Intsingiselo Nemvelaphi Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Yinkqubo esisiseko yomthetho eqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo yokugweba eqhelekileyo, ingakumbi njengelungelo lommi lokuqaphela kunye nethuba lokuva nakweyiphi na inkqubela esemthethweni. Le ngcamango ineemvelaphi ezinzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, eqala emva kwiMagna Carta ye-1215, evakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi abhaqwe okanye afakwe entolongweni ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingane bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Lo mgaqo kamva wafakwa kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu we-U.S. ngo-1791, esithi akukho mntu uya kuba "ukhululekile kubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho yokukhusela esemthethweni."U."Unyaka we-14595.

Ingcamango engundoqo ilula: urhulumente akanakwenza ngokuzenzekela nxamnye nabantu ngabanye. Kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe, ezisesikweni ngaphambi kokususa amalungelo omntu okanye impahla yakhe. Kodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo ayipheleli nje kuludwe lokuhlola; iquka imbopheleleko yokubonakalisa okusesikweni okusisiseko, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ihlonela isidima somntu kunye nomthetho. Ukuqonda inkqubela-nkqubo efanelekileyo kukunceda ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho xa uqhubana namaqumrhu karhulumente, iinkundla, amaqumrhu olawulo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kwanemibutho yabucala esebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: Umatshini wobulungisa

Inkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo ibhekisa kwi yesenzo sikarhulumente. Ifuna ukuba phambi kokuba urhulumente akuhluthe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, imele ikunike isaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Eli sebe lenkqubo efunekayo lisoloko lisindwa kwaye libonakala kubemi abaqhelekileyo.

Iqhosha leNtlanganiso eQhelekileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze oothunywashe abaliqela ukumisela inkqubo efunekayo kwimeko ethile, ukulungelelanisa umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokungafunwa ngempazamo phantsi kweenkqubo ezikhoyo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo. Kodwa ke, iziqalelo ezithile zombini zisoloko zifuneka:

  • Ilitha elinobungozi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Opportunit ezakuviwa: Kufuneka ube nethuba lokunikela icala lakho lebali, mhlawumbi ngokubhala okanye ekuvinyweni. Oku kungasuka kwingqungquthela engacwangciswanga ukuya kwisilingo esipheleleyo namangqina kunye nokuvavanya ukunqamleza.
  • Isigqibo- somenzi-siqendu: Umntu okanye indawo yolawulo igqiba ukuba ityala limele libe nobundilele, ngaphandle komkhethe wobuqu okanye utyalo lwemali kwisiphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ekunikeleni ubungqina: Ungazisa ubungqina obuxhasa indawo yakho, kuquka amaxwebhu, ubungqina, kunye neembono zengcali.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungelo kumelo olusemthethweni: Kwimicimbi emininzi, ingakumbi leyo ibandakanya inkululeko ebalulekileyo okanye izilangazelelo zempahla, unelungelo lokuba negqwetha elikhoyo kwaye uncediswe linye.

