Ziza kulawula njani oorhulumente kwizigidi zabantu? Impendulo ayilula. Amandla anokuvela kumgaqo-siseko, kwimvume yabalawulwa, kwisithethe, okanye kwanakumphandle wompu. Ukuqonda ezi ziseko kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhubana nezopolitiko, iinkokeli zigcina ityala, okanye nje nje zisazi isizathu sokuba umthetho unegunya. Eli nqaku lihlola imithombo, iingcamango, kunye nentlobo zamandla karhulumente, kwaye licacisa isizathu sokuba kumele ukuba kubekho imicimbi esemthethweni kubo bonke abalawuli nabemi.

Umthombo Wamandla Karhulumente

Oorhulumente abaqhayiyanga, igunya labo lisekelwe kwiziseko ezithile, ngokufuthi lingumxube wezinto ezingokwasemthethweni, ezingokwembali nezingokwentlalo.

Igunya lomGaqo-siseko

Kumaphondo anamhlanje, owona mthombo ubonakalayo wamandla ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo okanye ongabhalwanga. Lo mgaqo-siseko umisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente, usasaza amagunya phakathi kwamasebe, kwaye umisela imida koko urhulumente anokukwenza. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U. unika iBhunga igunya lokuhlawula irhafu nokubhengeza imfazwe, ngelinye ixesha ugcinela amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye abantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko unika ukuxelwa nokuzinza; abemi namagosa ngokufanayo bayayazi imithetho yomdlalo. Umthetho wezomthetho udla ngokubonwa njengomgangatho wegolide wolawulo olusemthethweni kuba usungulwe ngeenkqubo zamagunya asemthethweni, kwaye ungenziwangalungiswa kuphela ngemigaqo ekhethekileyo.

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Kwintliziyo yedemokhrasi kukho umgaqo othi amandla asuka ebantwini. Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo luthetha ukuba ilungelo likarhulumente lokulawula lisekelwe kwimvume yabalawulwa, edla ngokuboniswa ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo, olukhululekileyo. Xa abemi bevota, banika igunya abameli, besenza itsheyina logunya elinyukayo ukusuka kubantu ngabanye ukuya kurhulumente. Le ngcamango yaba yeyokutshintsha izinto ngexesha lavela ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa kwaye ihlala ingumgangatho ophantsi wedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Isindululo se-I-Oversimente siqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana "amandla abo asesikweni kwimvume yabalawulwa." ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lukwangumgaqo ophambili ophambili obhekisa phambili kwi-endrentem kunye nommi, apho abavoti begqiba imithetho okanye imithetho.

ILungile LikaThixo

Kwimbali yabantu, abalawuli bathi igunya labo lalivela ngqo kuthixo okanye koothixo. Imfundiso yelungelo lobuthixo, ngokukodwa ebalaseleyo eYurophu ebudeni benkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, yayikholelwa ukuba ookumkani babenokuphendula kuThixo kuphela, hayi kubalawulwa babo. Ukuphikisa ukumkani kwakufana nokucelw'uthanda ukuthanda kukaThixo. Ngoxa lo mthombo wamandla uncitshiswe kakhulu kwidemokhrasi yanamhlanje, isaphembelela abanye oorhulumente banamhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, kwiinkosi eziliqela ezipheleleyo, njengoSaudi Arabia, igunya lomlawuli linxulumene nokhokelo lonqulo. Kwanakwizilawuli zolawulo loburhulumente obumaBhosana obufana noBukumkani obumanyeneyo, ukumkani uhlala eyintloko yeCawa yaseNgilani, intsalela yobuthixo.

Umkhosi kunye nenkomfa

Asingabo bonke oorhulumente abafumana igunya ngokuvuma okanye ngomthetho. Abanye banegunya ngesongelo okanye ngokusebenzisa umkhosi. Ijaji yasemkhosini, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe, kunye noorhulumente bobuzwilakhe basoloko bexhomekeke kwimikhosi exhobileyo, amapolisa afihlakeleyo, kunye nokugadwa ukuze bathintele ukuchaswa nokulawulwa. Nangona ukunyanzeliswa kukodwa kunqabileyo kubangela ukuba kubekho umthetho osemthethweni, kungamele umkhosi okanye amapolisa ahlale ewuxhasayo amashumi eminyaka. Ulawulo lusoloko luwile.

