Table of Contents

Inkululeko yonqulo ilelinye lamalungelo abantu asisiseko aqashelwayo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Oorhulumente banembopheleleko enzima yokukhusela nokukhuthaza amandla abantu okuqhelisela ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle koloyiko lwentshutshiso, ucalulo, okanye ukungenelela. Eli lungelo lidlulela ngaphaya kokunyamezelana nje, ukunqula, ukutshintsha unqulo lomntu, kwaye babonakalise iinkolelo zonqulo ngasese nasesidlangalaleni. Ukuqonda indlela abalulondoloza ngayo olu nkululeko iyimfuneko kufuna ukuvavanya imigaqo esemthethweni, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nemingeni eqhubekayo ebumba inkululeko yonqulo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Isiseko Senkululeko Yonqulo EMthethoni Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Inkululeko yonqulo ichazwa njengelungelo lomntu jikelele kwizixhobo ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu, uMnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Abemi Nawamapolitiki, iZivumelwano zeHelsinki, iSindululo sokushenxiswa Kwazo Zonke Iintlobo Zokunganyamezelani Nekhetheli Kusekelwe Kunqulo, kwiSicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nakwiNkomfa yaseYurophu Yokhuseleko Lwamalungelo Abantu neNkululeko. La maxwebhu asisiseko amisela umgaqo wokuba wonke umntu unelungelo elingokwemvelo lenkululeko, isazela, nonqulo.

Inkululeko yonqulo okanye yeenkolelo ziqinisekiswe linqaku le - 18 leSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, inqaku 18 loMvumelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Abemi Namazwe kunye neSindululo Sokushenxiswa Kwazo Zonke Iintlobo Zokunganyamezelani. ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke, esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe - 1948, siye sasebenza njengesiseko sokuziphatha somthetho omkhulu wamalungelo abantu oye waphembelela amalungiselelo omgaqo - siseko, iindibano zemimandla, neenkqubo zomthetho - siseko ehlabathini lonke.

IGama 18 leSindululo Somhlaba Wonke lithi: "Wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela neyonqulo; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokutshintsha unqulo lwakhe okanye inkolelo, kunye nenkululeko, enoba yedwa okanye kuluntu okanye ngasese, ukubonakalisa unqulo okanye inkolelo yakhe ekufundiseni, ekuqheliseni, ekunquleni nasekugcineni. Le nkcazelo ibanzi ichaza indinyana yangaphakathi yenkululeko yonqulo.

ISivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Samalungelo Esizwe Nawamapolitiki, esaqalisa ukusebenza ngowe - 1976, saguqula le migaqo ukusuka kwizibhengezo zomnqweno yaba ziimbopheleleko ezimanyeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni kumagunya okusayina. Lo mnqophiso ufuna oorhulumente ukuba bahlonele baze baqinisekise inkululeko yonqulo kubo bonke abantu abakumasimi abo, bedala imilinganiselo enyanzelekileyo enokulawulwa ize icaciswe yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko kunye neMisebenzi yeSizwe yeSisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, amazwe amaninzi aye afaka inkululeko yonqulo ngqo kwiinkqubo zawo zomGaqo-siseko. La malungiselelo omgaqo - siseko asebenza njengohlobo oluphakamileyo lokukhusela amakhaya, emisela inkululeko yonqulo njengelungelo elisisiseko elingenakuvalwa lula ngumthetho okanye isenzo esiqhelekileyo sikarhulumente.

Imodeli YaseUnited States

Umgaqo wenkululeko yonqulo waqatshelwa kumthetho waseMerika osekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1791. Ukususela ngelo xesha, umGaqo-siseko uye wakhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lenkululeko yonqulo njengenkululeko yokuqala yamaMerika. IsiHlanzi sokuqala siqulethe iintetho ezimbini ezisebenzisanayo ezithetha ngonqulo: ukumiswa kuka-Claus, okuthintela ukusekwa konqulo, kunye nomthetho we-Free Execle Resition Claus, okhusela amalungelo abantu okuqhelisela ukholo lwabo.

Abaseki abaninzi beli lizwe babaleka intshutshiso yonqulo kwamanye amazwe, bexabisa ezintliziyweni zabo nasezingqondweni zabo intsingiselo yenkululeko yonqulo. Baseka umthetho, njengelungelo elisisiseko nentsika yohlanga, ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo. Ukususela ekuzalweni kwalo kude kube namhlanje, iUnited States iye yalixabisa elifa lenkululeko yonqulo yaza yalihlonela elifa ngokumela inkululeko yonqulo nangokunikela indawo yokusabela kwabo babandezelekileyo kwintshutshiso yonqulo.

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States ukhusela ilungelo lawo onke amaMelika lokuqhelisela ukholo lwawo ngokukhululekileyo okanye ukungaziqheliseli kwaphela. Olu khuselo luquka ukunqula ezicaweni, ezindlwini zesikhungu, kwiitempile, kwiinkonzo, okanye naziphi na ezinye iinkonzo, kwakunye nelungelo lokungangeni nkolelo zonqulo nayiphi na. Isiseko somGaqo-siseko siyaqonda ukuba inkululeko yonqulo iquka yombini inkululeko elungileyo (inkululeko yokuqhelisela) kunye nenkululeko engalunganga (inkululeko ekunyanzelweni kweminyanzelweni kwenkonzo).

Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko wehlabathi

Kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke kuye kwafakwa iziqinisekiso zenkululeko yonqulo kumgaqo-siseko wawo, ngokufuthi efumana impembelelo kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu ezizweni zonke. La malungiselelo aquka ukukhuselwa kocalulo lonqulo, ukuqinisekiswa kwenkululeko yonqulo, amalungelo emfundo yonqulo, nokukhuselwa kwamaziko onqulo. Eminye imimiselo ihambela phambili, iyiqonda ngokucacileyo indima yoluntu lonqulo neyokukhusela ukuzimela kwalo ekungeneleni korhulumente.

Iinkqubo ezingqalileyo zahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, zibonakalisa amava embali ahlukeneyo, inkcubeko, kunye nendlela yokusondela kulwalamano phakathi konqulo norhulumente. Amanye amazwe amkela imizekelo engqongqo yokwahlukana, ngoxa amanye ezithi ziqonde iinkonzo ezisemthethweni ngoxa ekhusela amalungelo amancinane onqulo. Nangona kunjalo, umsonto omnye uluxanduva olufanayo ukukhusela ubuchule babantu bokubambelela nokuqhelisela iinkolelo zonqulo.

IMithetho yeMithetho neMisebenzi yeSicwangciso-mthetho

Ukongezelela kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, oorhulumente bamisela umthetho ongqalileyo olungiselelwe ukukhusela nokukhuthaza inkululeko yonqulo.

Umthetho Wenkululeko Yonqulo Ezweni Lonke

I-IRFA inikela ukuba inkqubo ye-U.S. iquke ukugwetywa kokwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo nokunceda abanye oorhulumente ekunyuseni eli lungelo. Lo mthetho wesibonelelo wadala iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo yezemfundo kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisela phambili inkululeko yonqulo emhlabeni wonke.

