Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingunobumba wemithetho, oovimba, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezilawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla . ukusuka kumgangatho womoya kunye namanzi ukuya kufikelelo lwempilo nemfundo. Kodwa abemi abaninzi, abafundisi- ntsapho, kunye nabafundi bafumana inkqubo edalwe ngayo ukuba ibe mfiliba okanye ingabikho. Ukuqonda okucacileyo ngendlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke ekwenziwa ngayo inike amandla abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, nokuba ngovotelo, ngokukhuthaza okanye ngokulula ukuhlala benolwazi. Eli nqaku linika ukuwohloka okubanzi, iqonga lenkqubo yokuyila, ukuphembelela kwemikhosi ephembelelayo, kunye nemingeni engundoqo echaza iziphumo zayo.

Izinga Lenkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo ayifane ibe yeyokusebenza, kodwa abaphengululi baye baphuhlisa ucwangciso oluluncedo lweqonga: ucwangciso lwezicwangciso, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo, ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo, ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, kunye novavanyo lwenkqubo. Iqonga ngalinye libandakanya abadlali abahlukeneyo, iingongoma zesigqibo, kunye nemigaqo edityanisiweyo egqiba ukuba urhulumente ungenza ntoni na (okanye akakwenzi) malunga nomba othile.

Ucwangciso lwe Agenda

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda yinkqubo apho iingxaki ezithile zibonakala zifanelekile njengolawulo lukarhulumente. Asiyonto yonke inkcubeko yentlalo okanye yezoqoqosho eyenza iqwalaselwe ngokwendlela kawonke-wonke; ukhuphiswano lokuqwalasela luneendlobongela, kwaye kuphela ezo ngxaki zichaphazela uluntu, amaqela aphezulu, okanye amaziko angundoqo afumana igalelo.

  • Uluvo lwePublic kunye neengcangca zobuProfestil sprim -inkxalabo esasazekileyo, esoloko inyuswa ngemibhiyozo okanye izibongozo, isenokunyanzelisa imbambano kucwangciso lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, kunyaka ka-2018 umfundi ufakwe uMatshi kwiphulo leMis Life ebekwe imipu province province kumbindi wengxoxo yezopolitiki ye-U.
  • I-Media - Ijelo leendaba lingayibalaselisa ingxaki ngokunika ingxelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngemifanekiso enyanzelisayo, okanye ngoolindi bophengululo. Impembelelo yamajelo eendaba kwimiqathango ebhaliweyo yenkqubo ibhalwe kakuhle; cinga ngendlela umjikelo weeyure ezingama-2469 ze-opioid onyuse ngayo ingxaki okanye iinguqulelo zemozulu.
  • Owona mthombo weqela – Imibutho emela ushishino, umsebenzi, imekobume okanye ezinye izilangazelelo icinezela amagosa anyuliweyo ukucombulula inkxalabo ezithile. I-ofisi ye-[Melika ekwi-93] emileyo igcine inkqubo yamandla kucwangciso kamashumi eminyaka.
  • Iziganeko eziphazamisayo-kangoko, iziganeko eziphezulu ze-profile `ezinjengeentlekele zendalo, ukudubula kwabantu, okanye iintlekele zemali). Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008, umzekelo, yaqalisa igalelo lotshintsho lokulawula (umz., iDodd+Frank Act) eyayingagqitywa ngaphambili.

Ucwangciso lwe-agenda alwenzeki kwi-athom. Amandla anamandla, imithetho yowiso-mthetho (umz., ulawulo lwekomiti yequmrhu), kunye nempembelelo yemo yezulu yezopolitiko exhaphakileyo yonke ekhethwayo ukuze kuqwalaselwe nzulu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo womgaqo-nkqubo

Xa imbambano ikhusele indawo kucwangciso, abenzi benkqubo bathatha inyathelo lokuyila izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Eli qonga libandakanya ukuphanda ingxaki, ukuchonga ezinye iindlela zokufikelela, kunye nokuyila izicelo zekonkrithi. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangundoqo baquka:

  • Amaqumrhu eeGovernment – umsebenzi woomsebenzi woomatiloshe kunye nabamiselwe kwezopolitiko kumasebe olawulo oluphezulu basoloko bevelisa iindlela ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo ezineenkcukacha. Umzekelo, i-Agency yeSikhuseli-Mbindiswano seMbindi woMzantsi Afrika ihlahlela ixabiso le-75benefit (iii-ofisi ze-"i-"i-Agentellimenti yorhwebo) phambi kokubeka imigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho ophezulu.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abaququzeleli kunye nabasebenzi babo – Amalungu eBhunga okanye ipalamente asebenza ngenkxaso yekomiti kwityala lobugcisa, ngokufuthi emva kokuba netyala elithe lacela ubungqina.
  • iitanki zokucinga kunye nemibutho yophando – Amaqela anjenge Brookings Institution okanye i RAND Corporation ivelisa uhlaziyo olungqongqo olubumba imenu yokhetho olukhoyo kubenzi benkqubo.
  • Amaqela akhuthaza ubugcisa kunye namaqumrhu oshishino – Aba badlali bacebisa izisombululo ezikhethiweyo, maxa wambi bewabeka “njengomthetho wemodeli” onokuthi uqaliswe ngabenzi bomthetho abanemfesane.

Ukwenziwa kweprojekthi kuyinto engaqhelekanga ngokwemvelo. Izicelo ezahlukeneyo ziyaxutyushwa, zihlaziywe, zidityaniswe rhoqo. Injongo kukuvelisa inkqubo esebenzayo enokutsala inkxaso eyaneleyo ukuze idlule kwiqonga lokufumana umntwana womnye umntu. Ukuvelisa ingeniso, izifundo zomqhubi, kunye nokuthelekisa imigaqo-nkqubo esetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo idla ngokuzisa inkqubo.

Ulwandiso loMgaqo-nkqubo

Ukumkelwa komgaqo-nkqubo lixesha xa inkqubo ecetyisiweyo ifumana imvume esemthethweni kwiqumrhu elilawulayo. Le nkqubo iyahluka ngokwenkqubo yezobupolitika nangomgangatho karhulumente:

  • Ivoti ezivoti zomnyaka - Kuninzi lwedemokhrasi, indlela ephambili yokumka nomnye umntu ngumthetho wolawulo-siseko odluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye ityikitywe ngumphathi onegunya. Iinkqubo ze-Bimameral (umz., iBhunga loMbutho wase-U.S., iPalamente ye-UK) ifuna imvume kuzo zombini amagumbi, ukongeza ii-chekezo kunye namathuba okulungisa.
  • Imiyalelo ephumezekayo-Oomongameli, iirhuluneli, kunye noosodolophu bangangena buqu bamkele iinkqubo ezithile ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, ingakumbi kwimimandla yolawulo. Umongameli Obama’s Defected Action for Documentals (DACA) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo.
  • Ireferendium kunye nedemokhrasi ethe ngqo – Kwamanye amazwe, abemi bangavota ngqo kwisicelo somgaqo-nkqubo. Iprojekthi yeKhalifoniya 13 (1978) kunye nemithetho yeSwitzerland ebonisa indlela ukufumana umntwana ngokungqalileyo okunokuwuthintela ngayo ummeli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwenza ulawulo olulawulayo – Iinkqubo ezigunya elinikezelweyo zingakhupha imimiselo ebophelelayo efumana ngokunempumelelo inkqubo. Imithetho yeKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loMgaqo-siseko wobundilele ye-Athom ye-Athom ye-Advince yeKhomishini ye-Afterl ingumzekelo.

Ukungakhuliswa kwabantwana abatsha kunqabile ukubonakalisa izicelo zokuqala ezingakhange zifunyanwe. Ukunyathela, ukuyekelela nokuqengqeleka kuxhaphakile. Inkqubo ephuma kwisigaba sokufumana umntwana womntwana isenokuba buthathaka okanye inamandla kunaleyo yayicetyiwe ekuqaleni, kuxhomekeke kulungelelwano lwemikhosi yezobupolitika.

