Ukhokelo Olubalulekileyo Lwendlela Ukhetho Olusebenza Ngayo

Unyulo luyindawo esisiseko yedemokhrasi yabameli, enika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuba abemi bakhethe iinkokeli zabo, bavume iinkqubo, baze baphendule oorhulumente. Nangona imimiselo ethile ithe ngqo iyahluka kwilizwe ngalinye, imigaqo esisiseko ihlala ingaguquguquki: abavoti, abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nothotho lweenkqubo ezicacisiweyo ezinxulumene nokuvelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Eli nqaku linikela ngokucokisekileyo, ngokunyanzelekileyo, ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuvota, ukusuka ekubhaliseni kwisiqinisekiso sokugqibela seziphumo, kwaye lihlola oothunywa abangundoqo abagqiba indlela abasebenza ngayo kwimivoti.

Injongo Nemigaqo Yokhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Unyulo lomthetho wokwenza izigqibo apho abantu bakhetha umntu ukubamba iofisi kawonke-wonke okanye bagqibe umbuzo wenkqubo. Unyulo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo:

  • I-Sufficel: Wonke ummi ofanelekileyo unelungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kothintelo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye ubume bezoqoqosho (imfuno zexesha eliphantsi kunye nelokuhlala ziyasebenza).
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko nokhuphiswano olulungileyo: Amasuntswana angoosomashishini kufuneka akwazi ukunikela amaqonga awo, kwaye abavoti kufuneka babe nolwazi oluchanekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] USecret Ballot: Izixhobo kufuneka zikwazi ukuphosa iibhola zabo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ukujongwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zizimele kwaye zizimele.
  • Umntu omnye, i Vote enye: Impembelelo yomvoti ngamnye iyalingana neyomnye, kungekho mntu unovotelo olungaphezulu kolunye kukhuphiswano ngalunye (ngaphandle kwezinye iinkqubo ngokuvota okunzima).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungaguquguquki nokubonakala ngaphaya: Inkqubo yokubala iivoti neziphumo zokunika ingxelo kufuneka ivuleke ekuqwalaleni, ekuqinisekiseni, nasekuphicotheni ugcino-lwazi ukuze kugcinwe uthenjelwa nguwonke-wonke.

Ukuqonda le migaqo kuyanceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba iqonga ngalinye lonyulo liyilwe ngendlela eliyiyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, unyulo lusenokuqhutywa kodwa lungabi lulawulo - melo lokwenene.

Ubhaliso lwezibonelelo: Indlela yokuthatha inxaxheba

Phambi kokuba naliphi na ivoti ijulwe, abemi abafanelekileyo kufuneka babhalise ukuvota. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba ngabo bafikelela iimfuno ezisemthethweni kuphela (ngokuqhelekileyo ubudala, ubumi, kunye nendawo yokuhlala) abaqukiwe kwiiroli ezikhethiweyo. Iinkqubo zobhaliso ziyahluka ngokubanzi, kodwa ziquka:

  • Iprojekthi yokuchaza: Amazwe amaninzi afuna inani lephepha-mvume lomqhubi, inani lokhuseleko loluntu, okanye enye i-ID ekhutshiweyo karhulumente.
  • Ukudibana nomhla wexesha elifanelekileyo: ubhaliso luvala iiveki eziliqela phambi kosuku lonyulo, nangona ezinye iindawo zinika ubhaliso olufanayo okanye olukwi-intanethi.
  • Iprojekthi yokuhlala : Izixhobo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zihlala kwisithili apho zizimisele ukuvota.

Iingxaki Notshintsho Ebhalisweni

Ubhaliso lwevoter lungaba ngumqobo ekungeneleni. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States malunga nomntu omnye kwabane abafanelekayo akabhaliswanga, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuphoswa kwexesha, iifomu ezilahlekileyo, okanye imithetho engqongqo. Ukwandisa ukufikelela, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela:

  • Ngokuzenzekelayo Ubhaliso lweVoter (AVR): Abemi abanokubhaliswa babhalisiwe xa besebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente (umz., Isebe le-Mort Vehicles) ngaphandle kokuba bakhetha ngaphandle.
  • Ukubhalisa kosuku: Ivumela abavoti ukuba babhalise baze baphose ivoti ngomhla wonyulo ngokwalo.
  • Ubhaliso olukwilayini: Lungisa inkqubo ngokhuseleko lwe web.