Yinkqubo yase-U.S. ukugweba ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo, nokukhuthaza, nokuncedisa abanye oorhulumente ekunyuseni, ilungelo elisisiseko lenkululeko yonqulo. Lo mThetho waseka iOfisi yeNkululeko yezizwe ngezizwe kwiSebe leSizwe, ekhokelwa yiKhomishini enkulu yeMdityaniso yoLukhundla lonqulo lweMbali, yaza yasungula iKhomishoni ye-U.S. engoMpu yeNkqumrhu yoLuntu yoMbuso weMdalingo weNtshona Koloni.

Lo Mthendeleko ufuna ukuba uMongameli akhethe u "ityala lobuqu" nyaka ngamnye ilizwe ngalinye elinorhulumente obandakanyeke okanye alinyamezeleyo "ngokubanzi" ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo. Eli cebo limisela ityala kwaye linokubangela ukuba kubekho iziphumo zezobuzwe, imvume, okanye ezinye iimpendulo zenkqubo ezilungiselelwe uxinzelelo loorhulumente ukuze baphucule iingxelo zabo zenkululeko yonqulo.

UMthetho Wokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Yonqulo

IReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) yenzelwe ukukhusela ukuqheliselwa konqulo ngoxa ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo kungasetyenziswa ukuphelisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. Yagqitywa ngowe-1993, i-RFRA imisela imigangatho ephuculiweyo yokuhlola imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ezibangela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezo zinto kubangele ukunyanzeleka konqulo, nto leyo efuna ukuba loo mithwalo incede inzala karhulumente kwaye isebenzise iindlela ezingekho ngqongqo ezikhoyo.

Ukusetyenziswa nokucaciswa kwe-RFRA kubangele impikiswano eqhubekayo. Kuye kwakho unyuko olukhawulezileyo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwe-RFRA ukuthethelela ucalulo kwiimeko ezininzi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwizicelo zowiso-mthetho ezifana neDo No Harm Act, efuna ukucacisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo ayimele iphelise ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kwiindawo ezinjengocalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, ukufikelela kwezempilo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke.

Iziko Likarhulumente Neenkqubo Zokukhusela Inkululeko Yonqulo

Ukukhuselwa ngokunempumelelo kwenkululeko yonqulo kufuna okungakumbi kunokungekuphela nje kwamalungiselelo asemthethweni afuna ukuba urhulumente ozinikeleyo ajonge, akhuthaze aze anyanzelise ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yonqulo.

Iiofisi zikarhulumente ezikhethekileyo

I-White House Faith Office yamiselwa njengoko iofisi yokuqala yeHome yabamhlophe yayijolise iliso kukholo kuphela kwaye ikwiWest Wing, inikela ingxelo kuMongameli kwaye ihlala kwiBhunga loMgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya. Ii-ofisi ezinjalo ezikhethekileyo zisebenza njengendawo ephambili ekuququzeleleni imigaqo karhulumente echaphazela uluntu lonqulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo idityaniswe ekuqulukweni kwemithetho kumaziko karhulumente.

Iziko leKholo elinabaphathi abaphezulu okanye abaLawulayo boFaith okanye abaLawuli boFaith zadalwa kuzo zonke iziko kunye nemibutho emela uluntu lokholo kwimigaqo echaphazela abantu abanokholo. Ezi zibonelelo zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhala enkululeko yonqulo afumana ingqalelo kulo lonke isebe eliphetheyo nokuba imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ivavanywa ngenxa yempembelelo yalo kuqheliselo lonqulo nakuluntu lonqulo.

IKomishini yeQumrhu neMibutho yeQumrhu

IKhomishini yeNkulumbuso yeLizwe iquka uMasipala noSigxina-Sihlalo otyunjwe nguMongameli, owayesakuba ngumphathi-mikhosi karhulumente, kunye namalungu awongezelelekileyo avela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo zonqulo nezemfundo, kuquka abefundisi, iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, izifundiswa, nabameli bakawonke-wonke. Iikomiti ezinjalo zihlanganisa ubuchule obudityanisiweyo kwiicandelo ezahlukeneyo ukucebisa urhulumente ngenkqubo yenkululeko yonqulo nokubona izisongelo ezivelayo kwinkululeko yonqulo.

Le Commission ivelisa ingxelo ebanzi ngeziseko zenkululeko yonqulo eMelika, impembelelo yenkululeko yonqulo kwibutho lamaMerika, izisongelo ezikhoyo kwinkululeko yonqulo lwasekhaya, iindlela zokulondoloza nokunyusa inkululeko yonqulo kwizizukulwana ezizayo, kunye neenkqubo zokwandisa ukuphaphanyiswa nokubhiyozela ubuninzi bonqulo olunoxolo lwaseMelika. Ezi ngxelo zinceda ekufundiseni nasekuphuhlisweni kwemigaqo, zinceda ekuziseni ukuqonda nokuqhubana noorhulumente.

Amalungu eKhomishini akhethwa phakathi kwabantu abadumileyo abadumileyo ngenxa yolwazi lwabo namava abanawo kwimibandela yenkululeko yonqulo yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, amava angqalileyo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Izenzo Ezisebenzisekayo Zikarhulumente Ezixhasa Uqheliselo Lonqulo

Ngaphandle kwemithetho nemibutho, oorhulumente benza iinkalo ezininzi ezisisiseko ukuxhasa nokunceda uqheliselo lonqulo.

Ukukhusela Iintlanganiso Nonqulo

Oorhulumente bakhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana konqulo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bonqulo banokuhlanganisana ukuze banqule, bathandaze, bafunde baze bamanyane ngaphandle kokuphazamisana ngokungafanelekanga.

Ukhuseleko lwezi ndawo zonqulo luye lwaba luxanduva olunzulu kakhulu lukarhulumente. Ukuxhaswa kwenkxaso engakumbi yeNkxaso yoKhuseleko loLuntu loLuntu loPhuhliso lubonisa ukuba abantu bonqulo, ingakumbi abo bajamelene nezisongelo eziphezulu, bafuna uncedo lukarhulumente ukuze bakhusele amalungu abo kunye nezixhobo zabo. Le nkqubo ibonelela ngemali yokuphuhlisa ukhuseleko kwiintlangano ezingaveli ngeniso, kuquka izindlu zonqulo, ezisengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa ngabagrogrisi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo.

Izindlu Zonqulo Emsebenzini

Oorhulumente bakhusela inkululeko yonqulo kwimibandela yemisebenzi ngokufuna iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ukwenzela imisebenzi yonqulo. Oku kuquka ukuvumela abasebenzi ukuba babhiyozele iiholide zonqulo, banxibe okanye banxibe iimpahla zonqulo, bagcine iindlela zokuzilungisa zonqulo, baze bahlawulise ukuthandaza okanye ukugcinwa konqulo. Imithetho yokungathobeli melo-mthetho iyabathintela abaqeshi, abadubuli, okanye izigqibo zokunyusela ezisekelwe kunqulo okanye kuqheliselo.