Ukuhlawulwa kwenkqubo

Xa ifunyenwe, inkqubo kufuneka isetyenziswe, ngezantsi ke eyona intsonkothileyo nengaphantsi kwenqanaba. Ukwenziwa kweliso kubandakanya ukuguqulela umbhalo wowiso-mthetho okanye imiyalelo yabalawuli kwisenzo somhlaba. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imithetho enenkcukacha[ – imithetho isoloko ivulekile; amaziko kufuneka anikezele imithetho ethile ecacisa iimfuno, iinkqubo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungelelanisa.
  • [ izibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo – Iibhanki zoHlahlelo kufuneka zimiselwe, abasebenzi baqeshwe okanye baphinde banikwe umsebenzi, kunye nezibonelelo ezakhiwe okanye ezabelwe injongo. UMthetho we-Affordicustout Care Act wathintelwa yimali encinane yesixokelelwano se-IT.
  • Ukuqeqesha abasebenzi – Abasebenzi base Frontproline(ulawulo, abafundisi-masipala, abahloli bempilo, ababuthi berhafu] kufuneka baqonde iinkqubo ezintsha kunye nezikhuthazo.
  • Ukumiselwa kwemithetho elawulayo ngaphaya kolawulo oluphezulu – imigaqo emininzi ifuna ukuthatha inyathelo ngomyinge woorhulumente okanye amaqumrhu amaninzi, nto leyo ekhokelela kucelomngeni lokusebenzisana. Ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yemfundo karhulumente (UMfundiswa ngamnye Wempumelelo) kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumagunya karhulumente nakumagunya emfundo asekuhlaleni.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kungathotyelwa phantsi yinkcubeko yabaphathi-mikhosi, ukunqongophala kwemali, ukuchaswa kwezobupolitika, okanye ukuntsonkotha okupheleleyo. Ingcamango “yokugqibelela isithuba” ichaza umgama phakathi kwento ethenjiswe yinkqubo noko ikuthembisayo.

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Isigaba sokugqibela sihlola enoba inkqubo iphumeze iinjongo zayo kwaye ixabisa malini. Uhlolo lungaqhutywa ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokungacwangciswanga, luqhutywa ngababali-ngxelo bakarhulumente, abaphandi abazimeleyo, okanye imibutho yezobugcisa. Iindlela ziquka:

  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi olunentsingiselo – ukulinganisa izibonisi ezifana namaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho, umlinganiselo wovavanyo, iziphumo zempilo, okanye ii-metric zemeko-bume phambi nasemva kotshintsho lwenkqubo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intsingiselo equkunjelweyo – udliwano-ndlebe, amaqela agxininisayo, kunye nokuchongwa kwasekuhlaleni kunika ingqiqo ngendlela inkqubo echaphazelekayo efunyanwa ngayo ngabo bachaphazelekayo.
  • Izifundo zokwahlula-hlula – ukuthelekisa iziphumo ngaphaya kwemithetho okanye ixesha elininzi kuyanceda ekukhetheni impembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo.
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Uhlalutyo lweCostÍbenefit – uphicotho-zincwadi oluqhelekileyo (umz., yi-ofisi yoManga yoRhulumente wase-U.S.) lulinganisa iindleko zemali zomgaqo nxamnye neengenelo zawo.

Uvavanyo lubuyisela umva kumjikelo wenkqubo. Ukuba inkqubo ifunyenwe ingasebenzi, ingapheliswa, iphinde ilungiswe, okanye ibekwe endaweni yayo (ukukhokela kumjikelo omtsha wocwangciso lwecebo kunye nolwakhiwo. Umzekelo, utshintsho lwentlalo-ntle kwiminyaka yo-1990 lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu luhlolisiso lweenkqubo zemali zangaphambili.

Obona Bathunywashe Baphambili Abaphembelela Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo zilawule ezinye.