Apho Kukho Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Elindelekileyo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ayiphelelanga kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho kuphela. Ilawula uninzi oluninzi lwentsebenziswano phakathi kwabemi nephondo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uyakwazi ukukhuphisana nethikithi enkundleni, uphikisa ngelithi ubungqina abukuxhasi ukuchasana okanye ukuba akungomqhubi. Unelungelo lokuziswa ngesityholo nokuzikhusela.
  • I-Discopline kwiZikolo zikawonke-wonke: Abafundi abajongene nokuthuthwa okanye ukugxothwa banelungelo lokuqaphela izityholo nokuva okungacwangciswanga apho benokuchaza icala labo. Ukugxothwa okunzulu kufuna iinkqubo ezisesikweni ezininzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] IWelfare kunye neingenelo zoKhuseleko loluntu: Phambi kokuba iinzuzo zakho zipheliswe okanye zincitshiswe, kufuneka ufumane isaziso esibhaliweyo kwaye ube nethuba lokucela ukuchotshelwa phambi komgwebi womthetho olawulayo.
  • Inkcazo yelizwe engqubana nezakhiwo zikaRhulumente ezijikelezayo: Ukuba uhlala kwindlu kawonke-wonke okanye ephantsi, ukususwa kwenqanawa kufuneka kulandele iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kuquka isaziso kunye nokuva okwaneleyo.
  • Imisebenzi yelicensi: Oogqirha, amagqwetha, kunye nezinye izifundiswa ezijongene nokurhoxiswa kwephepha-mvume zabo kufuneka zinikwe indlebe elungileyo phambi kwebhodi engenisa i-intwalating.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intengiso yerhafu egqithisileyo: Abanini-khaya bangavavanya uhlolo lwerhafu yempahla yabo phambi kwebhodi ezimeleyo, benika ubungqina bexabiso lorhwebo lomhlaba.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokubhenela kwisiseko senkqubo yemihla ngemihla isikhuselo kumsebenzi worhulumente ozikhetheleyo, ukhusela yonke into kwimvume yakho yokuqhuba yokuziphilisa.

Inkqubo Esisiseko: Ukukhusela Inkululeko Esisiseko

Inkqubo engundoqo esisiseko yimfundiso ethanda ukuphikisana neyokuba isonjululwe. Ibuza ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezalandelwayo, kodwa ukuba urhulumente unesizathu esaneleyo sokuthatha isenzo kwaphela. Ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo zilungile ngokugqibeleleyo.

Ilungelo Lokuzifihla Nokuzimela

Iimeko eziphambili eziye zaduma ezizizo ezizizo ezizizo zonke ezifanelekileyo ezifuna umtshato. Griswold v.Connecticut [65], iNkundla yawisa umthetho ovala ukuthintelwa kokuthintelwa kwemijelo yokukhupha inzala kwizibini ezitshatileyo, ifumana ilungelo lokuzimela izinto zobuqu zomtshato. [ Roe v. [[FLT][FLT]][3] [10777]]), iNkukwandiswa oku kunelungelo lo mfazi loku kukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo yokuLalisa isiHluzi se-Gqibo. Kutshanje, kutshanje, [[FLT] kuwe-[FLD] v [FFFFF:5], (20) iN.2011]

Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba inkqubo encinci efunekayo ibeke imida yemithetho , hayi nje iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa. Ifuna ukuba nawuphi na umthetho ochasayo kwilungelo elisisiseko kufuneka ukhonze umdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo kwaye ulungiselwe ngokumxinwa ukufikelela loo mdla.

Yintoni Efunwa Lilungelo Elisisiseko?

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibiluluphaphele ukwandisa uluhlu lwamalungelo asisiseko phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo.

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokuthembeka entsatsheni: Ilungelo lokutshata, ukuhlala kunye njengentsapho, ukuba nabantwana, nokubakhulisa (kuquka ilungelo lokungavumi unyango lwezamayeza olungafunwayo).
  • Ilungelo lokubunyani: Ilungelo lokulandula unyango lonyango lobomi, ilungelo lokuxhathisa iimpatho ezingafunekiyo zomzimba, nelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ngomzimba womntu (kwimida).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokufumana i-Autonomy yobuqu: Ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezisisini malunga nokuthintela ukukhawula, ulwalamano lwesini, kunye nomtshato.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokuhamba: Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwamazwe nokufuduka ngaphandle kwemiqobo karhulumente.
  • Ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo linelungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe phantsi kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezigaba ezilinganayo zokhuseleko.