Olu tshintsho luboniswe njengonyuselo lonyuso, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abancinane nabahambayo. Ngokwe [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji, i-AVR kuphela inokongeza izigidi zabavoti abafanelekileyo kwiiroli ngexesha icoca iirekhodi eziphelelwe lixesha.

Amaphulo Okhetho: Indlela Abasebenzi Bezikolo Abafikelela Ngayo

Xa bebhalisile kwaye bekufanelekele, abathathi-nxaxheba okanye amaqela ezobupolitika aqalisa iphulo. Iphulo lenkamlo lisebenza njengesamsazelo esiphambili sonxibelelwano phakathi kwabatshati nabavoti, linceda ukuxutyushwa kweembambano, imigaqo, kunye neemfaneleko zobuqu. Imisebenzi engundoqo yephulo iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iintetho zePublic kunye nentlanganiso zentlanganiso : ukuthembisana ngokuthe ngqo nabavoti kuluntu.
  • Ukubeka : usasazo lwe-paid media kumabonwakude, kunomathotholo, kumaqonga amanani, kunye neebhodi zentengiso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izahlulo: ukwenziwa kobuso kumboniso phakathi kwabatshati, abasoloko benyuswa, bavumela abavoti ukuba bathelekise iindawo ngqo.
  • Grassroots ucwangciso: Imigudu yokuzithandela efana nokulayishwa kwelaphu leseyile elisemnyango, ukugcinwa kwemfonomfono, kunye needrayi zobhaliso lwevoti.
  • Izixhobo zokukhupha amanqaku kunye nokhupho lwamanani : izibhengezo ezijoliswe kwintengiso, amaphulo e-imeyili, kunye nokhuthazo olugunyazisayo.

Ukubonelela

Amaphulo angoku afuna inkxaso ephawulekayo. Imali ihlawula abasebenzi, izibhengezo, uhambo, kunye nokuvota. Ukukhusela impembelelo engafanelekanga ngabanikeli abafumileyo okanye izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwamisela imithetho yezemali efuna ukutyhilwa kweminikelo kunye nokuchithwa kwemiqathango. Umzekelo, U.S.unityl Evolution Commission[ ingumthetho onyanzelisa ukuba ngubani onokunikela nobungakanani. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwemiqathango yePPACs kunye namaqela amnyama yemali kuxhokonxa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngotshintsho.

Inkqubo Yokusasaza Izilwanyana: Ukusuka Kwindawo Engcolisekileyo Ukuya Kwibhokisi Yebhola

Ngosuku lonyulo (okanye ngexesha lokuvota kwasekuqaleni), abavoti ababhalisweyo baphosa amavoti abo. Esona senzo sovota siye satshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kodwa iindlela ezingundoqo zibekwe kwiindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo:

Ukudubula kwisikhululo sokubhija

Amajelo ahamba ukuya kwiindawo zokuvota ezimiselweyo ``Isikolo, iindawo zoluntu, okanye izakhiwo zikarhulumente' ezikhoyo. Bafumana ivoti yephepha (okanye basebenzisa ikhusi lombane) kwaye baphosa ivoti yabo kwidokodo yabucala. Iibhola zephepha zifakwa kwibhokisi evaliweyo okanye zivavanywe ngumfundi wendlela yokubona. Le ndlela ihlala iqhelekile kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuba ilula, ingqinelana, kwaye kunzima ukucutha kwisikali.