Ingcamango Yezobupolitika Nokwahlukana

Inzululwazi ngezakhono inika ilens apho abenzi benkqubo bajonga iingxaki nezisombululo. IiNkcubeko zithanda ukuxhasa iindlela ezisekelwe kwintengiso, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, kunye noxanduva lomntu ngamnye, ngelixesha zinika inkululeko yokuxhasa ungenelelo lukarhulumente, ulawulo, kunye nelungiselelo elidibeneyo. Imeko-ntle-ntle-ntle-ntle yamalungu oluntu. Ngokukhethekileyo eUnited States/inkulukazi ebhengezwayo ukugcinwa komzinzo othe ngqo kwaye ithintela ukubekwa kwemiqathango yemozulu. Ingxoxo emalunga nenkqubo yemozulu ibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela imbono eyahlula ngayo uluhlu lwezinto ezinokukhethwa kuzo.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho kunye nokungalungelelani

Ukukhula kwezoqoqosho okanye ukudodobala koqoqosho kuchaphazela ngqo oko oorhulumente banokukwenza noko baza kukwenza. Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, abachazi-nkqubo basenokumisela intshukumisa yokusetyenziswa kwemali okanye iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa; iimeko zokungaqeshwa komsebenzi zinganyanzelisa ukuncitshiswa kweenkqubo zoluntu. Umgangatho wamatyala noxanduva lwentlawulo lunyanzelekile: urhulumente onendawo elinganiselweyo asenokungakwazi ukuxhasa inkqubo entsha, kwanokuba ikho kwezobupolitika.

Ibutho Loluntu Nembono Yabantu

Imibutho elungelelanisiweyo yoluntu ingaguqula intetho kawonke-wonke kunye nengcinezelo enyuliweyo yamagosa. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wemekobume, kunye nemithetho yakutshanje e-Black Lives Matter kunye # I-MeToo ithe yonke iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke, njengoko lulinganiswa luthelekiswa nophando, lukwasebenza njengesinyanzelo: imigaqo echasene ngamandla neembono zoninzi ayinakuthathwa okanye ixhaswe.

Iziganeko Neengcinezelo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Iimfazwe, iindyikitya zokufa, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zingayidlula imibandela yasekhaya. Indyikitya yokufa ye-COVID 16) inyanzelisa oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke ukuba bamkele imiqathango yempilo yongxamiseko, iimpahla zoncedo lwezoqoqosho, kunye namaqhinga okufumana imithi yokugonya izilwanyana ebengacinywa ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano ezifana ne-Paris Climate Scereamentss zibophelela kwiinkqumfa ezithile, zibophelele izigqibo zesizwe kwimiqathango yehlabathi jikelele.

Indima yabaxhasi kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yenziwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo kuphela; abadlali abaninzi — ngaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente — abanabantu abatshayelelayo.

Abasebenzi bakaRhulumente

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abaququzeleli kunye nabasebenzi babo – Bazisa amatyala, ukuxokelelwa, kunye nokuqhelisela ulawulo.
  • Amaziko esebe asebenzayo – Bacebisa imimiselo, ukuzalisekisa imithetho, kunye nokunika ubuchule.
  • [ Ityala – uhlolo lwezomthetho lungaphelisa okanye luphakamise imigaqo, njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yenzayo ngeenxenye zoMthetho wokuLala okuNgalawulekiyo kunye nokuqhomfa
  • Amaqumrhu akwiziko loburhulumente – Kwinkqubo zorhulumente, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bezama iinkqubo eziye zazisa umsebenzi wesizwe (umz., umgangatho wekharbon .enkqubo).

AbaLawuli beQumrhu

  • Amaqela angenisayo kunye nabangenisi-zikhuseli melo [ – Banikezela ngobuchule, imiba yesakhelo, kunye nephulo lezicelo okanye ngokuchasene nezindululo. Ugcino-lwazi lwemali lweCandelo lubonisa ukuba iindleko zabo zineziphumo ezinokuqhubekeka kwiziphumo zemithetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amatanki okucinga kunye nabaphandi bemfundo – Banikela ubungqina neengcamango ezibumba oko kubalulekileyo njengoqheliselo olufanelekileyo okanye olungcono.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imedia – ngokukhetha, ukufunxa, nokuphinda-phinda amabali, iimpembelelo zokushicilela ezicinezela uwonke-wonke zigqalwa njengezibalulekileyo (amandla acwangcisayo).
  • uwonke-wonke – Voters, abaxhasi, kunye nemibutho yengca ezincinci ezingenisa ingcinezelo ngonyulo, ukuqhatha, kunye nonxibelelwano olungqalileyo.