Unxulumano kunye nemicimbi

Inkqubo engafanelekanga ephambili isoloko igxekwa ngabagwebi abaphikisayo abangamele bayile amalungelo amatsha angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Abanye bawakhusela njengayimfuneko ekukhuseleni inkululeko ekufikeleleni ngaphaya kobungangamsha. Le mfundiso ihlala iyindawo yedabi kumthetho-siseko, ngokuqhubekayo impikiswano yokuba amalungelo afana nokuqhomfa, ukuncedwa, nokuzibulala kwamadoda na, kunye nokuzichaza kwamadoda nakukhuselwa phantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi kwesiseko.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa yezobulungisa kulapho amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo echaphazelekayo asengozini ecacileyo. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu neseSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uza kukhuselwa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile:[[FT:1] Awunako ukunyanzeleka ukuba unikele ubungqina ngawe ngokwakho. Isilumkiso se Miranda ```'' Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile"" -- nguzalisekiso oluthe ngqo lwalo lungelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungelo lokucebisa: Ukuba awunamali yegqwetha, omnye uzakutyunjelwa. Olu dibaniso lwasekunene luqala kwaye lunwenwela kuwo onke amanqanaba abalulekileyo omba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo kwityala elikhawulezileyo nelinguwonke-wonke: Kufuneka ubekwe enkabeni ngexesha elifanelekileyo nakwinkundla evulekileyo.
  • Ilungelo kuMphathi Ongakhethi Buso: Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bakhethwe kuluntu kwaye bangacalucalulo.
  • Ilungelo lokujongene namaNgqina: Ungamangqina anqamlezayo e-examine aziswe ngawe.
  • Ilungelo lokuqokelela amaNgqina: Ungamangqina angaphantsi ukuze unikele ubungqina ngenxa yakho.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene noMngxuma Ophindwe kabini: Awunakuzama kabini kulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko nxamnye nenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga: Isigwebo kufuneka silinganiswe.

Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olubi kakhulu baphathwa njengabantu abanomxholo, hayi njengezinto zamandla karhulumente. Umgaqo odumileyo osuka kwi-winship [1970]) umi ngelithi zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka zingqinwe ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Nangona kwakukho umnombo wamandulo, ikho imibandela echaphazela indlela osebenza ngayo lo mgaqo kubantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ukufumana Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

Ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho lisebenza kuphela xa kubekwa isigwebo esikhethekileyo sokuvalelwa. Xa kusenziwa isigwebo samakhaya. "njengemeko zokugxothwa, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugxothwa, okanye inzuzo yokurhoxiswa kwesizwe"ayikho ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha elikhululekileyo. Abantu abaninzi abafumana intsebenziswano ephantsi bajamelana nezi ziphumo zobomi ngaphandle kokubekwa imelo esemthethweni, ukuwanciphisa ngamandla abo bakhusela ngokusesikweni. Intlangano yoncedo olusemthethweni isebenza kuphela iqhezuzwana nabo basweleyo, ishiya umsantsa omkhulu ekufikeleleni kobulungisa.

Ukuntsonkotha Kolawulo Lolawulo Lorhulumente

Amaziko olawulo anamhlanje — anjenge-Social Security Administration, iSebe leMicimbi yeNtlalo-ntle, kunye neebhodi zasekuhlaleni `indlela yokuphulaphula izigidi zabantu) nyaka ngamnye. Ezi zenzo zilandela imithetho yazo, enokubadida kwaye yoyikisa abantu. Iifomu zide, iimemo zexesha zifutshane, kwaye ubuninzi beemeko buthetha ukuba amava akhawuleze. Oku kuntsonkotha kuthintela abantu ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo afanelekileyo, kuvumele izigqibo zolawulo ukuba zihambele phambili.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Ukungangeni kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, asilotyala, kodwa lisenokukhokelela ekugxothweni ngokumandundu kwesohlwayo esinzima kunesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho esininzi. Ukukhuselwa kwamapolisa kwinkundla yabafuduki kubuthathaka kuneenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaxesha amaninzi aba banqongophele ukufikelela kumagqwetha, iinkonzo zoguqulelo, nexesha elaneleyo lokulungisa amatyala abo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, inkqubo yenkundla yokufuduka iye yoyiswa ngenxa yezigwebo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho ixesha elide lokuvalelwa nokuchotshelwa.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi

Oorhulumente basebenzisa i-algorithm ngokukhulayo kunye neenkqubo ezizenzekelayo ukwenza izigqibo ezimalunga nokufumana iingenelo, ukuphanda, kunye nokuncomela ukukhutshelwa kwemali. Ezi nkqubo zingaba ngqindilili, zikwenze kube nzima ukuqonda indlela abafikelela ngayo kwisigqibo okanye bacel ’ umngeni iziphumo. Unyuko "lobuchule bokwenziwa" kurhulumente luphakamisa imibuzo emitsha efunekayo: Sisiphi isaziso esifunekayo xa i-algorithm ikhanyela ukusebenzisa kwakho? Ungabunikela njani ubungqina bokukhuphisana nesigqibo somatshini? Iinkundla ziqala nje ukuphikisana nezi ngxaki.

Iziphene eziphazamisanayo nezenzo zengxamiseko

Iinkqubo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo zisebenza kuphela emva kokuba ukungabikho kusenzekile. Kwezinye iindawo, urhulumente angathatha inyathelo lokuqala aze anikezele ukuva kamva. Umzekelo, ilayisensi yokuqhuba ingabekwa msinya emva kokuba ubanjiwe, nokuva kubanjelwe emva koko. Ngelixesha ezinye iimeko zongxamiseko zithethelela isenzo esikhawulezileyo, ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwe-interim expression kungangqubana nenkqubo efunekayo ukuba ukuva emva kokuva kulibaziswa okanye akufanelekanga. Lo xinzelelo phakathi kolawulo kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye luhlala lungumxholo ophindaphindwayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

Inkqubo efunekayo nabaqulunqi abazimeleyo: Isebenza Nini?

Ukhuseleko olufunekayo lomGaqo-siseko lusebenza jikelele kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, amaqumrhu azimeleyo angathathwa njengabadlali bakarhulumente abaphantsi kwenkqubela efunekayo ukuba benza umsebenzi wesithethe karhulumente okanye badityaniswe ngokusondeleyo norhulumente. Umzekelo:

  • Inkampani yentolongo ephethe intolongo elungisa amabanjwa imele iwenzele inkqubo efunekayo kuba ukuvalelwa kungurhulumente.
  • Iyunivesithi yabucala efumana inkxaso eninzi karhulumente isenokuphantsi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kwingqeqesho xa iphumeza umsebenzi karhulumente.
  • Inkampani yezembane yabucala elawulwa kakhulu kwaye isebenza njengeyona ibalulekileyo ingafuneka ukunika isaziso nokuva phambi kokuphelisa inkonzo.

Noko ke, inkoliso yabaqeshi babucala, amaqonga onxibelelwano, namashishini awabotshelelwanga ngqo yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuba inkampani yabucala iyakucima, okanye iyala iinkonzo zakho, udla ngokungabi nayo inkqubo efunekayo emGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba isenzo sikarhulumente siboniswe. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo efuna iinkqubo ezithile ngokwemeko yangasese, ezifana nezifunekayo zokuva ngokufanelekileyo ukugxothwa ngabanikazi be-inshorensi okanye ukupheliswa kwetyala le-inshorensi.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyoyodwa eUnited States. Amazwe amaninzi amkela imigaqo efanayo ngaphantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo. ISindululo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (Amandla 10) siqinisekisa wonke umntu "umthetho olungileyo nowaselubala ngenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso". Isivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oluntu (Article) ngokufanayo sikhusela ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni. EKhanada, icandelo 7 leCanadian Charter of Rights and Frees likhusela "ubomi, inkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu" ngemigaqo esisiseko yemithetho esesikweni. Le zivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubonisa ukuba imigaqo elungileyo emhlabeni wonke ibalulekile kwisidima somntu.