Le migaqo iquka imisebenzi yabucala neyasekuhlaleni, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abajamelene nokukhetha okungenakwenzeka phakathi kobomi babo kunye nokholo lwabo. Umthetho ufuna abaqeshi bamkele izithethe zonqulo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenjenjalo bekuya kubeka ubunzima obungeyomfuneko kwimisebenzi yezoshishino, ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo neemfuno ezisemthethweni.

Imifuziselo Nohlobo

Oorhulumente bakhusela ilungelo lokubonakalisa nokunxiba imiqondiso yonqulo, kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke nakwimibandela eyahlukeneyo yamaqumrhu. Oku kuquka ukukhusela amalungelo abantu okunxiba izigubungelo zentloko, iminqamlezo, amatye anqabileyo onqulo, okanye ezinye imiqondiso yokholo. Kukwaquka ilungelo lokubonisa imiqondiso yonqulo emakhayeni, ezimoto, naphakathi kwemida efanelekileyo, kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke.

Imida yezenzo zonqulo kwimimiselo karhulumente isephantsi kwenkqubela eqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni nenkqubo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukuboniswa kwemiqondiso yonqulo kwimpahla karhulumente okanye ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Amazwe awahlukeneyo asebenzisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuhlalisana konqulo nokugcina ubundilele kurhulumente kunqulo.

Amalungelo Emfundo Negunya Lobuzali

Ityala eliphawulekayo laqinisekisa ilungelo labazali lomgaqo-siseko lokwalathisa unqulo lwabantwana babo, kwanakwimigangatho yesikolo sikawonke-wonke. Oku kukhusela kuphawula ukuba inkululeko yonqulo iquka ilungelo labazali lokudlulisela ukholo lwabo kubantwana babo nokusenza izigqibo ngonqulo nolwakheko lwabantwana babo.

Oorhulumente baxhasa oku ngenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuvumela imilinganiselo ethile yonqulo efunwa zizifundo ezithile, ukukhusela ukusebenza kwezikolo zonqulo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imfundo kawonke wonke ayibetheleli abafundi kwi okanye kwiimbono ezithile zonqulo. Ukukhetha okukhuliswe esikolweni kukhusela amalungelo abazali ngokuvumela iintsapho zikhethe indawo ezikuyo ngokweemfundiso ezivumelana nemilinganiselo yazo yonqulo.

Unqulo Lwezicaka Nelizwe Elifudukayo

ISebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland lakhupha umthetho wokugqibela osusiweyo wokususa imiqathango emide kwiimvume zabasebenzi bonqulo (R1) ukuze likhuthaze ukuzinza nokunciphisa ukuphazamisana kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezinikelwa ngabasebenzi bonqulo eUnited States kwizindlu zonqulo. Le nkqubo iyavuma ukuba uluntu lonqulo lusoloko luxhomekeke kubefundisi, abavangeli basemazweni, nabanye abasebenzi bonqulo bakwamanye amazwe, yaye oko kuphelisa ukungena kwabo kukhonza inkululeko yonqulo kunye nokuchuma kwemibutho yeenkolo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukukhuthazwa Kwenkululeko Yonqulo Ezweni Lonke

Oorhulumente abaninzi bayaqonda ukuba ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo ekhaya akwanele, kodwa kufuneka basebenzele ukukhuthaza inkululeko yonqulo ehlabathini lonke. Oku kubonisa inkolelo yokuziphatha nenkathalo elungeleleneyo, njengoko ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo kudla ngokuhambisana nokungazinzi okungakumbi, ingxabano nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ubandakanyeko oluDiplomatic kunye noyilo lwelizwe

NgoDisemba 29, 2023, iSebe leSizwe elibizwa ngokuba yiBurma, iRiphabliki yaBantu eTshayina, iCuba, iIran, iDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea, iNicaragua, iPakistan, iRashiya, iSaudi Arabia, iTajikistan, kunye neTurkmenistan njengamazwe axhalabileyo. Ezi ziqulunqe zichaza oorhulumente abaye babandakanyeka okanye banyamezela ukwaphulwa okuqatha kwenkululeko yonqulo, okuxhokonxa ingcinezelo yemicimbi yentlalo kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.

INigeria yamiselwa njengeLizwe leParticular Consnior ukuphendula ukubulawa kutshanje kwamawaka amaKristu kweli lizwe. Izibizo ezinjalo zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: zichaza ekuhleni abaphula umthetho, izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente, ziqokelela ingqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye zinokukhokelela ekuvunyelaniseni okanye kumanye amanyathelo enkqubo acetyelwe ukuvelisa inkqubela kwiimeko zenkululeko yonqulo.

ISebe leLizwe libeke imiqathango kwimvume yabantu abayalele, abagunyazisiweyo, abaxhase ngokuphawulekayo, abangenelele, okanye abaphumeze amanyathelo okuqhekeza inkululeko yonqulo. La manyathelo ajoliswe kuwo abeke ityala kubantu ababenza iziphumo-mvume ngeli liphepha imvume ebanzi enokuba yingozi kubantu abangabemi.

Uncedo Lwamanye Amazwe Nokwakhiwa Kwamandla

UNobhala, xa ethetha noMphathi weUSAID, uza kuqingqa imali ubuncinane ii-50-zigidi zezigidi (R350) ngonyaka ngamnye ukwenzela iinkqubo ezihambisela phambili inkululeko yonqulo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ngokomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo novunyelwe ngumthetho kwaye ophantsi kokufumaneka kwezicelo. Le nkxaso ixhasa iinkqubo eziqinisa inkululeko yonqulo kwamanye amazwe, zakha igunya lemibutho yoluntu esebenza kwinkululeko yonqulo, kwaye inceda iinguqu zonqulo ezijongene nentshutshiso.

Imali yoncedo lophuhliso igunyazisiwe ukwenza iinkqubo nemisebenzi kumazwe asemzini aza kukhuthaza nokukhuthaza ilungelo lokuzikhethela iinkolelo nezenzo zonqulo. Ezi nkqubo zisenokuquka inyathelo elisemthethweni lokuguqula, ukuqeqesha abagwebi nomthetho ekukhuselweni kwenkululeko yonqulo, ukuxhasa incoko yocalucalulo, nokunceda abantu bonqulo ukuba bavuse emva kwentshutshiso okanye iimfazwe.

Uncedo Oluluncedo Kuluntu Olutshutshiswayo

I-Trump Administration yanikela uncedo olusindisa ubomi kuluntu olunguDruze, lwamaKristu, nolwamaBedouin kuMazantsi e-Siriya. Oorhulumente banokuxhasa iinkonzo ezincinane ezitshutshisiweyo ngoncedo loncedo lobuntu, ngoncedo lweembacu, uncedo longxamiseko, kunye nenkxaso kuluntu olufudusiweyo. Olu ncedo luthetha ngeemfuno ezikhawulezileyo ngoxa lubonakalisa umanyano kunye nabantu abajamelene nentshutshiso yonqulo.

