Table of Contents

Irhuluneli zisebenza njengembombo yolawulo lwelizwe laseMelika, zisebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo elibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zabemi eUnited States. EUnited States, irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yentloko nentloko yomphathi-mikhosi kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu nakwimimandla emihlanu ehlala abantu ngokusisigxina, esebenza njengentloko yesizwe nentloko karhulumente. Ukuqonda indima eninzi yabalawuli kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenzayo ngayo imeko kunye nezobupolitika.

Isikhundla serhuluneli simela enye yeeofisi ezinamandla ezinyulwe kakhulu kurhulumente waseMerika, elandela kuphela umongameli ngokwegunya eliphezulu. Ngoxa inkoliso yabantu baseMerika ijolise kumongameli xa icinga ngegunya eliphakamileyo, ziirhuluneli ezenza izigqibo ezithi zisondele kwikhaya lazo. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yemfundo ukuya kwinkqubela-phambili yezemfundo, ukususela kwizenzo zophuhliso lwezempilo zoluntu ukuya kulwa notshintsho lomthetho, abalawuli balawula ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo ezichaphazela abemi

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla okuGubhana

Umgaqo-siseko ugcine amagunya amaninzi kumazwe, kwaye abalawuli benzelwe ukusingatha imisebenzi engundoqo yokulawula imihla ngemihla enjengemfundo, izibonelelo, ubupolisa, nempilo kawonke-wonke. Esi sicwangciso somGaqo-siseko simisela abalawuli njengezilawuli eziphambili ezijongene nokumisa imithetho karhulumente nokuphatha izixhobo ezinkulu zikarhulumente.

Kwiphondo ngalinye, isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa yirhuluneli enyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu. Lo mqathango wonyulo unika abalawuli ababalulekileyo ngokwezobupolitika negunya lokulandela imimiselo yabo yezolawulo-moya. Umgangatho wonyulo lwedemokhrasi uqinisekisa ukuba aba balawuli banamandla bahlala benoxanduva kubemi abakhonzayo.

Nangona iiRhuluneli zinendima neembopheleleko ezininzi ezifanayo, umlinganiselo wamandla ombuso uyahluka ngokwemeko ngokwemeko ngokwemithetho-siseko yombuso, umthetho, nesithethe. Olu tshintsho luthetha ukuba ukuqonda irhuluneli kufuna ukuba kuhlolwe zombini iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezabelana kuwo onke amaphondo kunye neempawu ezizodwa ezahlula iziphathi-ntloko zorhulumente.

Iimbopheleleko zegunya

Umlawuli oyintloko wegunya neloburhulumente

Njengabaphathi belizwe, iGavera-mikhosi ijongene nokumiswa kwemithetho yesizwe nokungamela ukusebenza kwesebe elilawulayo. Lo mthwalo ubalulekileyo ubandakanya intlukwano yemisebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza kakuhle ukulungiselela iimpendulo kwiimeko ezimaxongo neentlekele.

Iirhuluneli ziphumeza iimbopheleleko zazo zolawulo nokhokelo kunye neenjongo zazo ngenkxaso noncedo lwezigqeba namaqumrhu, ezininzi zazo ezinikwe amandla okumisela. Amandla okumisela anika impembelelo ephawulekayo kwiijaji kulwalathiso nezinto eziza kuqala zikarhulumente, ezivumela ukuba zibeke amaqabane athembekileyo kunye neengcali ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo eziphambili kulo lonke isebe elilawulayo.

Imithetho yesebe elilawulayo edluliselwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, namasebe, amasebe, okanye iibhodi ngokufuthi ziyalela ukudibanisa imithetho nemimiselo yokuzalisekisa loo mithetho. IGavera-mikhosi yenza indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemimiselo eveliswe ngamaziko karhulumente ihambelana nenkqubo yawo ephambili kunye nombono karhulumente.

Ukhokelo loMthetho

Enye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zolawulo lwale mihla yindima yommisi-mthetho oyintloko. Enye indima ephambili yerhuluneli kwixesha langoku yeyommisi-mthetho oyintloko.

Njengeenkokeli zikarhulumente, iRhuluneli iqhubele phambili ilandela iinkqubo ezintsha nezihlaziyiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo, phakathi kwazo imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, uqingqo-mali oluphezulu, izicelo zowiso-mthetho kunye nee-vetoes. Ezi zixhobo zinika abalawuli amathuba amaninzi okubumba imimiselo yemithetho-mthetho nokuphembelela ukuqulunqwa kwemithetho karhulumente.

Amandla omthetho afana nomgangatho ophezulu kunye noqingqo-mali oluphezulu, ukongeza kumboniso wentetho yesizwe efunekayo kubo bonke abalawuli, aqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli ingumdlali osemthethweni kwibala lemidlalo. Imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yokuba abalawuli badlulisele urhulumente wentetho banike iqonga eliphambili ukucacisa ezona migaqo ziphambili nokukhuthaza uluntu ngeenyathelo zabo.

Igosa eliphetheyo lomkhosi womkhosi welizwe

Iphondo ngalinye linendawo yalo yogada yesizwe, eliyalelwa yirhuluneli. Eli gunya lomkhosi libaluleka ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha longxamiseko, iintlekele zemvelo, kunye neziphithiphithi zamakhaya. IRhuluneli zingathumela iQumrhu lesiZwe ukuze ligcine ucwangco, lincede ngentlalo-ntle, likhusele nezakhiwo ezicetyiweyo ezifuna ingqwalaselo.

Indima yenkosana yomkhosi inika abalawuli amandla ongxamiseko abalulekileyo anokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ngamaxesha amanqam. Eli gunya ligxininisa isikhundla serhuluneli njengelona gunya liphezulu kwilizwe, elijongene nokukhusela ukhuseleko kunye nentlalontle yabo bonke abemi.

