Luyintoni Ukhetho?

Unyulo yinkqubo esesikweni yokwenza izigqibo apho abemi bekhetha umntu okanye iqela ukubamba iofisi kawonke-wonke okanye bagqibe kwimibuzo ethile yezomgaqo-siseko. Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, unyulo luyindlela yokuqala abemi abasebenzisa ngayo ukuphathisa abameli babo igunya kwaye baqinisekise ukuba urhulumente ubonakalisa iqela eliza kuphumelela. Ngelixesha ezi zinto zicacisiweyo zahluka ngokubanziwa kuwo amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe . Ngokusuka kwinkqubo yonyulo ukuya kuvota ubugcisa.

Unyulo aluyonto nje eyenzekayo; luziintloko zedemokhrasi zokuziphendulela. Ngaphandle konyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, abemi abanayo indlela yoxolo yokubuyisela iinkokeli ezisilela ukulungiselela umdla kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wonyulo owenziwa ngayo, ukusuka ekubhaliseni ukuya kutsho kwinani lokugqibela, kunika abavoti amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunenjongo nokukhusela ingqibelelo yenkqubo.

Isiseko Sonyulo

Kulunyulo olulula, unyulo lubandakanya ukukhetha abavoti phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba okanye ukhetho. Kodwa emva kwesenzo esilula siqulethe ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwemithetho, iinkqubo, kunye namaziko alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zibonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo oko kukhethwa ngabanyuli. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo ziquka imfanelo esemthethweni yabavoti, umgaqo wemali yezephulo, ukuyilwa kwamaphepha okanye izikrini, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo ekubhaleni nasekuqinisekiseni iziphumo.

Imigaqo Yedemokhrasi

  • Isuffreyiji engadibaniyo: Wonke ummi okhulileyo unelungelo lokuvota, ngemiqathango emincinane, esengqiqweni (umz., ubudala, ubumi).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti nganye ithwala ubunzima obufanayo; akukho mmi ofanele abe nempembelelo eninzi kunomnye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubela yeNkqutyana eLula: Unyulo kufuneka luqhutywe ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, ukoyikisa, okanye ukuqhatha, kwaye kufuneka kunikezelwe ukhetho olunyanisekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibhaluti yomkhosi: Ivoti ingavota ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, iqinisekisa ubucala kunye nenkululeko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unyulo lwePreiodic Ecompution: ikhokeli zikhethelwe iimfuno ezisisigxina, ngonyulo olubanjwe rhoqo ukuvumela utshintsho.

Iintlobo Zokhetho

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zisebenza kwidemokhrasi, ukususela ekukhetheni amalungu ebhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ukuya kugqiba ngeenkonzo zesizwe.

Unyulo ngokubanzi

Kukho unyulo jikelele ukuze kuzaliswe iiofisi ezingundoqo zesizwe okanye zikarhulumente, ezifana nomongameli, ipalamente, okanye irhuluneli. Zisoloko zisenzeka rhoqo (umz., rhoqo kwiminyaka emine okanye emihlanu) kwaye zibandakanya inani elikhulu labavoti. Kumazwe amaninzi, unyulo jikelele lumisela ukuqanjwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ebangela urhulumente.

UKhetho lweFonti

Ukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi lwamaqela lusetyenziswa ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo jikelele. Bangavuleka (nabani na ovotayo angathabatha inxaxheba), bavalwe (kuphela amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo), okanye azivalwe kancinane. Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zivumela amalungu eqela ukuba aphembelele ukuba ngowuphi umvotelwa omele itheko lawo kwibhoti yokugqibela.

UKhetho lwangaphakathi

Unyulo lwengingqi okanye lukamasipala luzalisa iiofisi ezifana noosodolophu, amabhunga esixeko, ookhomishinari bephondo, kunye namalungu ebhodi yesikolo. Olu nyulo lusoloko lunethuba eliphantsi kodwa luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imisebenzi

I-adendum yivoti engqalileyo kumbuzo othile wenkqubo, njengokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho omtsha. Izindululo zivumela abemi ukuba bamisele imithetho emitsha okanye iinguqulelo ngokucela baze bavote. Ezi zixhobo zinika abavoti isigama esingqalileyo (kunokuthembela kuphela kubameli abanyuliweyo) kwaye ziqhelekile eSwitzerland, kumazwe amaninzi ase-U.S., nakweminye imimandla.