I-Attorney General inikela uqeqesho kuwo onke amagosa abonisa amatyala okhuseleko, kuquka amagosa okufuduka ahlola abaphambukeli abaza kufumana indawo yokukhosela, nelungelo lenkululeko yonqulo nemeko yentshutshiso yonqulo kwamanye amazwe, kuquka iimeko ezicacileyo zelizwe. Olu qeqesho luqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente ayakwazi ukukwazi kakuhle ukuchaza nokusabela kwiimeko zokutshutshiswa konqulo kwindawo yokhuseleko neembacu.

Iingxaki Zenkululeko Yonqulo Kwihlabathi Lexesha Elidluleyo

Nakuba kukho ukhuseleko olungqongqo nolawulo olusemthethweni, inkululeko yonqulo ijamelana neengxaki eziphawulekayo ehlabathini lonke.

Ukutshutshiswa Kobuncinane Bonqulo

ISebe LikaRhulumente ligqibe kwelokuba amaxhoba okutshatyalaliswa kweentlanga aqhubeka nemicimbi yenkululeko yonqulo, kuquka naseBurma, apho amajoni okhuseleko aye enza ulwaphulo - mthetho olunxamnye noluntu nokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga kumaSilamsi aseRohinga ukususela ngowe - 2017, naseTshayina, apho ukususela ngowe - 2017 urhulumente waseTshayina uye wenza ulwaphulo - mthetho nxamnye noluntu nokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga nxamnye nowamaUyghurs. Oku kuphandwa okugqithiseleyo kumela ukuphela okuqatha kwemilinganiselo yokuxhatshazwa kwenkululeko yonqulo.

Iinkonzo ezincinane zijamelene nokuhlaselwa, uloyiko, ugonyamelo nokubanjwa kumazwe angekho mgaqweni ehlabathini lonke, kuquka nabadlali abangekho semthethweni, apho iTaliban iye yawanyanzelisa ngamandla umthetho wayo ongqwabalala weSharia ochasene nenkululeko yonqulo okanye inkolelo yamaqela amancinane onqulo; iBurma, apho imithetho engqongqo ixhasa inkoliso yamaBhuda; iTshayina, apho urhulumente asebenzisa khona uphando ukuze ajonge, ahlasele, aze ababambe, amaBhuda, amaFan Gong Oogqirha, amaUyghur Maslim, namanye amaqela onqulo aphantsi; neCuba, apho iinkokeli zonqulo namaqela orhulumente aphantsi konqulo, ukutshutshiswa, ukutshutshiswa, ukungcungcungculwa, nokuqwengwa kwempahla.

Umlinganiselo wentshutshiso yonqulo ehlabathini lonke uyamangalisa. IZiko lophando lwePew liye lanikela ingxelo engapheliyo kalishumi leminyaka yokuba malunga nekota ezintathu zabemi behlabathi zihlala phantsi koorhulumente abachasa inkululeko yonqulo kumgangatho ophezulu. Oku kwaphulwa okusasazekileyo kwenkululeko yonqulo kumela omnye wezona ngxaki zicinezelayo zamalungelo abantu kwixesha lethu.

Ukutshatyalaliswa Kweendawo Zonqulo

Iindawo zonqulo ziyaqhubeka zitshatyalaliswa okanye zitshatyalaliswa, ingakumbi kwiindawo zemfazwe, kuquka eBurma, apho ijaji yomkhosi iye yatshabalalisa malunga nezindlu zonqulo nezingama - 200; neTshayina, apho urhulumente aye watshabalalisa khona iingcwele, iingcwele, amangcwaba, nezinye iindawo zonqulo nezithethe kulo lonke elaseXinjiang nelizwe. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweengingqi zonqulo akumelanga ukulahlekelwa ngezinto eziphathekayo kuphela kodwa kukwakuhlaselwa kwegama lonqulo, ilifa, kunye nebutho labantu.

Oku kuhlaselwa kweengingqi zonqulo ngokufuthi kuhambisana namaphulo anzulu enkcaso yonqulo, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abadimazekileyo, ukuphelisa ubukho bonqulo kwilizwe, nokubonisa intiyo ekhoyo kurhulumente kwiinkonzo ezithile. Ukukhusela iindawo zonqulo kufuna ukuba abo baphembelela ukutshatyalaliswa okunjalo bakhuseleke baze baphendule.

Ukukhula Kwentiyo Engokonqulo Nokuthiya Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Kwanakumazwe anenkululeko, abantu abaninzi boyika ukuba ukuqhelisela ukholo lwabo kuya kuzisa uloyiko, ugonyamelo, kunye noloyiko. Kunyaka ophelileyo, kuye kwakho ukwanda okukhwankqisayo kokuchaswa konqulo ngenxa yohlaselo lwabanqolobi lukaHamas nxamnye noSirayeli nokwanda okuphazamisayo kwamaSilamsi. Ukunganyamezelani konqulo kubonakala kulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, ukonakalisa iindawo zonqulo, ukungcungcuthekiswa kwabantu bonqulo, kunye nocalucalucalulo lwentlalo.

Iqela eliye lalwa neAntisemitism, iIslamdophobia, kunye neMisebenzi ehambelana neMibao kunye nocalucalulo phakathi kwe-United States. Ubuchule bokuqala besizwe saseUnited States bokulwa neAntisemitism busebenza ukulwa nokulwa nobuTshabalali bobuYuda. Ubuchule bokuqala bokulwa neSizwe bobuSilamsi kunye neArab bemisebenzi yokulwa nezi ndlela zobuTshaba nezongamela amaSilamsi namaMelika. Ezi ndlela zibanzi ziyaqonda ukuba ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kufuna ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezikhulisa ukunganyamezelani konqulo.

Imiqathango Enxamnye Nokuguquka Konqulo Nokuguqulwa Kweecawa

Amazwe amaninzi amisela imiqathango ekuguquleni okanye ekufuneni ukutshintsha unqulo, elinganisela inkululeko yabantu yokutshintsha unqulo lwabo okanye ukwabelana ngokholo lwabo nabanye. Le miqathango isenokuthatha uhlobo lwemithetho echasa ukuvukela, imimiselo, okanye imiqathango yokunyelisa umsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni. Le mithetho iphazamisa inkululeko yokutshintsha unqulo lomntu, olukhuselwa ngokucacileyo kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ilungelo lokutshintsha unqulo lomntu liseyenye yezona nkalo zididayo zenkululeko yonqulo, ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nokumazi kakuhle ngokobuzwe, ngokobuhlanga okanye ngokwesithethe. Noko ke, eli lungelo libalulekile kwinkululeko yonqulo lokwenene, kuba liyaqonda ukuba inkolelo yonqulo imele ibe yeyokuzithandela kunokuba inyanzelwe ngumthetho, ingcinezelo yentlalo okanye imbopheleleko yentsapho.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Yonqulo Namanye Amalungelo

Olunye ucelomngeni olunzima oorhulumente abajamelene nalo kukulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo abalulekileyo kunye nezilangazelelo. Inkululeko yonqulo yenye yemigaqo esisiseko yelizwe, kodwa ukuqhelisela ngokukhululekileyo ukholo lukabani akulothumeli ilungelo lokukhanyela omnye umntu wenkululeko yabo yasekuhlaleni. Olu nxunguphalo luvela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi, ukufumaneka kwemisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke, kunye nomthetho wentsapho.