Amandla nezixhobo zomthetho

Igunya leVeto

Ibamba lingawisa amatyala, kwaye kuwo onke amajelo kodwa asixhenxe anamandla omgca-indawo ekuhlawuleni amaphepha (amandla uMongameli angenawo). Amandla eveto amele esinye sezona zixhobo zemithetho zerhuluneli ezinamandla, evumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba avale umthetho ongqubana nemithetho yawo ephambili okanye umbono karhulumente.

Umxholo welungu womgca ubaluleke kakhulu kuba uvumela abalawuli ukuba babethelele iingcebiso ezithile ezithe ngqo ezisuka kwiindleko zoqingqo-mali ngaphandle kokulahla yonke ipakethi edityanisiweyo. Le ndlela yotyando yokulawula uqingqo-mali inika abalawuli impembelelo eqinileyo kulawulo lombuso olusetyenziswa kuqala kunye nenkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.

Kwezinye iimeko izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingayisusa i-gabernaralial veto ngevoti ezimbini, kwezinye ngezintathu ezi-fth. E-Alabama, e-Indiana, eKentucky, naseTennessee, i-irhuluneli ingaba yi-SION ngevoti elula. EArkansas, i-gabernarial i-veto ingangavalwa yi-hayitiomfeyi. Ezi ntlobo-ntathu zingafaniyo zibonisa imiqobo eyahlukileyo yemithetho yomgaqo-siseko ukufikelela ekulungelelaniseni intloko yempatho kunye namandla omthetho.

IGosa eliBalulekileyo loHlahlo

Amandla okulungiselela nokucebisa uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente amele enye yezona zixhobo zerhuluneli ezibalulekileyo zobuchule bomgaqo-nkqubo worhulumente. Irhuluneli imisela iintloko zesebe namalungu eebhodi kunye neekhomishini, ikhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo enempembelelo nempembelelo yomthetho, kunye needrafti kwaye incomela uqingqo-mali kwi-mali ye-Idaho Legastislature. Ngenkqubo yoqingqo-mali, abalawuli bangabeka phambili kwiinkqubo ezithile, bacebise amanyathelo amatsha, kwaye bancomele ukunqumla kwiinkonzo ezikhoyo.

I-veto kunye noqingqo-mali lwamandla oqingqo-mali zombini zinika irhuluneli impembelelo engqalileyo ekwenzeni umthetho. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho mayisebenze nerhuluneli ekusunguleni umthetho karhulumente. Amandla oqingqo-mali anempembelelo ngokukodwa kuba anyanzela abalawuli ukuba babandakanyeke kwizinto eziza kuqala zerhuluneli kwaye baxakene ngokusetyenziswa kwemali nokuhlawulwa kwerhafu.

Imiqathango yecandelo

Irhuluneli zisebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo yolawulo ukuphatha abameli okanye ukuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela abalawuli ukuba balathise abameli, bamisele iinkqubo ezintsha, baze baphendule ngokukhawuleza ekuveleni kweengxaki ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa komthetho.

Amandla omyalelo olawulayo aye abaluleka kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko naxa kuyimfuneko ukwenza into ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, umlinganiselo kunye nemida yegunya elilawulayo iyahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko-bume, ezinye iijaji zinandipha ubulumko obuphangaleleyo ngoxa ezinye zijongene neengxaki ezingakumbi.

Iintsuku ezikhethekileyo zoMthetho

Abanye abalawuli nabo banamandla okuhlanganisa intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ekhethekileyo ukuze badlulise amatyala ngesaziso esifutshane. Eli gunya livumela abalawuli ukuba bazise abamisi-mthetho kwikomkhulu lesizwe ukuze bathethe ngemicimbi engxamisekileyo abangenakuyilinda de kufike intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho elandelayo. Amandla okubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo anika abalawuli ababalulekileyo abamisela izicwangciso ezibalulekileyo, njengoko ngokufuthi benokulinganisela umlinganiselo wemibandela abamisi-mthetho abanokuyiqwalasela ngexesha leentlanganiso ezingaqhelekanga.

Amandla Edinga

Izigqibo zesebe eliphethe iGama

Amandla okumisela amagosa aphambili kulo lonke isebe elilawulayo anika abalawuli impembelelo epheleleyo ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo karhulumente. Irhuluneli iphumeza ulawulo lwazo neembopheleleko zokhokelo kunye neenjongo zazo ngenkxaso nenkxaso yeentloko zamasebe kunye neentlangano, ezininzi kuzo ezinikwe amandla okumisela. Ezi zindululi zivumela ukuba zibeke abantu abanombono kunye nezinto eziza kuqala kwigunya kurhulumente wonke.

Ngokufuthi, oku kumiselwa kumele kuqinisekiswe yindlu enye okanye zombini zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa iqhele ukuqinisekiswa ngokwendalo, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokuphathelele ukumiswa kwesebe elilawulayo ingasetyenziswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ukwandisa impembelelo yazo kwiiRhuluneli nakwimigaqo yazo. Ngenxa yoko, iGavera-mikhosi emininzi idibana nabalawuli abangundoqo ngaphambi kokuba benze inkqubo emiselweyo. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa idala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ethintela abalawuli ekusebenziseni igunya lokumisela elingathintelwanga.