Isithethe Nempumelelo Ehlelileyo

Amasiko nezenzo ezimileyo ixesha elide zinokugunyaziswa. Ii-monarchy ezimiselwe ngomthetho ziyakwazi ukudlulisela igunya kumzali ukuya kumntwana, kwaye abemi basenokuthi bakwamkele oku ngenxa yokuba "indlela ebekusoloko kunjalo" igunya lesithethe, njengoko lichazwe yingcali yentlalo-ntle uMax Weber, lisekelwe kwinkolelo emiselwe kubungcwele bezithethe ezikhumbuzekileyo. Oku kwahlukile kwigunya lokwabekelwa komthetho, elisekelwe kwimithetho ebhaliweyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkokeli zesithethe ezinjengeenkosi zesizwe okanye abadala belali ziminye imimandla ziminxeba ecaleni okanye endaweni yamaziko orhulumente osemthethweni. Isithethe sinokuba ngumthombo onamandla wozinzolo lwembali, kodwa sikwanokulwa notshintsho oluyimfuneko.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Ezinye iinkokeli zifumana igunya kungekhona kwimithetho, unyulo, okanye ilifa, kodwa kwiimfanelo zazo ezingaqhelekanga zobuqu. Igunya loncedo, elikwachazwa nguMax Weber, livela xa abalandeli bekholelwa ukuba inkokeli inikwe amandla angaqhelekanga, kwanangawo angaphaya kwamandla ngokwemvelo, ubuchule. Cinga ngamanani afana noMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., okanye Nelson Mandela. Charma. Irhasma iyakwazi ukukhuthaza utshintsho kunye nokuquququzelela, kodwa ixhomekeke kwi-okthamsam, isoloko ingaphumeleli ukuphumelela ukuphuma ngolandelelana. Emva kokuba inkokeli yoncedo lwe-Mahavityher.

Iingcinga Zegunya Zodidi

Ngaphandle kwemithombo edwelisweyo, izithandi zobulumko zobupolitika kunye neingcali zentlalo ziye zavelisa iingcamango zokucacisa isizathu sokuba abantu bamkele igunya nendlela amagunya alondolozwa ngayo. Ezi nkcukacha zinikela ingqiqo enzulu ngolwalamano oluphakathi koorhulumente nabalawulwa.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ithetha ukuba abantu bayavuma ngokuzithandela ukuseka ibutho labantu nokumisela urhulumente ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko, ucwangco, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abo.

  • Thomas Hobbes waphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle korhulumente, ubomi buyakuba yi "imfazwe yabo bonke" — eyabodwa, ehlwempuzekileyo, engalunganga, emfiliba, kwaye emfutshane. Kwincwadi yakhe engu 1651 Leviatan, uHobbs ugqibe kwelokuba abantu kufuneka banikezele phantse zonke inkululeko yabo kumlawuli opheleleyo onokuthi anyanzelise uxolo. UHobbes, igunya lisuka kuloyiko lwesiphithiphithi.
  • [[FLT: 0] uJohn Locke wayenombono wethemba kakhulu. Izivumelwano Ezimbini zikaRhulumente [[FLT:] [1689]], Locke waphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Bayila urhulumente ukukhusela loo malungelo, kodwa ukuba urhulumente uba nozwilakhe, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Iingcamango zomvolo ziphembele kakhulu iMelika neFrentshi.
  • Joan-Jacques Rousseau wagxininisa "ukuthanda" — umdla odibeneyo wabantu. IContract yeNtlalo [1762], Rousseau wabhala ukuba igunya elisemthethweni livela kubantu njengeqela, hayi kumlawuli omnye. Iingcamango zakhe eziphefumlelweyo zolawulo-demokhrasi kunye noluvo lwasemva.

Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ihlala ingundoqo kwiingxoxo eziphathelele umgangatho wamandla karhulumente, ingakumbi kwimibandela enjengerhafu, ukujongwa, kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona i- i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on comficialism[.

Ubuxoki BobuMarx

UKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels banikela ingcaciso eyahluke kakhulu. Bathi igunya lombuso aliyomveliso yokuvuma okanye yokuthanda kukaThixo, kodwa sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ludidi olulawulayo ukugcina ukulawulwa kwalo kwezoqoqosho. Kwibutho lobukhapitali, urhulumente uxhasa izilangazelelo ze-bourgeoisie (onomnini-mveliso) kwaye uthintela iproletariat (udidi olusebenzayo). Umthetho, amapolisa, iinkundla, kunye nalo lonke iphulo lomkhosi lokukhusela impahla yangasese kunye nokuxhaphaza. KumaMarxistens, igunya lokwenyaniso alinakho de ishenxwe iintyano yesigaba kunye neredious. Le ngcamango icacisa isizathu sokuba ulawulo-othorist ezininzi zizibanga zimela iklatisko ngexesha lokusebenza ngoxa zicinezela ukna.

