Isiseko Somelo Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Umelo lusityalo solawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla, olusebenza njengendlela apho abantu abahlukeneyo baguqulela izilangazelelo zabo, amaxabiso, kunye neemfuno ekwenzeni izigqibo ezidibeneyo. Embilinini yayo, imela ibhulorho yesithuba phakathi kwabalawuli nabo balawulayo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zibonakalisa ukuthanda kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu kunokukhetha abaphezulu abancinane. Abalandeli bezobupolitika abafana noHanna Pitkin baye benza umelo kwimilinganiso emininzi: umgaqo ongqongqo (ugunyazo olusemthethweni noxanduva), ingcaciso (umlinganiselo abameli abanawo neempakatho kunye nezibo ezichaphazelayo phakathi kwabameli kunye nabemi), kunye neenkqubo ezidibeneyo (iziphumo zokwenene zeqela elimelelwe). Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi zizinto ezimele ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-amasuntsciantss , ubuchule obudiant.

Ukuqhelisa, ukumela kusebenza ngokudityaniswa kwemimiselo yobuchule bokuyila, imida yesithili, kunye neenkqubo zemithetho-siseko (* kunye nokuququzelela amaqela akwimeko entle. Xa umelo lukhuthaza ukuthenjwa kwezobupolitika, lukhuthaza ukuthelekisa kwezentlalo-ntle, kwaye luvelisa izigqibo ezithe zanentsingiselo nezomelele ngakumbi. Ngokuchasene noko, xa umelo, ingingqi yonke ingakwazi ukushiywa lilizwi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo ezityeshela iimfuno ezibalulekileyo nokungalingani okunzulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela, imingeni, imingeni, kunye nobuchule bokumela, ukuxhobisa abafundi ngokuqonda okucacileyo indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uhlala ngayo kwitafile.

Ukubaluleka Komelo

Umelo lwemicimbi kuba lulolonga ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bedemokhrasi kunye nokulingana kweziphumo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba imibutho eyahlukeneyo eyenza izigqibo ivelisa iinkqubo ezinceda abantu abapheleleyo. Umzekelo, uphando lweNgqungquthela ye-U.S. lubonisa ukuba abafazi abamisela imithetho kwaye badlulise amatyala ajolise kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nentlalo-ntle yentsapho ethelekiswa namadoda. Ngokufanayo, amagosa aphezulu ahlukeneyo kumaqela amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo esizwe namaqela avelisa iimfuno zolwahlulo olungcono njengotshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufuduka, kunye nokufikelela kolwimi. Oku [[FLT:]] kuphumela kwiziphumo eziphambili zempilo, imfundo, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle, akuveli nje kuba abameli abanolwabelana amavane neembono amaqela ahlukeneyo kodwa namaqela aphuculyo ulwazi olulungeleneyo.

Amandla Ngelizwi

Umelo lunika amandla abantu kunye noluntu ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amava abo nezilangazelelo zifanelekile yaye zifanelekile ukuqwalaselwa. Xa abantu bezibona bebonakaliswa kurhulumente . "Ngokubhekiselele kwibhunga lasekuhlaleni elithetha ulwimi lwabo okanye ngommisi-mthetho osuka kwimvelaphi efanayo yezoqoqosho" banokukholelwa ukuba inkqubo ingaphendula kwinkxalabo yabo. Le mvakalelo yokusebenza kwezobupolitika ibangela ukuba abantu babe nenxaxheba kakhulu kunyulo, kwiindlebe zikawonke wonke, nakwimibutho yezentlalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukusetyenziswa kwebhunga phantsi kombutho okhoyo kungakhokelela ekuchasazukisweni kwezobupolitika, ekunyusweni, ekuphelisweni, nasekungathembani amaziko edemodemokhrasi.

Ukuhambelana neziphumo zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Umzekelo, ukwanda kwe-inshorensi yempilo phantsi koMthetho wesiCwangciso-mali soNyaka wabemi obesele ukwenziwa kwenkqubo. Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwempumelelo, iinkqubo zidla ngokubonakalisa ezona zinto ziphambili zezona zinamandla nezityebileyo, zishiya abantu abaphantsi kwenkonzo engaphantsi kwenkonzo. Umzekelo, ulwandiso lwe-inshorensi yempilo phantsi koMthetho weCala leeNdlela eziBalulekileyo: unceda ukunikezela ngoovimba bemali abakhutshwe ngokwembali besuka kwiinjongo zomqeqeshi-msho-m-mrhu, qhaphu, ukuhla kwempilo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Umelo ludala umgca ocacileyo wokuziphendulela. Amagosa aphenjelelwayo kufuneka aphendule kwiimeko zawo ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo, ngombutho kawonke-wonke, nangokuhlola ijelo-ndaba. Oku kuphendula kubangela ukuba kubekho ukubonakala okucacileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo, njengoko abameli beshukunyiselwa ukuchaza amavoti abo nokuthethelela izenzo zabo. Xa abameli besebenza, abavoti banokuvuza isimilo sokusabela kunye nokuvumela ukutyeshelwa okanye ukunganyaniseki. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iinkqubo zokhetho zikhohliswa okanye xa zicinezela ulawulo lugqwetha uvotiso olugqwetha, ukuphembelela. Ukuqinisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi komvoti kunye nabameli kuyimfuneko ukugcina ukuphendula kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Iintlobo zomelo