Ukuthunyelwa kweposi kunye nokukhutshwa kweposi

Abavoti abangakwaziyo ukuya ngokoqobo kwisikhululo sonyulo ngomhla wonyulo bangakhetha ukungabikho okanye ukuvota iposi. Bacela ivoti ngeposi, bayigqibelele ekhaya, baze bayibuyise ngenkonzo yeposi okanye ngebhokisi emiselweyo yokulahla. Uvotelo lweposi lwande kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba ayinyusi inkohliso xa ikhuselwa njengentsayino oluyinyaniso kunye nenkqubo yetsheyina yemixo ekhoyo.

Ukuyongeza Kwasekuqaleni

Ngoku imimandla emininzi ivula iindawo zokuvota ngexesha elithile ngaphambi kosuku lonyulo, ivumela abavoti ukuba baphose amavoti abo ngethuba elifanelekileyo.

Umbane nombane we-Internet

Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Estonia, aye amkela uvotelo lwe-intanethi, ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenzisa oomatshini bokuvota nge-elektroniki (ama-DRE) kwizitishi zokuvota. Iinkqubo ze-electronic zinganyusa isantya kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo ngokungagqibeki koshicilelo lwekhompyutha kunye nokuphicothwa kophicothwano. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali ezininzi zonyulo zixhasa i-voterrevertivezings trans (VPAT) ezivumela ukuba kusetyenziswe iibhola zomthambo.

Ukubala Imiboniso: Kuqinisekisa Ukunyaniseka Nengqibelelo

Xa uphando lusivalile, inkqubo yokubala amavoti iqala. Indlela yokwenziwa iyahluka-hluka ngolawulo, kodwa zonke kufuneka zilinganise isantya nokuchana. Indlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ubalo lwezandla : Amagosa okhetho (ngokufuthi asuka kumaqela amaninzi) athatha ibhola ephezulu ekhatywayo. Oku kukubonisa ixesha kodwa okugqithisileyo, ingakumbi kumacala amancinane.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Oomatshini bovavanyo olubonakalayo: iibhola ezincinane eziphepha zifakwa kwimibhobho yeskeni ezifunda amaqampu aphawuliweyo okanye ama-CPF. Umatshini wenza uthintelo, kwaye iibhola ngokwazo zigcinwe ukwenzela uphicotho-zincwadi okanye iingxelo.
  • Oomatshini be-electrecorting electronic (DRE) : Abavoti benza ukhetho kwikhusi lokuchukumisa okanye kujongano olufanayo, kwaye amavoti ashicilelwe ngombane. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi, iinkqubo ezinjalo zinokuba sengozini kakhulu kwiimpazamo okanye ziphazanyiswe.

Emva kokubala kokuqala, izithuba ezininzi ziqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho, apho isampuli yeebhola ithelekiswa ngesandla neziphumo zomatshini. Imiphicotho yoncedo lokufumana iimpazamo zenkqubo, umatshini ongasebenzi kakuhle, okanye ulawulo lwamabom. Ngokwe U.S. Commission Commission [, ibeka engozini umlinganiselo wophicotho lwee-windows kuba ngumsebenzi ongcono ehlabathini lonke.

Ukuvakalisa Imiphumo Neengxaki Zokucombulula

Emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukubala, amagosa onyulo avakalisa iziphumo. Le nkqubo idla ngokubakho ngamacandelo amabini:

  • iziphumo zokoqobo: Ikhululwe ngonyulo okanye kamsinya emva, isekelwe kwimisinga yokuqala. Ezi zisoloko zingaphelelanga, njenge posi → ibhola zomsonto kunye neevoloti ezilungiselelweyo azingecaciswe ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso esisiCheba: silandela zonke iivoti ezisemthethweni ````'' ukuquka ezo zisuka kuvoti phesheya kwelizwe kunye nezicelwe umngeni-lwandle) zibaliwe zaqinisekiswa. Isiqinisekiso singathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki, kuxhomekeke kulawulo.