Izigqibo zomgwebo

Uninzi lweeRhuluneli lunegunya lokumisela abagwebi benkundla yephondo ngokufanayo, kwiimeko ezininzi ukusuka kuludwe lwamagama abekwe yikomiti yokuqulunqwa. Amandla okubumba ijaji ngokumiswa amele enye yezona ziququzeleli zerhuluneli ezihlala zihleli, njengoko abagwebi besoloko besebenza iimfuno ezinde kwaye benza izigqibo ezichaphazela umthetho kunye nenkqubo karhulumente kangangeminyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka.

Kwamanye amazwe, njengeNew Hampshire neRhode Island, abalawuli bangakwalawula abagwebi abakwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo ukuze bavunywe yibhodi yezomthetho, ikomiti yezomthetho, okanye iNdlu yeeNgwebo yeSizwe. Ezi zicaka zikwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo zingaba nentsingiselo enzulu ekutolikeni komthetho wezomgaqo-siseko kunye nesigqibo sengxubusho engundoqo yezomthetho-mthetho.

Iibhodi neeKhomishini

Iindima ezidlalwa ziibhodi kunye nookhomishini zahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko nangenkqubo. Kwezinye iindawo iibhodi ezimiselweyo zinoxanduva lokuqala lweenkqubo nee-arhente nganye kwaye zinoxanduva lokukhethwa kwesebe neentloko zeziko. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukhethekileyo kumsebenzi wemfundo, kodwa iibhodi zisagcina uxanduva lwezinye iinkqubo ezibanzi kwimimandla efana nomsebenzi, izithuthi kunye neenkonzo zoluntu.

Kumazwe amaninzi amalungu ezi bhodi abizwa okanye atyunjwa nguRhulumente. Kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, amalungu ebhodi afanele aqinisekiswe ngendlu enye okanye zombini zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngolu cwangciso, abalawuli bangaphembelela inkqubo kwiindawo ezisuka kumaziko obugcisa ukuya kumgaqo-siseko wokusingqongileyo ukuya kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Amagunya Okugweba Nawamagunya Obulungisa

Irhuluneli ingakhupha ukuxolelwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, nokukhutshwa kwabantu abavalelwe kwiintolongo zikarhulumente. Eli gunya limela enye yeembopheleleko ezinzulu zerhuluneli, ezibandakanya izigqibo ezingobulungisa, inceba, nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke. IGavera-nkulu linokunikela ubuchule bokulungisa ukuphunyelwa kokusesikweni, ukubuyiselwa konyango, okanye ukubonakalisa inceba kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo.

Amandla onyameko abaluleke kakhulu kumaphondo anesohlwayo sokufa, apho abalawuli banegunya lokuphelisa izigwebo zokufa okanye lokuzinika ithuba lokubulala. Ezi zigqibo zidla ngokutsala uphando olunzulu lukawonke-wonke kwaye zinokuba nemiphumo enzulu yokuziphatha nezobupolitika.

Amandla eMbumbulu Nolawulo lweziphene

Njengentloko yesebe, iiRhuluneli zijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yazo ilungele iingozi neentlekele zazo zonke iintlobo nobukhulu. Le mbopheleleko ibandakanya ukuceba iintlekele zemvelo, iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukuphazamisana kwabemi, nezinye iingxaki ezisongela ukhuseleko nokhuseleko loluntu.

Phantsi kwemeko yamanqam, amandla erhuluneli ayanyuka ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokulunga kwabemi. Ngexesha longxamiseko, abalawuli basoloko besebenzisa amandla angaqhelekanga, kuquka amandla okuvakalisa iimeko zongxamiseko, ukulungiselela uKhuselo lweSizwe, ukumisa imimiselo ethile, nokubuyisela ubuncwane belizwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo.

Umgangatho wamandla ongxamiseko ubengumbandela wengxoxo engundoqo kunye nempikiswano, ingakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iirhuluneli ziya kusoloko zinamandla angaqhelekanga, ingakumbi ngamaxesha amanqam, kodwa ngaphandle kwamaqumrhu anamandla ukuvavanya loo mandla, ukuqhatha kuyaphepheka. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuthabatha inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu ngokukhawuleza ngexesha longxamiseko nemigaqo yokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo lomthetho ihlala ingucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kulawulo lukarhulumente.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika Nemithetho Yasekuhlaleni

Ulwalamano lwendawo-bume

Irhuluneli zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kurhulumente basekuhlaleni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngelixesha usodolophu enegunya kwisixeko esithile, amandla erhuluneli achaphazela zonke izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nobalo lwephondo kwilizwe lazo. Oku kwenza igunya lerhuluneli libe ligunya eliyintloko eliphetheyo elibanzi nelibanzi kunelosigqeba.

Nangona urhulumente wezwe norhulumente belizwe benesabelo solawulo ngeendlela ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Lo mgaqo usisiseko wolwalamano lorhulumente nommandla uthetha ukuba abalawuli nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente banegunya elibalulekileyo lokubumba amagunya neembopheleleko zezixeko, ubalo-mali, kunye nabanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Kwezinye iimeko, irhuluneli (ekunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente) ingayigqitha imithetho yomthetho kamasipala edluliswe ngusodolophu kwiphondo labo. Eli gunya lokukhulula liye laqalisa ukuphikisana kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, njengoko ezinye iirhuluneli nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziye zafuduka zifuduka zizama ukuthintela iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni kwimibandela esukela kumvuzo omncinci ukuya kummiselo wemekobume ukuya kumanyathelo onyango kawonke-wonke.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokufuduswa kwezibonelelo

Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni ziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ngolawulo lwazo ngemali nemali eziyabelwe yirejista. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente luquka ukuxhasa imali eninzi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, izikolo, izibonelelo zezithuthi, nezinye iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo uluntu. Ngenkqubo yoqingqo-mali, abalawuli banokuvuza okanye bohlwaye imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yasekuhlaleni, ukuvelisa izinto eziza kuqala kwindawo ethile, kunye nokulungisa izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukusasazwa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni koovimba belizwe kusoloko kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala nezopolitiko. IRhuluneli zingayalela inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo kwiindawo ezijongene neengxaki zezoqoqosho, imivuzo kuluntu oluxhasa amanyathelo awo enkqubo, okanye ukuchithwa kwemali kwimimandla enokubaluleka okucwangcisiweyo kwenkqubela-phambili yesizwe.