Iintlobo ezintathu zegunya likaMax

Isazi ngentlalo yamaJamani uMax Weber wanika ubuchule bokuyila obusasetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Wachonga iintlobo ezintathu ezinyulu zegunya elilinganayo

  • Igunya lembali — elisekelwe kumasiko akudala amiselwe kunye nokukholelwa kubungcwele besithethe. Imizekelo iquka ulawulo olulifa lookumkani kunye neenqanawa zesizwe.
  • Igunya leNtloko elilawulayo [[FLT: 0] — elisekelwe kwiempawu zobuqu ezikhethekileyo zenkokeli, ezisoloko zijongwa njengezobuqhawe okanye eziphefumlelwe nguThixo. Imizekelo iquka abaprofeti bonqulo, iinkokeli zemvukelo, kunye namanani amaqela.
  • igunya elisemthethweni — elisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho ecwangcisiweyo kunye neenkqubo. Igunya libekwe eofisini, hayi umntu ngamnye. Ii-bureaucracy zangoku, ulawulo-lulawulo-lwazi-lulawulo-lwazi, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho zingumzekelo oyintloko. Olu luhlobo oluzinzileyo kumaqela amakhulu, antsonkothileyo.

Weber waphawula ukuba inkoliso yoorhulumente behlabathi lokwenene zizinto ezidibeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, umlawuli wezomGaqo-siseko udibanisa igunya lesithethe (isithsaba) negunya elifanelekileyo (ipalamente nomgaqo-siseko). Uhlalutyo lwakhe lusafuneka ukuze kuqondwe isizathu sokuba abantu bathobele imithetho naxa bengavumelani nayo. Ukuhlola okunzulu, bona imbali kaMax Weber.

Imfundiso Yomthetho

Umthetho yinkolelo yokuba urhulumente unelungelo lokulawula. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso, urhulumente kufuneka axhomekeke ekunyanzelweni, okubiza imali eninzi nokungaguquguqukiyo. Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uDavid Beetham wacebisa isakhiwo esiziinxalenye ezintathu: amandla asemthethweni xa (1) evumelana nemithetho emiselweyo (ukuthembeka kwemithetho), (2) loo mithetho ivunywa ziinkolelo ezahlukeneyo (ukungaguquguquki kwendlela yokuzilawula), kunye (3) nokulawula imvume ecacileyo (izenzo zemvume). Oku kucacisa isizathu sokuba kwana oozwilakhe bazame ukuvelisa ukubonakala komthetho ngokhetho, iingcamango zobuhlanga okanye ukubhenela ubuhlanga.

Iintlobo zegunya likarhulumente

Indlela urhulumente alawula ngayo imisela ubuntu bakhe nenkululeko abemi bakhe abanayo. Nazi iindidi eziphambili zeenkqubo zobupolitika, nganye inemithombo neengcamango ezingafaniyo zegunya.

Ulawulo - melo Nezinto Ezizikhethayo

Idemokhrasi ithetha "ulawulo-mthetho lwabantu" yiyona idityaniswe ngqo nolawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye negunya eliqiqayo. Uguquko olukhulu luquka:

  • I-demokhrasi: Abami bakhona bavota kwiimigaqo nemithetho ngokwabo. I-Athene yamandulo yayiqhelisela oku kwiindibano, kwaye iSwitzerland yanamhlanje isebenzisa i-stadenderum eziqhelekileyo. Isebenza kakuhle kuluntu oluncinane.
  • Imela ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi: Amagosa anyuliweyo ukuze enze izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Olu yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo, esetyenziswa eUnited States, eJamani, eIndiya, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.
  • Idemokhrasi yeCandelo: ihamba ngaphaya kokuvota ukukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka okuqhubekayo kommi ekulawuleni ngolwazi lukawonke-wonke, ngeebhodi zoluntu, kunye nophando olungenamdla. Ijolise ekuphuculeni ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imikhosi elawulayo ifumana ilungelo elifanelekileyo kunyulo, kodwa ikwafuna ushicilelo olukhululekileyo, ijaji ezimeleyo, nenkuselo yamalungelo amancinane ukuze ahlale esempilweni.