Ucelomngeni Nezindululo Zomgaqo-nkqubo

Ngelixesha iqonga 93modeli liluncedo, inkqubo yehlabathi yokwenene idla ngokungalawuleki, icotha, kwaye ityekele ekusileleni. Ucelomngeni oluninzi oluzingisileyo lufuna ingqalelo.

IMida yeNkcubeko yeSebe

Kwanemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela ekuzalisekisweni. Abasebenzi bomsebenzi bangaluxhathisa utshintsho oluphazamisa inkqubo emiselweyo. Uqeqesho olungonelanga, ukhokelo olucacileyo, kunye nemiyalelo ephikisanayo evela kwiqumrhu lobuveleli ezahlukahlukeneyo ingakhokelela ekubulaweni okungangqinelaniyo okanye okungaphumeleliyo. Umzekelo, utshintsho lwemfundo oluninzi luvelise iziphumo ezidanisayo kungengenxa yokuba iingcamango zaziphosakele, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukuphunyezwa kwazo kwakungaguquguquki kwimimandla yamawaka yesikolo.

Impembelelo Yemali Nokuphanga

Impembelelo ephangaleleyo yamaqela enzala entle entle kakhulu qha kwimibutho yezemali yephulo evumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali okungenasiphelo okunenkxalabo epheleleyo . Abahlalutyi bathi iinkqubo zisoloko zixhasa abanikeli abazizityebi nabangaphakathi kwezoshishino kuluntu ngokubanzi. Uphando lwesazinzulu sezobupolitika uMartin Gillens lubonise ukuba amaqela aphezulu kwezoqoqosho namaqela alungelelanisiweyo anomdla anempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwinkqubo yenkqubo ye-U.S.

Ukungondleki komgaqo-nkqubo nemiphumo engacwangciswanga

Imithetho yezopolitiko idala eyayo imiqathango yezopolitiko. Iinkqubo ezinceda ii-contitueciations ezinkulu (umz., uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare) ziba nzima ngokwezobupolitika ukunqanda, kwanaxa ubungqina bucebisa ukuba kufuneka utshintsho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigaqo-nkqubo ingenza iziphumo ezingalindelekanga: inkxaso-mali yengqolowa ekhutshwayo; imfuno-ntlalo-ntle isenokuba isenokuba yandisa ubuhlwempu kwamanye amaqela. Ukuvavanywa nokulawulwa kwezonyango kuyimfuneko, kodwa imijikelezo yezobupolitika isoloko yenza ukufunda ixesha elide

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke owenziwa ngayo . "kusukela ekuqwalaselweni kokuqala kwengxaki ukuya kuhlolo lokugqibela lweziphumo"demand ingqalelo kwinkqubo, umongo, kunye namandla. Isiseko sesejini sesihlanu sinika indlela yokuqwalasela isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo ziphumelele ngexesha abanye bebandezelekile. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo kukuqonda iindima zengqiqo, izoqoqosho, imibutho yentlalo, kunye neziganeko zomhlaba ekulungiseni oko kunokwenzeka. Kubahlohlisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi ababandakanyekileyo, olu lwaziyo olu asisolwazi nje olunemfundo: sisixhobo sokuthatha inxaxheba kwezenteleko ephambili yezenteleko, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, ukuvavanywa, ukuvavanywa, ukusetyenziswa, abantu ngabanye, ukuqhuba kakuhle inkqubo yentlalo, igcina abameli babo benobungqina obunetyala, kwaye ibonelela kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuhlaziywa ngokubhekele phaya komxholo, qwalasela ukufunda U.S. ushwankathelo lukarhulumente lokwenza umthetho wequmrhu , iBrookings commentation’s Institution's uphando lwenkqubo ye[, okanye iGoverment Accounting Office’s Office ireces akhawunti ye-akhawunti ye-akhawunti ye-akhawunti ye-akhawunti yengxelo[.