Ukulungelelaniswa koorhulumente

Ulawulo olusebenzayo ludla ngokufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwamagosa asekuhlaleni. Iijaji zisebenza rhoqo noosodolophu, amaqumrhu aphezulu, nezinye iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni ukusingatha iingxaki ezifana nokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ucwangciso lwezithuthi, ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Olu nxulumano lungabaluleke kakhulu ekuphumezeni amanyathelo amakhulu afuna intsebenziswano kumazwe amaninzi karhulumente.

Kukho imizekelo emibini yale mihla yendima enamandla abalawuli abanokuyidlala ekuziseni izixeko, idolophu, kunye nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni kunye ngenxa yoluntu. Eyokuqala iseTennessee: Ngo-2017, iRepublican Gov. uBill Haslam wacebisa ukunyusa irhafu yegesi karhulumente okokuqala kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuhlawula ngaphezu kwama-10 amawaka ezigidi kwimisebenzi ehlazisiweyo yokwakha iindlela, iibhulorho, nezinye izinto zokuhamba ezingundoqo ezifuna ukunqumla urhulumente. Isicelo sakhe sasiquka ukunika imvume koomasi basekuhlaleni ukuba baye kuvota ngenyathelo okuya kuvota abakhweli bezothutho lwengi.

Unxulumano lwamaPhondo

Umanyano-Isizwe seeNgqino

Njengeentloko zikarhulumente, iiRhuluneli zisebenza njengonxibelelwano oluphakathi norhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente olawula urhulumente. Le ndima ibandakanya ukukhuthaza izilangazelelo zikarhulumente eWashington, ukunxibelelana namaqumrhu karhulumente, nokumisela ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kumgangatho karhulumente.

Inkoliso yabalawuli igcina unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo norhulumente worhulumente, ngokuyintloko ngokuhambelana kwabo negqiza kwiBhunga lorhulumente. IGavera-mikhosi ingasebenzisa ijelo leSizwe leGunya, iqela lobugqeba elimela iijaji ezinosukelo olunye. IGavera-jineli zinika iqonga lesikhululo ukuba lisebenzisane ngemicimbi yezomthetho, libelane ngolona qheliselo lulungileyo, lize linike ilizwi elimanyeneyo kwimicimbi echaphazela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Intsebenziswano yesigqeba

Irhuluneli zikwabandakanyeka kwintsebenziswano yengingqi yengingqi kwimida enqamleza imida yombuso. Iingingqi zomanyano, inyathelo lephondo, kunye nentsebenziswano engacwangciswanga phakathi kweerhuluneli zivumela amazwe ukuba acombulule iingxaki ezifana nokhuseleko lwemeko-bume, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, izibonelelo zezithuthi, kunye nolawulo longxamiseko.

Olu nxulumano lwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwaba lubalulekileyo ngakumbi njengoko inkqubo emininzi ingucelomngeni ukudlula imida yombuso. IRhuluneli zisebenza kunye kwimibandela esukela kumalungelo amanzi ukuya kuhlobo lobuchule bokulungisa ukuhambelana kweempendulo kwiimeko zempilo yoluntu.

Iindima Zezobupolitika Nezokomfuziselo

Intloko kaRhulumente

Intloko-mikhosi yephondo yindima efuzisela ubukhulu becala efezwa yirhuluneli. Kulo mthamo, isebenza njengomqondiso wesizwe, idibanisa urhulumente nakwabo bangaphandle kwemida yayo. IGavera-mikhosi imela amazwe ayo kwiziganeko zesizwe, iyamkela izikhulu zezoburhulumente bamanye amazwe, ikhuthaza izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kwezinye iindawo, kwaye ikhonza njengobuso basesidlangalaleni bukarhulumente.

Le ndima yesithethe, ngoxa isoloko ityeshelwa, ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokwakha iimpawu zelizwe, ukukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho, nokukhuthaza ikratshi lentlalo-ntle. IRhuluneli iyaya kwimibhiyozo enqunyulwayo, ibeka abemi ababalulekileyo, ivakalisa imikhosi ekhethekileyo, kwaye inenxaxheba kwiziganeko zikawonke-wonke ezingenakubalwa eziqinisa unxulumano lwabo nabantu abakhonza kubo.

Ukhokelo Lwamaqela

IiRhuluneli zisebenza njengeenkokeli eziphambili kumaqela azo ezobupolitika, kumgangatho welizwe nawamazwe. Zidla ngokwenza indima ephambili ekufumaneni nasekuxhaseni abo bakwiziofisi zezinye iiofisi, ekuphakamiseni imali yeentlangano zamaqela, nasekuphakamiseni izikhundla zeqela kwimibandela emikhulu. Ukubonakala kunye nobuncwane obufumaneka kunye noomphathi-mikhosi benza abalawuli babe nempembelelo kwezobupolitika.

Ulwalamano lomthetho-wesiGqeba ludla ngokubunjwa ziimeko zokulawula amaqela. Kurhulumente owahlulekileyo, irhuluneli ingajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu ekukhuthazeni ucwangciso lwenkqubo kunakumaxesha okulawula amaqela. Ukwenziwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente kukuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukukwazi kwerhuluneli ukuhambisela phambili inkqubo yabo phambili nokuzalisekisa umbono wabo kurhulumente.