Khumbula Unyulo

Kwezinye iidemokhrasi, abavoti bangasusa igosa elinyuliweyo ngaphambi kokuba ixesha labo liphele ngonyulo lwenkumbulo. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuqokelela inani elithile lotyikityo ukuxhobisa ivoti ekhethekileyo. Inkumbulo inqabile kodwa isebenza njengendlela enamandla yokuphendula.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral: Indlela ijelo eliba yimibhobho

Indlela ivoti eguqulelwa ngayo kumelo inempembelelo enzulu kwiziphumo zezobupolitika. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zokhetho ziwela kwindidi ezintathu: ubuninzi/ubuninzi, umelo lolungelelwaniso, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo.

Umgangatho ophezulu

Kwindlela yokufumana izininzi, umntu ofumana ivoti eninzi uyaphumelela, nokuba akawinwanga. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwiiofisi ezininzi ze-odokisi zase United Kingdom, e-India, eKhanada, nase-United States. Ilula kwaye ivelisa abaphumeleleyo abacacileyo, kodwa inokubakhokelela kwivoti kunye nokukhetha phakathi komvoti nolwamkelo lwesihlalo.

Iinkqubo zobuninzi

Iinkqubo ezingundoqo zifuna umlandeli ukuba aphumelele ngaphezu kwama-50% evoti. Ukuba akukho mntu ufikelelayo loo nto kumjikelo wokuqala, ukubaleka kubanjwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umnqophisi unenkxaso ebanzi, njengokuba kubonakala kunyulo lomongameli waseFrentshi kunye nemijaho emininzi yedolophu ehlabathini lonke.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zePR ezibekwa kwizihlalo ezilingana neevoti ezifunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Iivoter zikhetha uluhlu lweqela, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngokusekelwe kwisabelo sesizwe okanye sengingqi sovoti. I-PR iqhelekile eYurophu (eJamani, eSpeyin, eSweden) kwaye ityekele ekuvezeni iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, isenokukhokelela kurhulumente abasebenzisanayo abathatha ithuba elide ukuvelisa.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezidityanisiweyo zidibanisa amalungu e-injinjiko ne PR. Umzekelo, iJamani ne New Zealand zisebenzisa umelo oludityanisiweyo oludityanisiweyo (MMP), apho abavoti banevoti ezimbini: enye ye-projekti yobulali (ububanzi) nenye yoluhlu lweqela (PR). Olu lungelelaniso lumelo lwengingqi kunye neziphumo zolungelelaniso.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Ngasemva konyulo ngalunye kukho inkqubo eyakhiwe kakuhle eqala kudala ngaphambi kosuku lonyulo. Ukusuka ekubhaliseni ukusa ekufakeni ivoti, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ungubani umvoti, ukukhusela ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ukuba uyafumaneka.

Ukubhalisa eMasi

Kuninzi lwedemokhrasi, abemi kufuneka babhalise ngaphambi kokuba bavote. Iinkqubo zobhaliso ziyahluka: Amanye amazwe abhalisa ngokwawo abemi xa bejika 18 (umz., eJamani), ngoxa amanye efuna ukubhaliswa ngezandla ngamaxwebhu (umz., United States). Iinkcukacha ezingundoqo zidla ngokuquka igama, idilesi, umhla wokuzalwa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amalungu. Ubhaliso lweziko lusisiseko somsongo wenyulo, ogqiba ukuba ngubani ofanele ukuvota kwindawo ethile.

Iindlela zokusasaza

Namhlanje abemi banamathuba amaninzi okufaka iphepha labo. Indlela ekhethweyo ixhomekeke kwizinto eziluncedo, ezobugcisa nakumthetho.