Ubugunya Nolawulo Lobuzwilakhe

Kwiinkqubo ze-athoritarianism, amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elincinane eliphakamileyo, elinenkululeko encinane yezopolitiko kubemi. Ukuba lukhona, ukhuthuzo, alukhuphi. [[FLT: 0] I-Totalitarianism luhlobo olugqithisileyo apho urhulumente azama ukulawula zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke kunye nobobusese, kuquka iingcinga, imithombo yezandaba, kunye nentsapho. I-Nazi ne-Soviet Union ingumzekelo obalaseleyo. Le mikhosi isoloko ixhomekeke ekunyanzeleni, kwinkohliso, kunye negunya eliqhelekileyo lokugcina igunya. Azininzi izithandi zezobupolitika, kodwa ayakwazi ukunyamezela ngoloyiko nangokweengqeqesho.

Imonarchy

Ifashoni yegunya lolawulo lobukumkani kumlawuli omnye, ngokuqhelekileyo efumana ilifa. Absolute ulawulo lwemonarchy (umz., Saudi Arabia, Oman) inika umlawuli amandla angathintelwayo, asoloko exhaswa ligunya lonqulo okanye lesithethe. amagunya ookumkani abalawuli abakwimo yoqobo [ (umz, uBukumkani obumanyeneyo, iJapan, iSweden) ilinganisela indima ye-modeli yemisebenzi yemicimbi, ngolo lwenyani oluthwalwayo luthelelwa ngaphandle yikhomputha yomthetho.

IOligarchy

I-Oligarchy ithetha ulawulo lwezimbalwa. Amandla abanjwa liqela elincinane elisekelwe kubutyebi, amaqhina entsapho, ulawulo lomkhosi, okanye impembelelo yezobupolitika. I-Sparta yamandulo kunye neRiphabliki yeRoma (emva kwayo) yimizekelo yembali. Namhlanje, abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ezinye idemokhrasi ezityebileyo ziyazimela, apho inkqubo yeqonga elincinane ilawula ngemiqathango yemirhumo-mali ngemirhumo yemirhumo ne-ayisi. Umahluko phakathi kwedemo-demokhrasi kunye ne-oligarch ungaba lukhuni xa igunya lezoqoqosho liguqulela ngqo kwigunya lezobupolitika.

Ulawulo Lobuthixo

Kulawulo lobuthixo, iinkokeli zonqulo zithi zinegunya elivela kuThixo. Imithetho isekelwe kwiincwadi zonqulo, yaye urhulumente unyanzelisa imfundiso yonqulo. Imizekelo iquka iIran (apho iNkokeli ePhakamileyo iyimfundisi) nesiXeko saseVatican. Igunya lobuthixo lisebenzisa umanyano lwegunya elifanelekileyo elingokobuthixo nelesithethe okanye elingokwesithethe.

Isiseko Sobufundisi

Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba urhulumente unelungelo lokulawula, bayayithobela imithetho ngokuzithandela, kwanaxa bengavumelani nemigaqo ethile.

  • [ Ubulunga kunye nokulingana phantsi koMthetho: Xa imithetho isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi — abazizityebi nabangamahlwempu, abanamandla nababuthathaka — abantu bajonge inkqubo njengesesikweni. Urhwaphilizo okanye ucalulo luphelisa umthetho.
  • [[NTLA] Umthetho kunye nokubekwa koxanduva: Imigaqo karhulumente evulekileyo, inkululeko yolwazi, kunye neequmrhu ezizimeleyo zolawulo (ezifana nee-ambsudnsme)) zakha ukuthembana. Abami kufuneka babone ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngobuchule kwaye amagosa anokushenxiswa ukuba asebenzisa kakubi amandla.
  • Ngokuzingca Ukuthatha Inxaxheba:[[[FT:1] Abantu abanelizwi kwizigqibo — ngokuvota, ngokubuzana nowonke wonke, okanye imibutho yoluntu — baziva benobunikazi. Xa inxaxheba ithintelwe okanye ingenantsingiselo, ingasebenzi ngokusemthethweni.
  • Isiphumo kunye neNkxaso: Urhulumente onika ukhuseleko, imfundo, unyango, izibonelelo, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho agwetywa ngeziphumo zayo. Ulawulo olungenasiphumo, nokuba lulawulwa ngedemokhrasi, lungakhokelela ekuphoxekeni nasekulahlekelweni ngumthetho.
  • I-Rouble yoMthetho: mhlawumbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Xa abemi namagosa bebotshelelwe ngemithetho ecacileyo, ethe yazinziswa, inkqubo ifumana uzinzo. Umthetho lilitye eliphantsi legunya eliqiqayo.