Umahluko Wamandla Okudala

Amandla eziko

Kwisikhundla esiphezulu samandla olawulo kuwo onke amaphondo angama-50. Imizekelo yemiba yobuqu ye-Adbes Beyle yezopolitiko yephondo, eyimeko eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokomntu ngamnye, ixesha ngalinye, kunye ne "igunya elikwiziqu ezizimeleyo" ebekwe endaweni yomthetho. Imizekelo yemeko zobuqu zobuqu ingubungakanani bomda woloyiso lwerhulu mpuluneli ngomhla wonyulo, kwaye ime kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba irhuluneli inemithetho enamandla yoqingqobhatalo, igunya lokumisa, imizekelo yamandla olawulo.

Joseph Schlesinger (65) wachaza iindidi ezine zegunya: ububanzi (igama kunye namathuba okukhethwa kwakhona), uhlahlo-mali, amandla oqingqo-mali, namandla okumisa. Wandula ke wahlula amanqaku onke alo mazwe ngokokuba lingakanani igunya irhuluneli eyayinalo kudidi ngalunye. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziqhubeke zisebenzisa isalathisi se-Schlesinger ukuqwalasela nokuthelekisa amandla asesikweni eerula.

Imida Yexesha Onokulisebenzisa Nokuzibamba

Imida yexesha eliphakathi ngokweemeko-mazwe nemimandla yase-U.S. kumaphondo angamashumi amabini anesithathu, kuquka i-Alaska, iColorado ne-New Jersey, kunye nemimandla emithathu.

Ukuthatha ixesha elide kuthetha ukuba abalawuli bakwisikhundla ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuphuhlisa ubuchule nobuchule nokwakha ulwalamano abanokuzuza kulo kwixesha elizayo. Ubude bexesha irhuluneli enokuba negalelo kubuchule bayo bokusebenzisa amanyathelo akudala, ukwakha iminqophiso yezobupolitika, nokuphuhlisa ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze ikhokele ngokunempumelelo.

Iinkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu

Kumaphondo amaninzi, ezinye iinkokeli kwisebe eliphetheyo zinyulwa ngqo, kuquka irhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala-mthetho, ababali-zincwadi kunye namakhomishinala. Esi sakhiwo solawulo sikhulu sinokwahlula amandla aphezulu ngokudala amaziko azimeleyo amaziko amandla kwisebe elilawulayo. Amagosa ajongelwe phantsi angenazo izikhundla kwirhuluneli angasukela ezona zinto ziphambili kwaye axhathise umgaqo we-gaberneriator.

Umlinganiselo abalawuli abamele babelane ngawo nabanye abasemagunyeni abaphezulu abanyuliweyo uyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kuwo onke amazwe. Amanye amazwe anenkqubo ezizibonelelo ezinamandla namagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo, ngoxa amanye egxininisa ngamandla angakumbi kwizandla zerhuluneli ngokutyumba igunya kumaziko ayintloko aphezulu.

Iindawo Eziphantsi Kwempembelelo Yokugutyulwa

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Abalawuli badla ngokuba ngabaxhasi abaphambili bemfundo ephezulu yeK-12 kunye nemfundo ephezulu, njengoko benjalo abaveleli borhulumente bokufundisa uluntu. Imfundo imela enye yeenxalenye ezinkulu zoqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, kwaye abalawuli benza indima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni inkqubo yemfundo ngezicelo zoqingqo-mali, amanyathelo omthetho, kunye namalungiselelo ombuso kwiibhodi zemfundo.

Iirhuluneli ziphembelela inkqubo yemfundo ngeendlela ezininzi, ukususela ekumiseleni imigangatho yemali kwizikolo neeyunivesithi ukuya kukhuthaza utshintsho kwimigangatho yokufundisa, uvavanyo, nokuziphendulela kwizifundo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Irhuluneli zisebenza njengezikhulu zenkqubela yezoqoqosho kumazwe azo, zisebenzela ukutsala amashishini, zivelisa imisebenzi, zikhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Zikhokela iintlanganiso zorhwebo kwamanye amazwe, zinxibelelana neenkampani ezicinga ngokufuduswa okanye ukwanda kwamazwe azo, ziphuhlisa iindlela zokomeleza ingeniso engundoqo kunye namacandelo.

Ngenkqubo yerhafu, ulungiso-nkqubo lolawulo, inkqubela-phambili yabasebenzi, kunye notyalo-mali lwezibonelelo, abalawuli balungisa imeko yezoqoqosho yamazwe abo. Ukuphumelela okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemigudu yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kudla ngokuchaphazela ukuma kwezopolitiko zerhuluneli kunye nelifa layo.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Irhuluneli zinegunya elithe kratya kwinkqubo yonyango kunye neenkqubo zoluntu zonyango. Benza izigqibo malunga nolwando lweMedicaid, ukuvelela amasebe ezempilo karhulumente, ukusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yobume echaphazela ukufikelela konyango nomgangatho wempilo. I-COVID-19 ibalaselisa iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokulawula amanqam oluntu kunye nempembelelo yezigqibo zabo kwiziphumo zempilo yoluntu.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Iinkqubo zezothutho zikarhulumente, kuquka iindlela, iibhulorho, ezothutho, kunye neenqwelo-moya, ziwela phantsi kolawulo lolawulo lwesikhululo. IGavera-mikhosi icebisa ngoqingqo-mali lwezithuthi, iiprojekthi ezizibonelelo, kunye nokuphuhlisa iinjongo ezinde zokugcina nokuphucula ii-intanethi. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela inkqubela yezoqoqosho, umgangatho wobomi, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