Abahlalutyi bathi ukukhulula abantu abaninzi kunokwenza abantu abanonqulo olungekho mthethweni, amabhinqa afuna ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yokuzala nabanye. Abaxhasi benkululeko eqinileyo yonqulo baphikisana nokuba inkululeko yokwenyaniso yonqulo ifuna ukukhululwa okunentsingiselo kwimithetho enyanzelisa abantu okanye amaziko abo ukwaphula iinkolelo zabo zonqulo.

Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo kufuna uqwalasele ngenyameko umongo ongqalileyo, ukuqina komthwalo kuqheliselo lonqulo, ukubaluleka komdla wokhuphiswano lukarhulumente, nokuba ezinye iindlela zinokuyivumela kusini na inkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo. Oku kulinganisela akusoloko kulula yaye kudla ngokuvelisa impikiswano engokomthetho nezobupolitika.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekukhuseleni Inkululeko Yonqulo

Iinkundla zisebenza njengemibutho apho abantu nebutho lonqulo linokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nenkululeko yonqulo, yaye izigqibo zokugweba zimisela imizekeliso elawulayo elawula indlela yokuqonda nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yenkululeko yonqulo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo neenkundla zomGaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi zinikela ingqalelo epheleleyo kwiimpikiswano zonqulo, zitolika amalungiselelo omgaqo - siseko yaye zimisela imida yegunya likarhulumente kwimicimbi yonqulo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazingqina iyinkuselo ethembekileyo yenkululeko yokuqala. Ukukhusela amalungelo abazali nokubonakalisa inkxaso yokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezikolo zonqulo kwakunye nenkululeko yabacebisi kunye nabanikeli bemGaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iye yanceda intsapho, ukholo nenkululeko ekhulayo kubomi baseMerika. Ukukhusela kwenkululeko yonqulo kuquka ukuphelisa imithetho yokungahloneli melo, ukufuna iindawo zokuhlala, ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, ukukhusela imigaqo yonqulo, kunye nokukhusela intetho yonqulo.

IiNkundla zezizwe ngezizwe nezephondo

Iinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe zibalulekile ekumangaleleni amatyala anxulumene nenkululeko yonqulo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

IGama 9 leNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu neNkulumbuso yaseYurophu ngo-1950 iqinisekisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela, neyonqulo. IGatya lesi-9 liye lasetyenziswa yiNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu eStrasbourg. Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zephondo, njengeNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, iNkundla yaseMelika yaMalungelo abantu, kunye neNkundla yaseAfrika eMaLungelo oLuntu, zinika abantu umgaqo wokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwemiqathango xa kuphelile ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yamakhaya.

Izigqibo zomthetho zinendima ephambili ekuguquleni ingcamango yenkululeko yonqulo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Amatyala abonisa iimali adla ngokumisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukuqondwa nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo onqulo kwiintlanga zonke.

Ukukhuthaza Ukunyamezela Nokuqonda

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lulodwa alwanele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo yokwenene. Oorhulumente bamele basebenzele ukukhuthaza ukunyamezelana, ukuqonda nentlonelo phakathi kwebutho lonqulo olwahlukeneyo. Oku kufuna amanyathelo aphambili afundisayo, incoko emanyanisayo, nemigudu yokulwa ikhethe nokuqhatha.

Imfundo nokulumkiswa

Iinkqubo zemfundo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukufundiswa konqulo nokuhlonelwa kweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. ICurcula efundisa ngezithethe ezahlukeneyo zonqulo, imbali, iinkolelo, nezenzo inokuba luncedo ekunciphiseni ukungazi nokucalula abanye abantu. Imfundo ngenkululeko yonqulo ngokwayo, imbali, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje, inceda abemi baliqonde yaye balixabise eli lungelo lisisiseko.

Amaphulo okulumkisa abantu ngokubanzi anokubalaselisa iingenelo ezikhoyo kunqulo olwahlukahlukeneyo, ukuphikisana nonqulo oluqhelekileyo nokuqonda izinto.

Ukunxibelelana Ngeengxoxo Nentsebenziswano Enxulumeneyo

Oorhulumente banokuxhasa iingxubusho zokuxubanisa iinkonzo ezimanyanisa iinkokeli namalungu eenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ukuze bakhe ulwalamano, bacombulule inkxalabo eqhelekileyo, baze basebenze kunye kwiinjongo ezifanayo.

Intsebenziswano yezenkolo kwimicimbi yentlalo-ntle, njengokuhlangulwa kobuhlwempu, ukusabela kwintlekele, okanye ukuphuhliswa kwebutho labantu, ingqina ukuba abantu bonqulo bangasebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo phezu kwako nje ukungavisisani kwezakwalizwi. Inkxaso karhulumente yentsebenziswano enjalo, ngenkxaso-mali, ngegunya lokudibanisa, okanye ukugqalwa kwabantu ngokubanzi, isenokuyomeleza inkululeko yonqulo kunye nomanyano lwentlalo.

Ukucombulula Oonobangela Abayintloko Bongquzulwano Lonqulo

Iimfazwe zonqulo ngokufuthi zinemvelaphi entsonkothileyo engaphaya kweyantlukwano yonqulo ngokwazo, kuquka ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukubekwa phantsi kwezobupolitika, ukruthakruthwano lweentlanga, kunye nezityholo zembali. Oorhulumente bamele bathethe ngezi zinto zisisiseko ukuze babangele intsebenziswano yonqulo. Oku kunokuquka ukuqinisekisa amathuba afanelekileyo ezoqoqosho, ukukhuthaza ukubandakanya ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukusingatha ukungalungisi okungokwembali, nokuthintela ukuhlaziywa konqulo.

Imigudu yokwakha uxolo nokuthintela ukungavisisani ifanele ibandakanye iinkokeli zonqulo kunye nabantu abahlala kunye, iqonde impembelelo yazo kunye negalelo lazo ekumanyaneni nasekuphiliseni intlalo.

Ukunyanzeliswa koomatshini nokuphendulelwa

Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuba kunyanzeliswe ukuba kuhlawulwe yaye kumele kuphendulwe ityala lokwaphula umthetho.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abasemagunyeni abanyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela nokusabela ngokufanelekileyo ekuphulweni kwenkululeko yonqulo, kuquka ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthiywe abantu okanye abantu abahlala kunye. Oku kuquka ukuphengulula ngokucokisekileyo, ukuvavanya abahlaseli ngokunempumelelo nokukhusela abantu bonqulo abasengozini.

Iinkqubo zobulungisa zolwaphulo - mthetho zifanele ziquke izigwebo ezifanelekileyo zokwaphula inkululeko yonqulo, kuquka ulwaphulo - mthetho lwentiyo, ucalulo nentshutshiso.