Kukho umelo lweefomu ezininzi, nganye idlala indima eyahlukileyo ekudibaniseni abemi noorhulumente bayo. Ukuqonda ezintlobo kunceda kucace isizathu sokuba amanye amaqela abekho kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho kodwa angekaphenjelelwa, ngoxa amanye efumana utshintsho olunentsingiselo nangaphandle kwesipili esigqibeleleyo sabemi bawo.

Umelo Lwezobupolitika

Umelo lwezobupolitika lubhekisela ekunyulweni kwabantu abakwizikhundla zowiso-mthetho, zolawulo oluphezulu, okanye zomthetho apho baxhasa ngokusemthethweni abameli babo. Iinkqubo ze-Elector zongamela ngokuphawulekayo umelo lwezopolitiko. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zolwahlulo lomelo zidla ngokuvelisa iipalamente ezingqinelana ngokusondele ngakumbi nobufana bobufana nobufana, kanti iinkqubo zokuphumelela ezikhoyo zinokususa amazwi amancinane. Amazwe afana neNew Zealand neSweden athathe iinkqubo zolwamlinganiso oludityanisiweyo ukuphuhlisa umelo. Ngaphezu koonoomatilite, umelo lwezobupolitika lukwaqhubeka ngemizimba emiselweyo, iikomiti zenkonzo zoluntu ezibonisa uluntu ezisebenza kuzo.

Umelo loluntu

Umelo lwentlalo ludlulela ngaphaya kolawulo lorhulumente ukuququzelela ukubandakanya iziphumo ezithe zaququzelelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinqamlezileyo. Oku kuquka iibhodi zezentlangano, abalawuli baseyunivesithi, ukhokelo olungangeni ngeniso, kunye nobunikazi bezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Xa umelo lwentlalo lobume boluntu luvunyiwe, iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ukuvunywa, ukuvalwa, kunye nolwaneliseko lwendalo . /ukuqulunqisa iziphumo ezithe zalinganayo kwaye zifikeleleka ngokwenkcubeko. Umzekelo, uphando lubonise ukuba iinkampani ezineentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zezantlukwano eziphuma kwiibhodi zazo ngemali elinganayo. Ngokufanayo, amagumbi endaba abonisa ukuchanabelana intlalo noqoqo ababukeli babo.

Umelo lwenkcubeko

Umelo lwenkcubeko luqinisekisa ukuba i-Mbali, imbali, iilwimi, nezithethe zazo zonke iilwimi ziyanconywa kwaye ziyaxatyiswa kwintetho yesidlangalala. Oku kuquka ukufuziselwa kokuzonwabisa, uncwadi, iimyuziyam, kunye nemfundo yesikolo. Xa imelo lwenkcubeko lulungelelanisiwe, lulwa nolukhuthaza ukuqondwa, kwaye luqinisekisa isidima sabantu abambalwa. Ngokuchasene noko, ukukhuselwa okanye ukugqwethwa kwezithethe kunokubangela ukuba ulwimi luvuselelwe, njengokunyanzelwa kokulondolozwa kolwimi eMntla Merika naseNew Zealand, kubonisa indlela umelo lwenkcubeko oluxhasa ngayo abantu kunye nokuphuculwa kwebutho labantu liphela.

Ucelomngeni Lokumela Umfanekiso Onempumelelo

Nangona kubaluleke kakhulu ukumela, imiqobo emininzi ithintela ukuba ifezeke ngokupheleleyo. Le mingeni isoloko isekelwe ngokunzulu kwizakhiwo zezakhiwo, kwimicimbi yembali, nakwimikhosi yamandla yanamhlanje. Ukuqonda kuyimfuneko ekulungiseni izicombululo eziphumelelayo.