  • [[UMTL:0] KwiPerson Vont: Indlela yesithethe apho abavoti baya kwindawo yokuvota emiselweyo ngomhla wonyulo. Oku kuvumela uncedo olukhawulezileyo ukuba luyafuneka kwaye kuqinisekisa imeko-bume ekhuselekileyo, ejongelweyo.
  • Iposi- Kwi (Ankee) ivolution: Ivoluti yamkela ivoti ngeposi, uyizalise ekhaya, kwaye uyibuyise ngeposi okanye ngebhokisi yokulahla. Uvotelo lweposi luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, kwaye lusezantsi kumazwe anjenge-Oregon, Washington, kunye ne Colorado.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uvolo oluphambili: Ulawulo oluninzi luvumela abavoti ukuba baphose amavoti phambi kosuku lonyulo kumaziko okuvota atyunjwe kwangaphambili. Oku kunciphisa imigca ngomhla wonyulo kwaye kuhlalisa ucwangciso oluxakekileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-ectronic Votion: Amanye amazwe asebenzisa oomatshini bokuvota nge-elektroniki (ii-EVM) okanye ukuvota kwi-intanethi. Ngelixesha zikhawulezayo kunye nomhlobo womsebenzisi, iinkqubo ze-elektroniki ziphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokungagqibeki kwekhompyutha nokuphicothwa kovoteko.

Uchazo lohlobo

Ukukhusela ukuqhatha, iindawo ezininzi zifuna abavoti ukubonisa uchazo phambi kokuba bafumane ivoti. Unyanzelo lwemithetho ye-ID yimbambano ephikisanayo: abaxhasi baphikisa ingxubusho yokukhusela ingqibelelo, ngelixa abagxeki bephikisa ngokungathethekiyo bethi baluchaphazeli ulutsha, abalupheleyo, nabavoti abancinane abafunyenweyo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ii-ids (umz., isibonelelo se-litit), lo gama amanye emkela kuphela ii-ID zikarhulumente ezifakelwe kwifoto.

Imini Yokhetho

Usuku lokhetho yincopho yomjikelo wonyulo, xa bonke abavoti ababhalisweyo benethuba lokuphosa amavote abo. Kwabaninzi, lukwayimini yokuqhayisa nokubophelelana kwebutho labantu. Kodwa, umsebenzi owenziwe kakuhle kwiindawo zokuvota uxhomekeke ekucebeni ngenyameko nakumawaka abasebenzi bevota.

Iindawo Zokonakalisa

Iindawo zokurhoxisa zimiselwa kwizikolo, amaziko oluntu, iicawa, okanye ezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Indawo nganye isebenza kummandla othile okanye kwigumbi lokuhlala. Ngosuku lonyulo, isebenza namagosa onyulo (ngokufuthi aqeqeshiweyo) ahlola abavoti, abakhuphi bomvoti, abapapashi, kwaye ancedisa kwiimatshini zokuvota. Ukufumaneka kuyimfuneko esemthethweni: iindawo zokuhlola mazihlalise abavoti ngeziphene, zinike uncedo lolwimi apho kufuneka khona, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba kumele amaxesha afanelekileyo okulinda.

Ukuphosa Ibhola

Kuxhomekeke kulawulo, abavoti bangaphawula ibhola yokuvota yephepha, bachukumise ikhusi, okanye bafake ikhadi kumatshini. Isenzo sokuvota singesobuqu / kumazwe amaninzi, intente zokuvota zinamalengalenga okanye izahlulo. Emva kokugqiba ibhola, umvoti uyifaka kwibhokisi evaliweyo okanye ayifake kwibhokisi evaliweyo yebhola okanye ayithumele ngekhompyutha. Kwimixokelelwano esekelwe kwiphepha, ibhola yoonobumba iba ngumbhalo obonakalayo onokuphindwa kamva. Ezinye iinkqubo zivelisa uvoti-phepha elifakelweyo uphindo lwephepha (VPAT), zivumela umvoti ukuba aqinisekise ukhetho lwazo phambi kokuzithoba ekugqibeleni.

Ukubala Neziphumo

Xa uphando luthe lwaphela, inkqubo yokubala amavoti iqala. Eliqonga libalulekile ukuze kuthenjwe: nayiphi na impazamo okanye ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga kungalonakalisa lonke unyulo. Ukubonakala gca, uqinisekiso, kunye nokwenza ixesha ziziphawu zokubala okuthembekileyo.