Iindlela Zolawulo Nezixhobo Zokusebenzisa Imali Ezikhalazayo

Oorhulumente bafanele bamisele iindlela ezinokufikeleleka kubantu abanokubhala izikhalazo ngokwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo baze bafune amayeza. Ezi ziquka iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu, iiofisi ezisebenza ngezamalungelo abantu, okanye iiofisi ezingoogxa babandakanywayo benkululeko yonqulo ezinokuphanda ngezikhalazo, iingxoxo eziphakathi, kwaye zincomela ukulungisa.

Amayeza olawulo anokunikela isigqibo esikhawulezileyo nesingeyoxabiso likhulu kunetyala lenkundla, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba okusesikweni kufikeleleke ngakumbi kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Bangakwathetha ngokuchasana okusenokunganyuki kumlinganiselo wehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa nakuba kunjalo kuphazamisana nenkululeko yonqulo.

Ukujongwa nokukhutshwa kwengxelo

Iingxelo zonyaka ngenkululeko yonqulo yezizwe ngezizwe, njengezo ziveliswa liSebe leLizwe laseUnited States nemibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo yezizwe ngezizwe, ukwenziwa kwamaxwebhu, imikhwa elandelelanayo, nokugcinwa kwengqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe ngemibandela yonqulo.

Ezi ngxelo zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ukwenza inkqubo yokwazisa, ukunikela ubungqina bemigudu yokuqhatha, ukuyila iingxelo zembali zokwaphula umthetho, nokuvelisa ingcinezelo ekungcoliseni oorhulumente ngokuchanabeka koluntu. Inkqubo yokunikela ingxelo, ngokufuthi ebandakanya ukunxibelelana nemibutho yezentlalo nonqulo, inokuwomeleza amacandelo axhasa inkululeko yonqulo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwenkululeko Yonqulo Nolawulo - melo

Inkululeko yonqulo nolawulo-demokhrasi zidityaniswe ngokunzulu. Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yonqulo kuxhomekeke yaye kunegalelo kumaziko nemilinganiselo yolawulo-moya.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Njengesiseko Sedemokhrasi

Abaseki babecinga ngesizwe apho amazwi neembono zonqulo zingundoqo kuluntu olunobunkunkqele nolunobundlobongela, apho abantu bonqulo namaziko bekhululekile ukuqhelisela ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokoyika ucalucalulo okanye ubutshaba obuvela kuRhulumente. Inkululeko yonqulo ikhusela ithuba lokuba ibutho labantu likhule ngokuzimeleyo ulawulo lukarhulumente, ibangela ukuba ibutho lonqulo lisebenze njengemithombo yobume bokuziphatha okuhle, ubunye bentlalo, nezivumelwano zezentlalo.

Inkxaso-mali yezonqulo ixhomekeke kwiminikelo yonqulo olwahlukahlukeneyo kwintetho yesidlangalala, kwiinkonzo zoluntu, kwimfundo, nasekuqiqeni ngokuziphatha. Inkululeko yonqulo iqinisekisa ukuba le minikelo inokwenziwa ngokuchanileyo, ngaphandle kokuba inyanzelekile ukuba inyanzeliswe ngurhulumente okanye inyanzelelwe ukuba ilalanise kwiinkolelo zayo ukuze ibandakanyeke kubomi babantu bonke.

Unqulo Nemilinganiselo Yolawulo - melo

Inkululeko yonqulo ikhuthaza ubuninzi .ukukholeka nokuhlaliswa kweenkolelo nezenzo ezahlukeneyo zonqulo kwibutho elinye. Oku kudibanisa idemokhrasi ngokuhlakulela imikhwa yokunyamezelana, ukuhlonela umahluko, nokuhlalisana ngoxolo nakubeni kukho ukungavisisani okunzulu. Ukufunda ukuphila nonqulo olungafaniyo kulungiselela abemi ukulungiselela ezinye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokungavumelani okukhoyo kubomi bedemokhrasi.

Ngokwahlukileyo, inkululeko yonqulo ixhomekeke kumaziko nemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lunika umthetho ozimeleyo, imicimbi yezahlulelo, imithombo yamaphephandaba neendawo zoluntu eziyimfuneko ukuze inkululeko yonqulo ikhuselwe ngokunempumelelo. Iinkqubo zokuzimela ngedemokhrasi ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyayihlonela inkululeko yonqulo kunokuba alwaphule.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokukhethekileyo Kweziko Lonqulo

Le migaqo ikhusela abantu iqonda ukuba unqulo luyinto engokwemvelo yaye abantu bafuna inkululeko yokuzikhethela ukuze bafeze iimbopheleleko zabo.

Imfundiso YeCawa Ezenzekelayo

Kungekudala iNkundla iza kuqwalasela ukuthatha ityala elibalulekileyo ngokukhusela umGaqo-siseko ukuze kukhuselwe inkululeko yecawa. Imfundiso yokuzilawula yecawa ikhusela inkululeko yeentlangano zonqulo zokuzilawula ngokwemigaqo yazo yonqulo, kuquka ukwenza izigqibo eziphathelele ukhokelo, imfundiso, unqulo, kunye nengqeqesho yangaphakathi ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente.

Oku kuzilawula kubalulekile kwinkululeko yonqulo kuba kuthintela urhulumente ukuba alawule okanye aqhube amaziko onqulo. Iyaqonda ukuba abantu bonqulo bamele bakhululeke ukuchaza nokugcina iinkolelo zabo zonqulo, kwanaxa izenzo zabo zangaphakathi zahlukile kwizithethe okanye kwiimfuno ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukufumaneka ngokulinganayo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente

Ubuncinane abagwebi abane bayaqonda ukuba ukungazifaki izikolo zonqulo kwiinkqubo zedegrep-sebrical. Amaziko onqulo angafanele akhutshwe kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezikhoyo jikelele ngenxa nje yokuba zikho ngokonqulo. Lo mgaqo wokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo uqinisekisa ukuba imibutho yonqulo inokuba nenxaxheba ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo zoluntu, kwimfundo, nakweminye imisebenzi kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokulahla igama layo lonqulo.

Xa uRhulumente egqiba kwelokuba ayenze imfundo yabucala ingabi yeyamkelekileyo, ayinakuzenza zingakufanelekeli ezinye izikolo zabucala ngenxa nje yokuba zingokonqulo. Lo mgaqo ulinganayo unikezelwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkqubo zokukhetha isikolo, izivumelwano zenkonzo yoluntu, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo. Ibonisa indlela yokuqonda ukuba ucalucalulo lonqulo lunokwenzeka ngokucalucalucalulo kunye nangokujoliswe kulo.

Ukukhohliswa kwerhafu nokhuseleko lwemali

Urhulumente omninzi ukhulula irhafu kwiintlangano zonqulo, uqonda ukuba zinikela kwibutho labantu yaye ukhusela ukuzimela kwazo ngokwemali ngaphandle korhulumente.