IRhuluneli iphembelela inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokumisela izigqibo zoqingqo-mali ezichaphazela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nokulungiswa, ukutyunjwa kwabagwebi namalungu equmrhu lokugwetywa kwemiqathango, izigqibo zomthetho, kunye nezindululo zowiso-mthetho ezithi zigwetywe, amapolisa kunye nezitshintshiso zentolongo. Ukulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye notshintsho lomthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho kumela enye yezona ndawo zinzima.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemekobume yelizwe, kuquka umgangatho womgangatho womoya namanzi, ulawulo lwemiba yendalo, kunye nokutshintshwa kwemozulu, zibunjwe ngokuphawulekayo lukhokelo lwesixhobo sokulawula. Iinkokeli zimisela iintloko zomaziko okusingqongileyo, zicebisa uqingqo-mali lwemeko-bume, zimisele izinto eziza kuqala ukuze kukhuselwe imekobume kunye nenkqubela yendalo yemicebo.

Iingxaki Nezithintelo Kumandla Okuqubha

Ulwalamano loMthetho

Enyanisweni, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokwahlula amagunya ithetha ukuba iziwiso-mthetho kufuneka zixhomekeke kwirhuluneli ukuze zisebenze njengeqabane labo ekuqulunqeni inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, olu manyano lungaphenjelelwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, iimpikiswano zemigaqo, kunye neengxoxo zamaqumrhu. IRhuluneli kufuneka ziqhube ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo nabaqulunqisi-mthetho, ukwakha iminqoqo kunye nokucebisana ukuqhuba izicwangciso zazo.

Ngaphandle kokuba kukho abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nombutho weofisi elawulayo, abalawuli baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zobuqu zokubumba inkqubo kunye neziphumo. Ngokwenyani, amandla okucenga abavoti kunye nabalawuli bomthetho ngokubaluleka nemfuneko yemithetho ethile ayinakuthathwa njengengenamsebenzi. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luyimpembelelo enamandla ekulungiseni amandla erhuluneli okukhuthaza ngokunempumelelo ucwangciso-nkqubo.

IiNqanawa zoMkhosi waMagunya eNtshona Koloni

I-Breacracracy inkulu kwaye kunzima ukuyilawula. Izikhulu zelizwe zibunjwe ngabantu abangena kwimisebenzi yabo ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo .Njengeendlela ezininzi, ezinye ziqeshwa, ezinye zimiselwa ziibhodi okanye iikhomishini, ezinye zinyulwa, ezinye zimiselwa yirhuluneli. Iinkokeli zilindeleke ukuba zongamele ezi bureaucraccacs ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqhutywa ngendlela esebenzayo nesebenzayo.

Kanye njengokuba abalawuli befumene amagunya amakhulu, imikhosi yorhulumente iye yakhula yaya ikhula. Ngoxa abaphathi abaninzi bephondo babekhe bakhethwa yinkqubo yezopolitiko yokuphanga, inkoliso yezikhundla kwisebe eliphetheyo namhlanje izaliswa yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngoku oorhulumente banelwazi olungakumbi nobuchule obungakumbi ngokuphathelele imimandla yabo yembopheleleko, kwaye abathintelwanga kakhulu zizinto ezilindelwe ngabalawuli bezobupolitika.

Iikona

Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wezwe, urhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwakhe, athintele ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwemali yabalawuli. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ingeniso, kunye nokukhuphisana ngemfuno zobuncwane obulinganiselweyo ezithintela amandla obuchule obuthintela ukubonelela amanyathelo amatsha okanye ukwandisa iinkqubo ezikhoyo. Iijaji kufuneka zenze ukhetho olunzima malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kunye nokungangeni ngaphaya kwemiqathango eqinileyo.

Uvavanyo lweManual kunye noKhuselo

Imithetho kunye nemimiselo yomanyano ingamisela iinketho zenkqubo yorhulumente kwaye imisele izindululo kurhulumente wesizwe. Imiyalelo yomanyano, ingakumbi izigunya ezingafune ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ngaphandle kokunikela iimali ezaneleyo, ukunyanzela ubuchule bolawulo kunye nokusebenzisa ubuncwane bukarhulumente. IGavera-mikhosi kufuneka iqhubele phambili uqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente ngeli lixa inkxaso yorhulumente.

Iimbono Zabantu Nobuchule Bemithombo Yezindaba

IRhuluneli zisebenza kwimeko-bume engqineke iliso elinzulu likawonke-wonke neliso leendaba. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunganyanzela ukhetho olubugqeba, njengokuba abalawuli kufuneka bagcine inkxaso eyaneleyo yezopolitiko ukuqhubekisela phambili iingxube zabo zenjongo nokuphumelela unyulo. Ukusingqongileyo kwesi sixhobo sonxibelelwano, kuquka imithombo-ndaba, kuye kwakhulisa olu phakamiso kwaye kwanyusa umjikelo weendaba, unyanzelela ukuba iijaji ezimele ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimbambano neempikiswano.

I-Evolution yoLawulo

Imbali

Amandla karhulumente kurhulumente waseMerika aye atshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela iminyaka. Urhulumente wesizwe uye wafumana igunya ngexesha. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-1980, amazwe aye afumana indawo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni inkqubo yaseMerika. Iimbopheleleko ebezikhe zanikezelwa ngurhulumente wesizwe, okanye zasuswa, kumazwe.