Ukuthelekisa iinkqubo zesizwe kutyhila zombini umahluko. Ulawulo-melo oluthe lwaphucuka lufuna isaziso, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso, nethuba lokunikela ubungqina kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Noko ke, ulungelelwano oluchanileyo phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente luyahluka. Amanye amazwe anikela amalungelo anamandla angakumbi ekukhululeni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni; amanye aneenkqubo zolawulo ezithe xhaxheyo. Ukuqonda oku kungaphucula incoko yasekhaya malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokuphucula imigaqo-nkqubo ephambili eUnited States.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Okusebenza

Nantsi inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo onokulithabatha xa uqhubana nezenzo zikarhulumente:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Funda zonke isaziso ngocoselelo: [ oonobumba abasemthethweni, ii-imeyili, kunye nofakelo lwezithuba zisoloko ziqulathe ixesha elimisiweyo kunye nemiyalelo yokukhuphisana ngesigqibo. Ukungawafumani amalungelo akho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Gcina imibhalo yayo yonke into: Gcina zonke iifomati, iifomu, iilisithi, kunye nobungqina obunxulumene nalo mba. Uxwebhu olulungileyo luyeyona nkxaso yakho inamandla.
  • Cela ukuva ngokubhaliweyo: Ukuba ufuna ukuvavanya isenzo esicetyiweyo, thumela isicelo esibhaliweyo ngeposi enconyelweyo okanye i-imeyili enesiqinisekiso sokuhambisa. Oku kwenza umzila wephepha.
  • Funa uncedo olusemthethweni kwangoko: Kwanokuba awunamali yegqwetha, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, ikliniki yesikolo, okanye iinkonzo zeprobono. Abaninzi banganceda ekuchotshelweni ngokufanelekileyo, kwiimeko zentlalo-ntle, kunye neengxaki zezindlu.
  • Yazi imithetho yombutho: amasebe karhulumente apapasha iinkqubo zawo kwi-intanethi okanye kwikhowudi zolawulo. Zihloleni ukuba niwaqonde amalungelo enu kuloo meko ikhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lungela ukuva: Lungisa ubungqina bakho, lungiselela uluhlu lwamangqina, kwaye qhelisela oko ufuna ukukuthetha. Fika kwangoko, ngentlonelo, uze uhlale uzolile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Applet ukuba ulahlekelwa: Izigqibo ezininzi zingabheniswa kwiqumrhu lolawulo oluphezulu okanye enkundleni. Isaziso sesibheno kufuneka sigcinwe ngexesha elifutshane.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukusebenza Okufanelekileyo Kubaluleke Nje Ngemihla

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyongcamango engokwasemthethweni elungiselelwe iinkundla zenkundla nezikolo zomthetho. Sisixhobo esisebenzayo esikukhuselayo ngalo lonke ixesha usebenza norhulumente.

Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo efunekayo ngumsebenzi oqhubekekayo. Isithuba sonikezelo, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye neengcinezelo zolawulo zisoloko zivavanya ukusebenza kwazo. Ukuze inkqubo ihlale ilungile, abemi kufuneka bawaqonde kwaye basebenzise amalungelo abo, kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka baqhubeke becombulula iinkqubo zabo ukuze bahlangabezane nemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yokusesikweni. Ibali lenkqubo efunekayo ekugqibeleni liyibali lenkululeko /a ukuzinikela, nokuba apho izibonda ziphezulu khona, wonke umntu ufanelwe lithuba lokwenene lokuvavanya isityholo sikarhulumente.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uhlolo lweCull-Cornell Information yolwazi lwasemthethweni yenkqubano efunekayo yenkqubo, U.S. iphepha lokufundisa kwinkqubela efunekayo[, okanye iProject yeProjekthi yeProjekthi yenkqubo engundoqo efunekayo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo[. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kunokukunceda uqonde indlela lo mgaqo ochaphazela ngayo amalungelo akho emihla ngemihla.