Umthetho ungasongelwa ziziganeko ezifana nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, unyulo, okanye iingxaki ezinkulu zezoqoqosho. Ukuzilungisa kusoloko kufuna utshintsho lwamaqumrhu, iikhomishini zenyaniso, okanye izivumelwano ezintsha zomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ukuguquka komZantsi Afrika ukusuka kucalucalulo ukuya kulawulo-mthetho-melo kwakubandakanya ukuphinda kugunyaziswe kwesizwe ngo-19969 kunye neKhomishoni yeNyaniso neNkcubeko yoLungisaniso. Funda okungakumbi kwiZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT: 0].

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Kubemi

Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abazuza nabagcina ngayo igunya asiyonto ifundiswayo, ithetha izinto ezicacileyo nezisebenzisekayo kummi ngamnye.

  • Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo kunye neCUBIC Ukudibana: Xa abantu beqonda imithombo yegunya (umz., umGaqo-siseko kunye nesithakazelisi), bangavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo enzima. Bayakwazi ukubona ngokuthetha okungenanto malunga "nokuthanda kwabantu" baze babambe iinkokeli kumthetho.
  • Abahlali abaphumezayo: Abaziqondayo iingcamango zegunya bangadibanisa iimpikiswano zabo ngendlela evakalayo. Ukuba urhulumente uxhomekeke kwigunya elifanelekileyo, abaxhasi bangakhomba kwizithuba kumthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni. Ukuba igunya lingokwesithethe, bangabhenela kumasiko akwindawo ende esesikweni.
  • Ukuma uRhulumente uphendule ngetyala: Umthetho usisitrato esihamba ngendlela ezimbini. Oorhulumente abangquzulana nemida yabo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko okanye abahoyi imvume yabo yoluntu baphulukana negunya. Abami bangaququzelela ukuqhankqalaza, bavote amagosa, bafune imingeni esemthethweni, okanye bamele utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukwazi igunya kunika abemi izixhobo zokuxhathisa ukuxhathisa ukuphamba. Umzekelo, ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunceda abantu babone xa elinye isebe ligqitha indima yalo. IU.S. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi New York Times Co. v. United States [10] [10] iqinisekiswe ukuba kwanomongameli akanakuyibeka phambi kokuba athintele ekucinezeleni umsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle kwegunya elicacileyo.
  • Ukukhuthaza iNkcubeko yeDemocratic: Ekugqibeleni, idemokhrasi esempilweni ixhomekeke ekuthelekisaneni, abemi abanolwazi abathatha inxaxheba kungekuphela ngosuku lonyulo, kodwa kunyaka wonke. Ukuqonda amandla akhuthaza impucuko yokubuza, ukucinga, kunye nokhuphiswano loxolo.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo ngokudibanisa umgaqo-siseko, imvume ethandwayo, isithethe, ingxingo, impembelelo, kwanezibhengezo ezingokobuthixo. Iingcamango zesivumelwano sentlalo, i-Marx, kunye negunya leWeberia zinceda abantu baqonde isizathu sokuba abantu bamkele elo gunya noko kubenza babe nalo. Uhlobo lukarhulumente — idemokhrasi, ubuzwilakhe, ulawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu, okanye ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe — luyilo oluyilo ngendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo nendlela abemi abaphila ngayo. Entliziyweni yabo, ngokusemthethweni, ngokubonakala, ngokuphandle, ngokunelisayo, nangokusebenza kwalo.

Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango asiyonto ilula. Kusekelwe ekuthembiseni ngolwazi, ekuphumeleleni ekulawuleni, nasekuziphenduleleni okunentsingiselo. Kwihlabathi apho oorhulumente ngokufuthi besithi banegunya ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa, ukukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwamandla asekelwe kumandla namandla asekelwe kwimvume. Ukuxhobe olu lwazi, abantu banokunceda ukwakha oorhulumente abakhonza abantu ngokwenene — kungekhona enye indlela ekhoyo.