Iimpawu zomphathi zifumene utshintsho oluninzi kwiminyaka, kwaye phantse zonke ezi nguqu ziye zanceda ekwenzeni iofisi ibe yeyona ibalulekileyo. I-odonga elikhoyo linamandla kakhulu kunabanduleli bayo bembali, namandla asesikweni anwebekileyo, abasebenzi abakhulu, kunye noovimba abakhulu bophuhliso lwenkqubo kunye nozalisekiso.

Ukusetyenziswa Koochwepheshe Nokusetyenziswa Kwale Mihla

Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liye lantsonkotha ngakumbi kwaye amathemba abemi ngoorhulumente babo ekhula, amatyala aye ashukunyiselwa ukuba akhuthaze abadlali bawo borhulumente ngokwezi njongo zobumi. Amazwe aye anika oorhulumente babo amandla. Ngokuqinisekileyo iGavera-mikhosi iye yangenelwa kwezi nguqulelo kwaye ngoku inokuba ziinkokeli kumaphondo ayo.

Ukwenziwa korhulumente ngobuchule kuye kwanyusa amandla obuchule bokucombulula iingxaki zenkqubo. Abalawuli bale mihla bayakwazi ukufikelela kuhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lwenkqubo, abasebenzi abanobuchule, ubugcisa obuphambili, kunye nobuncwane obuninzi bolwazi obenza ulawulo lube nempumelelo kunokuba bebunjalo kumaxesha angaphambili.

Imikhwa Yangaphambili

Imeko ezininzi zexeshana zibuyisela ulawulo kunye nolwalamano lorhulumente kunye nolwalo lwangaphakathi. Oku kutsha ngalo nyaka-mali ingqongqo kakhulu kwaye imida yokunika isohlwayo eninzi kumagunya asekuhlaleni, edibene notshintsho oluphawulekayo kulawulo olunye kurhulumente. Njengoko iTheyibhile 1 ibonisa, ngo- 2000, inani lezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezikhokelwa yiRepublications kunye ne Democrates lathi lasasazwa phantse phantse lasasazwa ngo18 kunye no16, ngokulandelelana), ngelixa amagumbi omthetho wowiso-mthetho ayene "scrip" ulawulo lweqela phakathi kwendlu yawo nendlu yendlu yemikhosi. Noko ke, phantse ukuba zonke iindlu zowisomthetho zazibekwe phantsi kumthetho omnye. Ngelinye icandelo lolawulo lwephondo lwamagumbi amabini amabini eempumbhiliti kwimibhiyo, iRiphabliki-Riphabliki ephakathi kwe-Riphabliki.

Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemeko ekusikeleni umda igunya lasekuhlaleni, ukukhula kwentlupheko ekhoyo, kunye neengxoxo ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente namandla asekuhlaleni zibuyisela ulawulo lwelizwe. Ezi meko zinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ngendlela abalawuli abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo kunye nokusebenzisana noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Indlela Eya Kwinqanawa Yolawulo

Amava Neemfaneleko Zezobupolitika

Abaphumeleleyo badla ngokufumana amava kwezinye ii-ofisi zezobupolitika ezinoomatiloshe abafana nomphathi-mikhosi, ummeli we-US, i-US Senator, okanye njengelungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Irhuluneli enomdla ingabalekela kwii-ofisi ezikumgangatho ophantsi, njengebhodi yesikolo okanye ibhunga lesixeko, ize ngokuthe ngcembe isebenzele phezulu. Indlela eya kwirhuluneli ibandakanya ukwakha isiqalo sezopolitiko kumsebenzi owenzelwa kwezinye iindawo ezinyuliweyo, ukuphuhlisa igama, nokumisela ingxelo ebhaliweyo yokhokelo.

Urhulumente umisela ukuba irhuluneli yabo ibe ngummi wephondo ngexesha lonyulo lwabo kwaye imisela iimfuno ezincinci zeminyaka. Ezi mfuneko zomgaqo-siseko ziyahlukahluka kwiimeko ezithile, zibonakalisa izahlulelo ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo kukhokelo lwe-gaberneria olusebenzayo.

Izinto ezitshintshayo ze-Electoral

Urhulumente ngamnye wenza unyulo lwequmrhu lokulawula kanye emva kweminyaka emine. Unyulo lwe-gubernator lutsala ingqalelo ephawulekayo kunye nobuncwane, njengoko abaza kuthabatha inxaxheba bekhuphisana ukukhokela urhulumente wesizwe kunye nenkqubo yobume bukarhulumente. Olu nyulo ludla ngokuguqula imicimbi enjengezoqoqosho, imfundo, ukhathalelo lwezempilo, irhafu, kwakunye neempawu zobuqu kunye nobuchule bokhokelo babathathi-nxaxheba.

Imali yenkampane, ingxelo yamajelo eendaba, iingxoxo, kunye nezingca ezimiliselweyo ezicwangcisa zonke iindima ezibalulekileyo kunyulo olukwiziko lekhompyutha. Isiphumo solo nyulo singachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela yenkqubo karhulumente nokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nowiso-mthetho.