Ubalo

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ubalo lwephepha lokubala: Iphepha libalwa ngesandla, ngokufuthi ngamaqela abasebenzi ababini okanye abaninzi abasuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Amanani ezandla acotha kodwa anika umzila wephepha ophinde waqinisekiswa.
  • [[UKWENZIWA] Ubalo lwe-Electronic: I-scanners zifunda iibhola zovavanyo eziphawulweyo zephepha, kunye neziphumo ze-software ezithatha ixesha elide. Ubalo lombane lukhawulezisa kodwa lufuna uvavanyo olunenkathalo kunye nokhuseleko.
  • IiNkqutyana ze-Audicts: Ulawulo oluninzi luqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho lwasemva kwe-"random" ukukhangela okanye ukuqwalasela okupheleleyo/ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini nenkqubo zivelise iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Uphicotho-manani olunemida luba ngumgangatho wegolide.

Iziphumo Ezibhengezayo

Iziphumo ezingekho mthethweni zingakhutshwa ngobusuku bonyulo okanye ngeentsuku ezilandelayo, kodwa ukugwetywa ngokusemthethweni kungathatha iiveki. Iziphumo zibhengezwa ngabasemagunyeni bonyulo (umz., unobhala wesizwe okanye ikomishini yokunyulwa). Kwintlanga ezisondeleyo, iingcelo ezithelekisayo okanye ezisemthethweni zisenokulibazisa iziphumo zokugqibela. Kuqhelekile ukuba amajelo eendaba aphumeze iprojekthi esekelwe kwimivuzo ehlukeneyo elinganiselweyo, kodwa ezo zixelwelo azigunyaziswanga ngokomthetho de kube sekuqinisekiswe.

Unyulo lwasemva: Unikezelo noLawulo

Emva kokuba iziphumo ziqinisekisiwe, abaphumeleleyo bathatha isikhundla ngokwexesha elimiselweyo. Utshintsho loxolo lwamandla luphawu lozinzo lwedemokhrasi. Eli candelo liquka ukuboniswa kwamagosa amatsha, ukumiselwa korhulumente (kwimigaqo yeepalamente), nokutyunjwa kwamalungu ekhabhathi okanye abalungiseleli. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, ulawulo oluphumayo lusebenzisana neqela elizayo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka.

Ukubaluleka Kokhetho

Unyulo lungaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela yobugcisa; luyindlela eyintloko abemi ababonakalisa ngayo ulawulo kurhulumente wabo. Ukubaluleka kwabo kunokuqondwa ngeendima eziliqela ezingundoqo.

Umelo

Unyulo luvumela abantu abahlukeneyo ukuba bakhethe abameli abanolwahlulo lwabo lwemilinganiselo, izilangazelelo, neemvelaphi. Kwibutho labantu abakwizininzi, akukho qela linye elinokongamela zonke izigqibo.

Umbuzo

Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lunika abavoti amandla okuvuza okanye ukohlwaya abachongi. Ukuba igosa elinyuliweyo aliphumeleli ukuzalisekisa izithembiso, libandakanyeke kukonakala, okanye lityeshele uluvo lukawonke-wonke, abavoti bangawathatha indawo kunyulo olulandelayo. Oku kuphendula ngezihlandlo ezithile kwenza ulawulo luphendule.

Umthetho

Urhulumente okhethwe ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo ufumana igunya lokuziphatha. Abahlali badla ngokuthobela imithetho, bahlawule irhafu, baze basebenzisane namagunya xa bekholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ilungile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, unyulo oluxhotyisiweyo okanye oluqhathayo lubangela ukungakhathaleli nokungazinzi.

Isisombululo Sengxabano Yoxolo

Unyulo lunika inkqubo engenabundlobongela yokucombulula iimbambano zobupolitika. Kunokuba abhenele ekubhukuqeni okanye kwimfazwe yamakhaya, amaqela akhuphisanayo angasebenzisa iinjongo zawo ngebhokisi yokuvota. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu olwahluleke ngokunzulu.

Iingxaki Zokhetho

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo, unyulo lusengozini yocelomngeni oluninzi olunokuphelisa ukuthembana nokugqwetha imiphumo.

Ucinezelo lwe Voter

Unyanzeliso lweVoter lubhekiselele kumacebo anciphisa ukubhadula ngabom phakathi kwamaqela athile. Imizekelo iquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo yabavoti, ukukhupha iirolokhwe, ukucutha iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane, ukulinganisela iiyure zokuvota kwangethuba, kunye nokubeka iimfuno zokubhalisa ezinzima. La manyathelo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto achaphazela ingeniso ephantsi, abantu abadala, nabavoti abambalwa, acuthe umgaqo wokuvota jikelele.