Amabali Neentlanganiso

Ukuba umda woloyiso unciphile kakhulu (ngokufuthi uchazwa ngumthetho njengo-0.5% okanye amakhulu ambalwa amavoti), ubalo oluzenzekelayo okanye oluceliweyo lungathatha indawo. Iingxelo zingaba yincwadi yezandla okanye umatshini osekelweyo. Kwimeko ezinqabileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba basenokukhuphisana nonyulo enkundleni, ukungagqibeli, ukuqhatha, okanye iimpazamo. Iingxaki ezisemthethweni zingalibazisa ukuvota okugqibekileyo, kodwa zimiselwe iinkqubo ezithi zichazwe kwimithetho yonyulo.

Iintlobo Zonyulo: Ngaphezu nje Kokhetho Jikelele

Akuyonto ifanayo yonke unyulo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zisebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi:

  • Jikelele unyulo: Luhonjiswe rhoqo ngexesha lokuphumla (umz., iminyaka emibini, ine, okanye emihlanu) ukugcwalisa izihlalo kwimibutho yemithetho (njengeBhunga okanye iPalamente) okanye ii-ofisi zesebe (njengomongameli okanye irhuluneli). Le yiyona minyulo iphambili.
  • Ukhetho olubalulekileyo: lusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha abaza kukhetha nje unyulo. Ityala linokuvuleka (nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba), ivalwa (kuphela amalungu eqela), okanye azivalwe kancinci.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukhetho lwentelekelelo: ibizwe ukuzalisa isithuba esinokwenzeka phakathi kwesiqingatha sexesha (umz., ngenxa yokuyeka okanye ukufa) okanye ukugqiba umba othile (njengomlinganiselo weqhina).
  • [[NKQUBO:0] I-Referendems kunye ne-Ballot Initives: amavoti athe ngqo kumthetho okanye kutshintsho lwemithetho-siseko, kunokuba kungenelwe. Kwamanye amazwe, abemi bangabeka inyathelo kwibhola yokufaka izicelo ngokuhlanganisa, ukudlula indlu yowiso-mthetho.

Uhlobo ngalunye luquka imithetho eyahluke kancinane ngokuphathelele ubuchule bokuvota, inkxaso - mali yephulo, kunye noyilo lokuvota, kodwa zonke zilandela iinkqubo ezifanayo ezisisiseko zokubhalisa, ukuvota nokubala.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral: Indlela i Votes eziguqulela ngayo kwiiSeet

Indlela amavoti aguqulelwa ngayo kwigunya lezobupolitika ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yonyulo eyamkelweyo. Ezimbini eziqheleke kakhulu zezi:

IFOOD past̆thesia Post (FPTP)

Kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba yi-‘takes [“i-fPTP, i-bit à greall okanye ubuninzi, ukuvota, i-FP isetyenziswa kumazwe afana ne-United States, i-United Kingdom, kunye neKhanada. Abavoti bavotela omnye kumntu oza kubhatalwa kwisithili sabo, kwaye oza kuvota kakhulu uphumelele/nakuba ufumana intlupheko oluncinane kunabantu abaninzi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi i-FPTPP ikhokelele kwiziphumo ezingakho, njengoko amaqela anenkxaso ebanzi kodwa enzulu enokuthi azuze izihlalo ezincinci kuneeprovoti zabo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Phantsi kwenkqubo yePR, amaqela afumana izihlalo ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Umzekelo, iqela elamkela ama-30% evoti yesizwe liya kufumana malunga nama-30% ezihlalo. I-PR ixhaphakile kwimimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi yaseYurophu nelaseLatin America. Idla ngokuvelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinabantu abaninzi, oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo, kunye nomelo oluchane ngakumbi lweembono ezahlukeneyo.

Kukwakho neentlobo zemixube, ezifana nezi:

  • MEMber Proportionel: idibanisa ukhuphiswano lwesithili sasekuhlaleni nezihlalo eziphezulu ezilinganayo (ezisetyenziswa eJamani naseNew Zealand).
  • Ivoti yabo ikhutshwe kwinketho elandelayo. RCV iqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo bafumana inkxaso yoninzi kwaye basuse “isiphumo somxhasi. Uninzi lwezixeko.