Izithintelo Zenkqubo

Imiqobo esetyenziswayo iquka imithetho, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nezenzo zombutho ezingangeni nxaxheba okanye impembelelo ngokungalinganiswanga ngamaqela athile. Umzekelo, imithetho yokuvota, imiqathango engqongqo yokubhalisa, kunye nokudibanisa ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu ngemibala, abantu abangenayo, nabavoti-nxaxheba abancinane. Iinkqubo zemali zezemali ezixhomekeke kakhulu kubanikeli abatyebileyo abanobugxwayiba nazo zingagqwetha umelo, njengokuba amagosa anyuliweyo enokuthi aphucule izilangazelelo zabantu abakhulu abanikela ngemisebenzi yabo ebanzi. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi yesithili efana ne-gerrymannerder kwilocking jainss eziluncedo zezobupolitika, ikhubaza amavoti amaqela aphambili, ikhubaza amavoti abambalwa.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Uxinzelelo lweVoter luquka uludwe lwemichiza − i-legal kunye ne-oplegal . enciphisa umvoti phakathi kwabemi abajoliswe ekujoliswe kubo. Ezi ziquka ukunciphisa iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane, ukukhupha iirolorho, kufuna iintlobo ezithile ze-ID ezingento iqhelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela athile, kunye nokusasaza iimpazamo ezingenkqubo zokuvota. Ngokwe Brennan Center yeJaji, phakathi ko-2018 no-U.S. i-asethi yahlula amakhulu emithetho yokuvota. Isiphumo sisebenza: uphando lubonisa ukuba imithetho enjalo iphembelela, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abanombala, i-okleksigrac, abamhlophe, nabagcuphili.

Ukungalumki Nemfundo Yesityalo

Abantu abaninzi abayazi indlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika okanye indlela yokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngaphaya konyulo ngamathuba athile. Imfundo ye-COVIC iye yancipha kwiinkqubo ezininzi zesikolo, ishiya abemi bengenalwazi olufunekayo lokulawula imicimbi entsonkothileyo efana nokulungisa izakhiwo, iikhalenda zowiso-mthetho, kunye namaxesha okuphendula abantu. Oku kungadityaniswa ngemiqobo yolwimi, ukufikelela komgaqo-mvume, okanye ukungathembana korhulumente. Ngaphandle kolwazi kunye nokungaqiniseki kwabemi, kwaneenkqubo zabameli abamiselwe kakuhle, zinokusilela ngenxa yokuba abantu abakwazi ukuva amazwi abo.

Ubuchule bokudlulisela umelo

Ukoyisa le mingeni kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngabom kumanqanaba amaninzi,(institutial,culture, kunye nomntu ngamnye). Ngasezantsi ziingcelo ezivunyiweyo ezinokuqinisa ukumela nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi aqukiwe.

Iphulo lemfundo nelokulumkisa

Ukuveliswa kwemfundo yoluntu kunye nokuphaphela uluntu kunceda ukuphelisa iinkqubo zezobupolitika nokunika abantu amandla okubandakanyeka. Oku kunokuquka isikolo esifundisa indlela isiko lomthetho eliba ngumthetho ngayo, indlela yokufanisa abameli bakabani, nendlela yokuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Iintlangano zoluntu ezifana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala nolungelulo-paratis zinceda amaqela asezantsi anjengo [[FLT:] iVote[ iqhuba izicelo zobhaliso kunye neenkampani zenkcazelo. Izixhobo zezetejini ezisebenza njengemidali ekuvuleni imida yemida kunye nemida evulekileyo yabameli abameli abagwebi.

Uyilo lwenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo oluqulunqiweyo

Imithetho-mthetho kufuneka yenzelwe ukukhuthaza umelo. Oku kuquka ukwamkela iinkqubo zokuvota ezilungelelanisiweyo okanye ezijongelwe phambili ezikwenza kube lula ukuzuza iimbono ezincinane ukuze zifumane izihlalo. Oomasipala abaninzi baye benza uvotelo oluqingqiweyo ukuze banciphise isiphumo somonakalo kwaye bakhuthaze ababhenelayo ababhenela kwimibutho ebanzi. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo ezifana neendawo zokuhlala zeelwimi zolwimi (zizifake izithuba kunye nokuva kwiilwimi ezininzi), iphulo lenkxaso yemali (ezifana ne-dolonke elincinane), kwaye ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lunganciphisa umgangatho wokudlala umhlaba. [[FLT.:0] iZizwe ezimanyeneyo zinyusele kwiinkqubo zonyulo olupheleleyo njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukubandakanyeka koLuntu noNkxaso

I-Grassroots iintshukumo kunye nemibutho yoluntu idla ngokuba yeyona mpumelelo kwizithuthi ezisetyenziswa phantsi kwamazwi. Ngokwakha ukuthembana, ukuqeqesha iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuhlanganisa izikhululo ukuba zingene kwiiholo zedolophu, zingqinelana, zilungelelanise kwimibandela ethile, la maqela angawanyanzela ukuba aphendule ngakumbi. Imizekelo ephumelelayo iquka iNgqungquthela ye- yeSikolo saMalithoba [ii-Onkelty [[, elungelelanise ukubonelela ukuvolwa, ukungenelela amalungelo okuvota, nokuthathiswa kobalo, kunye nombutho wokulawula okusesikweni okuzinzileyo ekwakunyuse izikhalo zongcoliso zongcoliso longcoliso. Kwandiswana ukuhla kweminyelele iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali, apho abemi bemi baseburhulumente bagqibele ukulungiselela ukulungiselela i-ogratoogracracracrac, i-Brazil, i-Brazil, i-Brazil, i-Brazil.

