgaqo wayo izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwama-200 ukususela ngowe-1874, ngokufuthi kwimicimbi yezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Inkqubo evumela ukuba kubekho ukungenelela okuthe ngqo, kodwa ikwagxekwa ngokuvelisa okungekho mthethweyo okanye ukungqubanano komthetho nezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

UmGaqo-siseko Ongabhalwanga: IBhomi Elimanyeneyo

Asiyiyo yonke imigaqo-siseko ebhaliweyo kuxwebhu olunye. IBhunga loMbuso linomgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga, okuthetha ukuba imigaqo yalo esisiseko ifumaneka kwimimiselo, kumthetho oqhelekileyo, iindibano, kunye nezivumelwano. Akukho nkqubo ikhethekileyo yokulungisa iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko kwi-U.K.; isenzo sepalamente singatshintsha kwaneyona migaqo-siseko yemithetho-siseko esisiseko nevoti elula. Noko ke, utshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho-siseko luqala ngokubanziwa yimpikiswano, i-ofisi yokumkani, i-endendiums, okanye i-partimenti-s. Umthetho woTshintsho lwezikomfamente-nga yomthetho-siseko wa 2005, owenze iNkukhosi weNkundla notshintsho lweNko, luyimveliso yeminyaka ephambili yokuvota okungaguquguquki. U-U.

Iingxaki Nezindululo Kwienkqubo Zokuhlaziywa

Inkqubo yokuzinzisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yenziwe ngobuchule kangakanani, ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olusebenzayo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo bubungozi bokuxhatshazwa kwabalawuli. Xa elinye iqela lilawula ukulawulwa kwemithetho ephezulu efunekayo ukuphelisa umgaqo-siseko, kusenokubakho isilingo sokuqinisa amandla alo okanye ukususa iimvavanyo kwigunya lalo. IHungary nePoland iye yajamelana nokugxekwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko ukuphelisa ukuzimela ngokweziququ zejaji kunye namaziko edemokhrasi. Ukukhusela oku, eminye imimiselo iquka imigaqo-siseko engapheliyo okanye ifuna inkxaso ebanzi, kodwa ezi ziinqobo zinamandla njengoko ezopoliti zifuna ukunyanzeleka.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukutshintsha umgaqo-siseko kwiingingqi ezahluleke ngokunzulu. Kumazwe aneenkqubo ezibukhali zobuhlanga, ezonqulo, okanye ezobuhlanga, imigaqo ephezulu neyokwandiswa kwemiqathango inokwenza kube nzima ukufikelela kwisivumelwano esifunekayo sokutshintsha. Oku kunokushiya umgaqo-siseko utyheli, ungakwazi ukucombulula izikhalazo okanye ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu. IGood Wevert Active iquka inkxaso entsonkothileyo efuna ukunqamleza i-commony, ukwenziwa okubonisa imfuneko yokukhusela ubunye kunye nezilangazelelo zohlanga kodwa okukwabangela ukuba kuguquke.

Indima yohlolo lomthetho kwinkqubo yokulungisa ityala ikwangumthombo wempikiswano. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla ziye zaqinisekisa amandla okuhlola ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ukwenzela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko. Imfundiso esisiseko yesiseko samaIndiya, icandelo elingunaphakade laseJamani, kunye neemfundiso ezifanayo kumazwe anjengeColombia kunye noMzantsi Afrika zinika iinkundla indima ebalulekileyo ekuphicosheni imida yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kubalulekile ukukhusela idemokhrasi namalungelo abantu nxamnye neentloko-siseko. Abagxeki bathi inika abagwebi abangawakhethiyo amandla okunga bagwebi ukuba badelela abantu nabameli babo abanyuliweyo.

Ikamva Leinguqulelo ZomGaqo-siseko

Njengokuba imibutho ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha olufana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubugcisa kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha kwamanani abantu, ukukwazi ukutshintsha umgaqo-siseko kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi. Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izinto ezinokuguquka ngokukhawuleza ezinokuphendula ekuveliseni iimfuno zoncedo ngoxa besakhusela imigaqo esisiseko. Abanye baphikisa ukuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba kakhulu kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka iindibano ezithelekelelwayo kunye nee-intanethi. Ukunyuka komthetho womgaqo-siseko othelekelelwayo kubangele ukuba kunyuke ukuboleka kobuchule bokulungisa impumelelo eqhubekayo kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko amazwe efunda kwimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli kwawo.

Enye intsingiselo ekhoyo kukusetyenziswa kwamabinzana okukhusela ukutshona kwelanga kulungiso lwemithetho-siseko, olunika ukuba amalungiselelo athile aphele emva kwexesha elicwangcisiweyo ngaphandle kokuba ahlaziywe. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa kumgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika kwaye iye yacetywa kwezinye iimeko njengendlela yokuvumela uvavanyo ngexa ukhusela iimpazamo ezisisigxina. Enye intsingiselo kukufakwa kwemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi kwimimiselo yasekhaya, maxa wambi ngokuyilungisa imithetho yesizwe enezivumelwano. Unxulumano phakathi komthetho-siseko kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe lunokuba yingxaki ephambili kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ubugcisa bukwatshintsha inkqubo yokulungisa. Ukuqokelelwa kwamanani kwenza ukuba kube lula ukulungiselela abemi kwamanye amazwe, nangona kusekho inkxalabo ngokuqhatha nokhuseleko. Iiplatfomu ze-intanethi zisetyenzisiwe eIceland, eIreland, nakwamanye amazwe ukuqokelela igalelo loluntu kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba "ulawulo lobuhlanga" izixhobo eziza kuvumela abemi ukuba bacebise baze bavote ngokungqalileyo ngeqonga elikhuselekileyo, nangona ezo zicelo ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokhuseleko, ukulingana, nomgangatho woluntu nomgangatho woluntu.

Impumelelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ixhomekeke ekuthembeni. Abahlali kufuneka bathembe ukuba inkqubo ilungile, amazwi abo ayaviwa, nokuba iziphumo ziya kuhlonelwa ngabo bonke abadlali bezopolitiko. Xa elo themba liphuka, kwanezona nkqubo zenziwe kakuhle zinokungaphumeleli. Ukulondoloza nokuqinisa uthelekelelo lolo lulolo luyenye yocelomngeni olungundoqo lolawulo lomgaqo-siseko kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ezifana neprojekthi yeProjekthi [[FLT:] ehamba phambili, enika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kumazwe ngamazwe. Uphando lwembali lweziphelo ezithile zinokufunyanwa kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[[FLT:] [[FLT]]], ngelixa iKhomishini yeBhunga leBhunga laseYurophu inika uhlalutyo lwengcaciso lomgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo zomGando-siseko.