Ukuqalisa Ukuphulaphula: Isizathu Sokuba Abanye Abantu Bangathandi

Kwanolonyulo lumiselwe kakuhle luye lwancitshiswa ngumvoti ophantsi. Kunyulo lwama-2020 lomongameli wase-U.S., kwafika ama-66%, ephawula inkulungwane ephezulu, kodwa kusekho omnye 933 wabavoti abafanelekileyo owahlala ekhaya. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokungangeni 76partipicip ziquka:

  • Imiqobo yokubhalisa: Njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla, iinkqubo zobhaliso olunzima okanye olungqongqo zingathintela abavoti.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala lenzala okanye ifuthe elibonakalayo: Abanye abemi bavakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lwabo alubalulekanga, ingakumbi kwisithili apho iqela elinye lilawula khona.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izithintelo zexesha: Usuku lokhetho lungawa ngomhla womsebenzi, kwaye abaqeshi abalivumeli ixesha lokuvota.
  • [[[NTL:0] I-Disenfranchise: Amaqela athile : anjenge ex histons kwamanye amazwe, abemi abangangeniyo, nabo babonwa bengenalwazi ngengqondo, bathintelwe ngokusemthethweni ekuvoteni.

Ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo olulawulwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi luye lwathabatha amanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuvota okunyanzelisayo, kuquka ukuvota (iAustralia, iBelgium), ukwenza umhla wonyulo ube yiholide yesizwe, nokukhula kwangethuba kunye nokuvota. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukunceda nokungena lula kuluncedo xa uthabatha inxaxheba.

Ukuqinisekisa Unqabiseko Lokhetho Nengqibelelo

Ukuthemba abantu kwiziphumo zonyulo kubalulekile ukuze abantu bazinze. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonwa ukuba abantu bayazi ukuba ikho into eyenzekayo kwikhompyutha, kwiinkcazelo ezichaphazelekayo, nakuphazamisana namazwe angaphandle.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha lephepha lephepha : Beka ingxelo yokoqobo enokuphindwa iphinde ichazwe.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amaqumrhu azimeleyo abaphathi bonyulo: iikhomishini ze-Non partisan ezongamela onke amaqondo enkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imithetho ye-ID yeVotier: Ngelixesha yenzelwe ukukhusela ukuzenzekela, ezi mazilungelelaniswe nxamnye nomngcipheko wokususa abavoti abasemthethweni.
  • I-PPPPP projects: uvavanyo lobustatistical oluqinisekisa ucoselelo lwamanani.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-obravity ngamaqela asekhaya namazwe ngamazwe: Iimodeli zingabona ukungalungelelani kunye neengxelo ezinika uluntu ulwakhiwo lokuthembana okanye ukuxhobisa izenzo zokulungisa.

Izibonelelo zokhetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka. Ukusetyenziswa kweblokhchain ekuvoteleni kwi-intanethi kuye kwacetyiswa kodwa kusenempikiswano ngenxa yokhuseleko olungalungiswanga kunye nocelomngeni lokusebenzisa imali. Ngokukhawuleza, ukuveliswa kwemali ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi bokuvota nokuhlaziya izixhobo zokuvota kuyinto ephambili koorhulumente abaninzi.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokufunda

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wonyulo ongeyonto nje yemfundo ephambili, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuze abe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ukusukela kwixesha lommi ubhalisa kwisiqinisekiso sokugqibela seziphumo, imicimbi nganye ephakamisa imigaqo yokumela ngenkululeko nangokulunga. Njengokuba iinkqubo zonyulo ziguquka ukuze zihlangabezane neengxaki ezintsha ```Atechnoloji, inani labemi, kunye nezobupolitika .[1] Imfuneko yokuba abemi abanolwazi iyaqina ngakumbi. Ngokwazi imithetho, iingozi, kunye nezinguqulo, ukuvota, inokuba nenxaxheba ngokuzithemba, igcine iinkampani zabo zinokuphendula, kwaye zincede inkqubo yedemokhrasi igcine idemokhrasi kwisizukulwana sexesha elizayo.