Ukukhusela abantu abanikela ngenkululeko yonqulo kukwanceda abantu bafumane inkululeko yonqulo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangayixhasa imibutho yonqulo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba urhulumente uyayihlola okanye uyayichanaba. Kwinkonzo ezisekelwe kukholo lwabantu abanikelayo ngokweenkolelo zonqulo, eli tyala liya kuqinisekisa enoba banokubandakanyeka kusini na ekunikeleni ubungqina obusemgangathweni ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente ubalasele.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Njengoko abantu beguquka, kubakho iingxaki ezintsha kwinkululeko yonqulo, nto leyo efuna ukuba urhulumente aqhubeke etshintsha iinkqubo zomthetho.

Ubugcisa Nenkululeko Yonqulo

Ubugcisa bamanani bubangela amathuba neengxaki zonqulo kwi - Internet ezenza abantu banqule, bafundise, balungelelanise imigama emide, kodwa bukwavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, zokuhlola nokutshutshisa.

Ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa bubeka iliso kwimiba ephantsi yonqulo ephantsi kwengcinezelo. ITshayina isebenzisa uphando ukuze ijolise, ihlasele, ihlasele amaKristu aseTibet, amaBhuda aseTilun, oogqirha abakwizigwebi, amaSilamsi ase-Uyghur, namanye amancinane onqulo ngokuqhelisela iinkolelo zawo. Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo ngexesha lobugcisa kufuna ukuhlangabezana nezi zisongelo zobugcisa.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Ekunyamekeleni Impilo

Imeko yempilo ivelisa imiba entsonkothileyo yenkululeko yonqulo, kuquka ukukhuselwa isazela kubanyamekela impilo, ukuchaswa konqulo kwiinkqubo ezithile zonyango, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwezenzo zonqulo kwizicwangciso zonyango. Oorhulumente kufuneka balungelelanise inkululeko yonqulo yabanikezeli bezonyango kunye nokufikelela kwabaguli ekunyamekeleni, ulungelelwano oluthanda ukuchasana kakhulu ngokuphathelele ukunyamekela inzala kunye nezigqibo zobomi.

Le mibandela ifuna uphuhliso olucokisekileyo lwemigaqo - siseko ebandakanya inkululeko yonqulo nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo, mhlawumbi kuquka iinkqubo ezibonisa ukuma komhlaba, ukuqwalasela iindawo neendawo ezahlukeneyo ezivumela unyango lonqulo nolokunyamekela impilo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nenkululeko Yonqulo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuwohloka kwemekobume kunokusongela inkululeko yonqulo ngokutshabalalisa iindawo zonqulo, ngokuphelisa izithethe zonqulo, nokuphazamisa uqheliselo lonqulo olunxulumene neemeko ezithile okanye nobuncwane bemvelo. Oorhulumente bamele baqwalasele imiphumo yenkululeko yonqulo kwimigaqo yemekobume nemozulu, kuquka ukukhusela iindawo ezingcwele nokuhlalisana kwezithethe zonqulo ezichatshazelwa ziinguqulelo zemekobume.

Ukusabela Ngobuqhophololo Nenkululeko Yonqulo

Iingozi zempilo kawonke wonke, njengesifo se-COVID-19, zidala ungquzulwano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo kunye nemilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Imiqathango yeentlanganiso zonqulo, nangona iyimfuneko ekulawuleni izifo, ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqhelisela unqulo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imiqathango enjalo iyimfuneko ngokwenene, isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, kwaye ilinganiselwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoxa befuna iindawo zokuhlala ezikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke nenkululeko yonqulo.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Wokukhusela Urhulumente Kwinkululeko Yonqulo

Ngenxa yamava ahlukahlukeneyo, kuvela iindlela ezifanelekileyo abanokuyikhusela ngazo ngokunempumelelo inkululeko yonqulo oorhulumente.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo somthetho eququzelelayo

Kufuneka ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo ecacileyo olulawula inkululeko yonqulo kumgangatho womgaqo-siseko, womthetho, nowolawulo. Ezi zicwangciso zifanele ziwachaze ngokucacileyo amalungelo akhuselweyo, zimisele iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, zinike amayeza okwaphula, zilungelelanise inkululeko yonqulo nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo ize ihlaziywe ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezivelayo kunye nezithuba ezisondeleyo ekukhuselweni. Kufuneka iphuhliswe ngeenkqubo ezibandakanya imimandla eyahlukeneyo yonqulo nemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Inkcitho yeQumrhu neNkcubeko

Oorhulumente bafuna amandla anikezelweyo okukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, kuquka iiofisi ezikhethekileyo, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye nezinto ezaneleyo.

Abasebenzi kulo lonke urhulumente (kuquka ukunyanzelisa umthetho, ukuququzelela imicimbi yezeejaji, imfundo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle-ntlalo) kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho ngemigaqo yenkululeko yonqulo nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imibandela yenkululeko yonqulo idityaniswe kwimisebenzi yoorhulumente kwiicandelo ngamazwe.

Ukunxulumana Neecawa

Oorhulumente kufuneka bagcine ukuganana rhoqo, okunentsingiselo noluntu lonqulo olwahlukahlukeneyo, baphulaphule izinto ezibaxhalabisayo, bajonge kwiinkqubo ezichaphazela bona, baze basebenzisane kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuganana kufuneka kuqukwe kwiinkonzo ezincinane, iinkonzo ezintsha, neembono ezingezizo izithethe zonqulo.

Ukuganana okunjalo kunceda urhulumente aqonde iimbambano zenkululeko yonqulo ngokwembono yezo zichaphazelekayo, kwakha ukuthembana phakathi korhulumente noluntu lonqulo, kwaye kwenza iingxaki ezihambelanayo zicombululeke. Kukwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo karhulumente ichazwa ngokuchanileyo ngeenkolelo nezenzo zonqulo kunokuba ichazwe ngokweembono eziqhelekileyo okanye iimbono eziphosakeleyo.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Oorhulumente bafanele basebenze ngokucace gca ngokuphathelele inkululeko yonqulo, ukunikela ingxelo ephambi kwabantu ngeemeko, ukuvuma iingxaki, nokuziphendulela ngezenzo zabo. Oku kuquka ukupapasha inkcazelo engokwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo, ukuchaza iimpendulo zikarhulumente, nokukwazi ukujongwa kwibutho lasekuhlaleni nakwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Iinkqubo ezinokuphendula zifanele zincede abantu nabantu basekuhlaleni bacel ’ umngeni izenzo ezichasene nenkululeko yonqulo baze bafune iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuzinyanga.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amazwe angayamkelanga intsebenziswano yenkululeko yonqulo yezizwe ngezizwe njengenkqubo ephambili yelizwe lasemzini afanele ayenze loo nto, yaye amazwe asele ekhuthaza inkululeko yonqulo afanele omeleze olu nyuselo. Okukhona amazwana ethabatha inkululeko yonqulo, aya kuba namandla nangakumbi yaye aya kuthenjwa ngakumbi njengelungelo loluntu lwendalo iphela.

Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzisane ehlabathini lonke ngenkululeko yonqulo, babe nenxaxheba kwizenzo ezintle, banxibelelane xa kukho ukwaphulwa, baxhase iinkqubo zokuhlola imicimbi yehlabathi, baze basebenze kunye ukuqinisa izithethe zehlabathi. Le ntsebenziswano imanyanisa impembelelo kwaye ibonisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo yinkxalabo yehlabathi lonke kunokuba ichazwe kulo naluphi na uhlanga okanye ummandla othile.