Gerrymandering

Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ekhethayo ukuxhasa iqela elinye okanye iqela. Ngokuzoba isithili esimi ngendlela engaqhelekanga, iqela elinegunya linga "crack" okanye "pack" abavoti abachasayo ukunciphisa impembelelo yabo yonke. Ngelixesha ezinye iziko eliququ ziyimfuneko, i-gerrymander igqwetha umelo nokhuphiswano.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukuqhatha okufana nokuzimilisa, ukuvota okuphindwe kabini, okanye ukuthunga imbumbulu okunqabileyo kulawulo-melo olumisiweyo, kodwa izityholo zokuqhatha zinokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Okuninzi okusasazekileyo kukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, kuquka izityholo zobuxoki ngemihla yokuvota, iimfuno, okanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Ijelo-ndaba lezentlalo liyenza ingabikho into ekhoyo, ididanisa abavoti kunye nokuthembana.

Imali Nempembelelo Yephulo

Indima yemali kwezobupolitika ibangela ucelomngeni lokulingana. Abanikeli bemali, imibutho, namaqela enzala anokuchitha imali eninzi kwizibhengezo, ekungeneni, nakwiPaCs enkulu, enokuthi ibangele unyulo nemigaqo elawulayo. Imithetho yezemali yezenkcitho izimisele ukuphelisa ukunganyaniseki nokwandisa ukubonakala, kodwa iyaqhubeka.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

Unyulo lwangoku luxhomekeke kwizibonelelo zamanani: isiseko sobhaliso sovota, iincwadi zovolo lwezibonelelo, oomatshini bokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zokunikela ingxelo. Ezi nkqubo ngamaxhoba okuqhekeza, okukhulula, kunye nokurhoxa kolwazi. Ukukhusela ingqibelelo yonyulo kufuna imilinganiso eqinileyo ye-inthaneti, ugcino-maphepha, kunye nokugada okuqhubekayo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokulomeleza Ngayo Unyulo

Idemokhrasi esempilweni asingomdlalo ojongwa ngababukeli. Abahlali banokwenza izinto ezicacileyo ukukhusela nokuphucula unyulo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Zifundise ngokwakho: Uqonda imithetho kulawulo lwakho/ubalo lokubhalisa imida yobhaliswe, iimfuno ze-ID yevoti, kunye nemilinganiselo yebhola yokulinganisa. Landela imithombo ethembekileyo efana U.S. IKhomishini yoLungisa okanye [[FLT:]] Ikhomishini ye-Electordal[.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Cwangcisa Ubhaliso Lwakho: Qinisekisa ukuba ubhalisiwe kwaye ulwazi lwakho luchanile. Amazwe amaninzi avumela uqinisekiso lwe Internet.
  • Unyuso olukwindawo ebanzi kwinani lemiba yenqanawa.
  • Ukuqwalasela Ukuba ngumenzi weBhithi yeKrola: Abasebenzi bemposiso yokubhebha babalulekile kumsebenzi ogudileyo. Uninzi lwamagunya anika intlawulo yosuku.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Combat Mistformation: Yabelana ngenkcazelo eqinisekisiweyo kwimithombo esemthethweni.
  • Advocate yoTshintsho: Amanyathelo enkxaso anwebekayo unikezelo, njengobhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzihlaziya, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lusisixhobo solawulo-moya. Ludlulisela ukuthanda kwabantu kwidemokhrasi esemthethweni, lugcina iinkokeli zinobutyala, luze lunikezele iindlela zoxolo zokucombulula iingxabano zobupolitika. Kodwa, njengokuba oku kuboniswa, ukwenza umsebenzi wonyulo ngumgudu ozingisileyo , qhatha, kwaye ubophelele ukuzimisela ukubandakanywa nokufikelela. Bonke abavoti banendima yokwenza, hayi ngokufaka ibholati, kodwa ngokuqonda inkqubo nokukhuthaza ingqibelelo yabo. Xa abemi bexelelwe nokubizelwa, unyulo luzalisekisa isithembiso sabo: urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, ngabantu.

yolwazi oluninzi malunga neenkqubo zonyulo kunye nenxaxheba yoluntu, tyelela USUSA.gov Ulwazi lokuvoma okanye Isiseko sezwe jikelele seenkqubo ze-Electoral.