Ufundo lwetyala lomelo olunempumelelo

Uhlolisiso lwembali nolwexesha lethu lubonisa imiqobo kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka zokulawula. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibonisa indlela ubuchule obuqhubekayo nokutshintsha kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo okunokukhokelela ngayo kwimiphumo elinganayo.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi (United States)

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu base-Afrika eMerika phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngumzekelo wendlela i-Voting Rights Act of the 1965 ekwayilwa ngayo iimvavanyo zomthetho, kunye nongenelelo lwamazwe omthetho, lungandisa ukumamela. Ngokwamahlalwa kwemida, ukuhambelana, kunye namadabi enkundla, abaxhasi barhoxa uJim Crow ababebalula imithetho ekwakungangeni abemi abantsundu ekuvoti naseofisini yezopolitiko. Isigqibo seSigqibo samaLungu sika-196 sonyaka se-196 seye yaziphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, nto leyo engazange iphinde ikhutshwe ngokusisigxina. Kodwa ukulwa kwenkundla yabaBlam-Blabhulack kwimigangatho yonke karhulumente kuyaqhubeka: iNkulwano yeNkundla ePhaka ka-201379 ye-1920.

Iqela Lamabhinqa Elinesandi (Ihlabathi Lonke)

Ukusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa kumele enye yezona ndawo ziguquliweyo zolwandiso lwembali. Ukuqalisa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1919, amabhanki ehlabathini lonke akhutshwa ngezicelo, izikhalazo, nokungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi. INew Zealand yaba lelokuqala ukunika amabhinqa ivoti yesizwe ngo1893; iUnited States yalandela ngokuhambelana noMvumelwano we 19 weSindululo sovoteko ngo-1920. Ngaphandle koko, uququzelo olunyanzelelwe amaqela nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zisebenze nakwiimbambano ezisuka kumalungelo empahla ukuya kwimpilo yokuzala. Namhlanje, amazwe anjengeRwanda aye afikelela kwimilinganiselo ekufuphi kwikhomputha yogcino-mthetho-mthetho-siseko ngo-1993; i-United States yalandela ngokuhambelana komgalelo lweziko lwezopolitina, ibonisa ukuba ukuguquka okucacileyo kwemilinganiselo ecacileyo.

Izizwe ezifumana amalungelo eemveli (Global)

Kudala abantu belizwe lalapha belwela ukuqwalaselwa nokufakwa kwizigqibo ezichaphazela amazwe abo, izithethe, kunye neekamva. EKhanada, iKhomishini yeNyaniso neyokuVumelana ibalasele iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo zezikolo zokuhlala kwaye ifuna ukumela i-Inditionale ngokunentsingiselo ekulawuleni. UmGaqo-siseko waseBolivia ngo-2009 wavuma ilizwe njengelizwe elinobuzwekazi, ukuqinisekisa izihlalo zelizwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zobuphicoshela-lwazi. E-Ostreliya, iUlure Palation ephuma kwintliziyo (2017) yabiza iPlamente yaMazwe Okuqala Ukusetyenziswa kweGama I-Grine I-Grine kuxwebhu lokuseka. Le ntshukumo ibonisa ukuba ukuvelisa umelo lwenyani kufune utshintsho olusoloko kusenziwa kwizakhiwo.

Isiphelo

Umelo asilophawu olumileyo lwedemokhrasi; yinkqubo esebenzayo emele ikhuselwe, ikhuselwe, ilungiswe. Iinkqubo zokumela i-(umgamsheli-majoni), ukuganana, ukukhusela okusemthethweni/zizixhobo ezinokukwandisa okanye zithule, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Ibutho labantu elizimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unelizwi kufuneka athethe ngemiqobo, afake imfundo yequmrhu, amkele imigaqo edityanisiweyo, axhase imibutho yotyaniwa engokwaseluhlaza, amaziko otyaniwayo anokubekwa esweni. Uphando lwamalungelo e-Rovini, i-ssuffnge, kunye namalungelo e-IOOOOOL isikhumbuza ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka, kodwa kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo. Wonke umntu ngamnye uthe faka isiphakaliso kumsebenzi wakhe ngokufundiswa, ukuvota, ukuva, ukuva nokuphulaphula kwawo, kuba sinegalelo ngamandla ngenxa yokuba sidiyo.