Intsingiselo Ebanzi Yenkululeko Yonqulo

Inkululeko yonqulo ayibalulekanga ngenxa yayo kuphela kodwa ikwayintsebenziswano yayo enkulu kwinkqubela-phambili yoluntu nakwintlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni. Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kufeza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle nje kokuvumela abantu ukuba baqhelisele ukholo lwabo.

Isidima Nesazela Somntu

Inkululeko yonqulo ikhusela isidima somntu ngokuhlonela iinkolelo ezinzulu zabantu ngokuphathelele eyona ntsingiselo, injongo nexabiso. Iyaqonda ukuba imibuzo yokholo nesazela isisiseko kwizinto ezizizo umntu yaye ukukhuthaza inkolelo okanye ukuqhelisela unqulo kuphazamisana nengqibelelo yomntu.

Olu khuseleko luquka nakwabo bangakholelwayo kwiinkolelo zonqulo, beqonda ukuba inkululeko yesazela iquka iimbono zehlabathi lonqulo nezeenkonzo. Umgaqo uthetha ukuba abantu bafanele bakhululeke ekulandeleni izazela zabo kwimicimbi exhalabisayo, enoba oko kubakhokelela kunqulo okanye kwiintandabulumko zehlabathi.

Umanyano Noxolo

Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kunegalelo ekumanyaneni naseluxolweni ngokulungiselela isiseko sokuba abantu bonqulo abahlukeneyo bahlale ngoxolo. Xa inkululeko yonqulo ikhuselwe, ukungavisisani konqulo akufuneki kube ngunobangela wengxabano.

Ngokuchasene noko, ukwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo kudla ngokunxulumene nokungazinzi kwentlalo, iingxabano nogonyamelo. Intshutshiso yonqulo inokubangela ukungazinzi, ibangele ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi ize ibangele iingxabano ezithe chatha. Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo akuncedi nje kuphela kukhusele abantu ngabanye kodwa kukwanceda ukhuseleko nozinzo olumanyeneyo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nokuhlaziywa

Uphando lubonisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo inxulumene neziphumo ezifanelekileyo zezoqoqosho, kuquka ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, urhwebo, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemali. Inkululeko yonqulo inegalelo kule miphumo ngokukhusela indawo yoluntu, ngokukhuthaza ukuthembana nekomkhulu lentlalo, ibangela ukuba kubekho iimbono ezahlukeneyo nobuchule obungafaniyo, nokutsala isiphiwo kunye notyalo-mali.

Unqulo ludla ngokufak ’ isandla ekuphucukeni kwezoqoqosho ngemfundo, ngempilo, ngentlalo, nangeenkqubo zokuphuhlisa uluntu.

Ilifa Lenkcubeko Neentlobo

Inkululeko yonqulo ikhusela ilifa lesithethe kunye neendidi ngezithethe zonqulo ngokwenza ukuba zidluliselwe kwizizukulwana nakuqheliselo lonqulo. Oku kulondolozwa kweentlobo-ntlobo zonqulo kunika ingxubusho ngokwenkcubeko nangengqiqo yabantu, kunika iimbono ezininzi ngemibuzo esisiseko yabantu, nendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa intsingiselo nobomi basekuhlaleni.

Ukuphulukana nenkululeko yonqulo kudla ngokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwezithethe zezithethe zecawa, kukonakalisa izithethe zenkcubeko.

Isiphelo: Isiphumo Esiqhubekayo

Ukukhusela urhulumente wenkululeko yonqulo kuhlala kuyimfuneko, kufuna isibopho esiqhubekayo, amandla okulungiselela, nokusabela ngokulungelelanisa kwiingxaki ezivelayo. Ngoxa kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekumiseleni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni nezithethe ezikhuselweyo zezizwe ngezizwe zokukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kungangqinelani yaye ukwaphula umthetho kuqhubeka kuhambelana ngemilinganiselo eyothusayo ehlabathini lonke.

Inkululeko ayize idlule ngaphezu kwesizukulwana esinye ekutshabalalisweni. AmaMerika kufuneka aqhelane novavanyo olubalaseleyo lwelizwe lwenkululeko yonqulo ukuze alwenze lungangeni kwizisongelo ezivelayo. Eli cebiso alisebenzi kumaMelika kuphela kodwa ebantwini kuyo yonke indawo. Inkululeko yonqulo ayinakuthathwa njengelula, kufuneka ikhuselwe, iphakanyiswe, kwaye idluliselwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukukhusela urhulumente ophumelelayo kwinkululeko yonqulo kufuna ukuba kubekho amacandelo amaninzi asebenza kunye: ukulungelelana okusemthethweni okusemgceni, kwemithetho, nakwezomgangathweni wamazwe ngamazwe; iinkqubo eziziko ezinikezelweyo ezinobuncwane obufanelekileyo nobuchule; iindlela zokunyanzelisa ezibangela ukuba abo baphula umthetho baphendule; ukudityaniswa kwabantu abanonqulo olwahlukahlukeneyo; ukukhuthazwa konyamezelo nokuqonda; nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ukuze bomeleze imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke ibe nokusabela ekuphazaleni ngokwaphula.

Ucelomngeni lubalulekile kwaye luyacotha. Intshutshiso yonqulo iyaqhubeka ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Ubugcisa obutsha bubangela umngcipheko ongaqhelekanga kwinkululeko yonqulo. Ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo abalulekileyo kubangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudala iimeko ezintsha apho inkululeko yonqulo imele ikhuselwe khona.

Kodwa imfuneko ihlala icacile. Inkululeko yonqulo lilungelo elisisiseko lomntu, eliyimfuneko kwisidima soluntu, kwintsebenziswano yentlalo, kunye nokuchuma kwedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente banawo uxanduva kunye negunya lokukhusela elingokwasemthethweni, amaziko asebenzayo, iindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo, ukubophelelana kwezizwe ngezizwe, nokukhuthaza ukunyamezelana. Umsebenzi wokukhusela inkululeko yonqulo awuze ugqitywe, kodwa ngumsebenzi osebenza iinjongo ezinzulu zenkululeko yomntu neenjongo eziphakamileyo zokulawula ngokusesikweni.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkululeko yonqulo yamazwe ngamazwe, U.S. Isebe leNdebe Yonqulo Yomhlaba Wonke Iingxelo zobuGcisa linikela uxwebhu olubanzi lwaminyaka lemeko yenkululeko yonqulo ehlabathini lonke. .S. Commission on International Religious Freedom inikela uphando oluzimeleyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. [[FLT:] IZizwe Ezikhethekileyo Rapportureur ekhululekileyo yeNko yonqulo okanye inkolelo-[ ihlola inkululeko yonqulo emhlabeni wonke kwaye inikela iingxelo ze-mali engundoqo kulwazi lwezizwe zomhlaba wonke. [[FLT]