IRhuluneli eLawulayo nePhuhlisiweyo

Konke oku ngaphandle kwamaphondo amahlanu kunye nommandla omnye (iArizona, iMaine, iNew Hampshire, i-Oregon, i-Puerto Rico, kunye neWyoming) inerhuluneli yephondo. Irhuluneli yemikhosi iphumele kwiofisi ye-yubernarcator (amagunya nemisebenzi kodwa hayi iofisi, eMassachusetts naseNtshona Virginia), ukuba igawulwe yinkcaso, ukufa, okanye ukuphelelwa kwerhuluneli yangaphambili. Irhuluneli yephondo lephondo elingasebenzi kwiphondo likarhulumente ekwinkanga ye-'''''''' ayizibonelelo ze-''av' ayizibamba-' i-' i-'i-'i-ofisi ye-'ekungabondrearentia' kodwa ingakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yalo msebenzi, kwaye isoloko isebenza njengabaphathi bezindlu zezindlu zezindlu ze-ogropontsmentiant.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nomphathi-mikhosi bamazwe bahlukene kakhulu kwiimeko. Kwamanye amazwe, babaleka njengethikithi kwaye basebenza kunye ngokusondeleleneyo; kwezinye, basenokuba ngamaqela awahlukeneyo kwaye baphazamise ulwalamano. Ulwalamano olukulo luchaphazela ukusebenza kwequbhunethi kunye nokusebenza ngokugudileyo kukarhulumente.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Ulawulo lomthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho iyaluvumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente iqalise umthetho werhafu kunye namanqaku okungaqeqeshelwa. Le yokugqibela yinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente abonisa inkqubo karhulumente kwaye athintele naliphi na isebe ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya layo. Ulawulo lomthetho lwesebe elilawulayo lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla omphathi-mikhosi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokuthintela impatho ephetheyo.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziqhelisela ukujongwa koqingqo-mali, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadinga, uphando, namandla okuphelisa ii-veto. Ezi nkqubo zinika imigaqo ebalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya elilawulayo lo gama ulondoloza ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zelizwe zinikela olunye uhlolo kumandla equmrhu ngokuhlola izenzo zesebe elilawulayo. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo yegunya, imigaqo engenanto, nokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nawamagunya owiso-mthetho. Olu lawulo luqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nezomthetho.

Ukuphendula

Uhlolo olugqibeleleyo kumandla ombane lungakuphendula ngokukhetha. Amabamba kufuneka ajongene nabavoti rhoqo, kwaye ithemba lokufumana kwakhona unyulo okanye umnqweno wokugcina ukubamba kwabo eofisini linika intshukumisa enamandla kubalawuli ukuba bahlale besabela kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni nakwizinto ezithandwa ngabantu. Uphando loluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukukhutshelwa kwejelo-wonke, kunye nenkcaso yezobupolitika zonke ezi negalelo ekubekeni abalawuli ukuba baphendule ngomsebenzi wabo.

Owona Mkhwa Ubalaseleyo Kukhokelo Lwezikhundla

Ukwakha Iimali

Abalawuli abaphumelelayo bayaqonda ukuba impumelelo ifuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho ebanzi enqumla amaqela, imimandla yemimandla, namaqela abantu abanomdla.

Sikholelwa ukuba abalawuli, abamisi-mthetho, kunye neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni bangabeka phambili izinto ezixhalabisa uqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi ezihlanganyelwa ngabahlali basemaphandleni nabemi basedolobheni, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bakhona bangafumana ukuphila okulungileyo, bakhulise iintsapho zabo kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo nenokufikeleleka, bafumane amanzi acocekileyo, amandla anokuthenjwa, kunye nedabi elibanzi. Ukwenza njalo kungavelisa izisombululo eziphumelelayo zempumelelo yezoqoqosho kunye nokwandisa amathuba okunqamleza, inkxaso eninzi kwizindlu zolawulo nezindlu zezikhulu zikarhulumente.

Unxibelelwano olucwangcisiweyo

Iirhuluneli zale mihla zimele zibe ngabanxibelelanisi abaphumelelayo, zikwazi ukuchaza indlela ezibona ngayo izinto, zichaze imigaqo entsonkothileyo, zize zikhuthaze abantu ukuba bazixhase. Ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwamajelo eendaba, amajelo eendaba, ukubonakala kwasekuhlaleni, nokunxibelelana ngokungqalileyo nabemi bomthonyama kunceda abalawuli balungise iintetho zabo zesidlangalala baze baxhase izinto eziza kuqala.

Ulawulo loogcisa

Indima eyintloko yegunya liyinxalenye enzima yomsebenzi werhuluneli, kodwa ayingombandela woqwalaselo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye imbalwa imivuzo yezobupolitika yokufeza le ndima kakuhle. Noko ke, irhuluneli ayiyinanzi le ndima kwiingozi zayo. Isitshixo sokulawula ngokunempumelelo kwerhuluneli sibonakala silele ekunikeleni ingqalelo ekwakheni ezinye iziseko zenkxaso ekukhululeni izibonelelo zomsebenzi wolawulo oyimfuneko (kodwa maxa wambi ingabulelwa).

Abalawuli abaphumelelayo bafaka imali ekwakheni amaqela abaphathi abanamandla, bemisela izinto eziza kuqala, kwaye bedala iinkqubo zokuhlola nokuhlola iziphumo. Ulawulo lukarhulumente wephondo, nangona lungabonakali kakhulu kuneenkqubo, lubalulekile ekudluliseleni iinkonzo ngokunempumelelo nasekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ukubuyiselwa kunye nokufundiswa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ibamba lingafunda kumava amanye amazwe, ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo ephumelelayo nokuphepha iindlela ezingaphumelelanga. Imibutho efana neNxulumaniso yeSizwe inceda ukufundiswa kwenkqubo kunye nokwabelana ngoqheliso olungcono kwimimandla eqeshiweyo. IGatya elwamkela uphuhliso kunye nokwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina zingenza ngcono iziphumo zophuhliso lwawo xa ebeka amaphondo awo njengeenkokeli ekucombululeni iingxaki ezivelayo.

Ikamva Lokhokelo Lokubotshwa Kwezidumbu

Indima yabalawuli iyaqhubeka iguquka xa kutshintsha iimeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezezobupolitika. Ukudibanisa imingeni efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani, kunye nolwalamano olugqwethekileyo lwengingqi yephondo, kuza kufuna ukhokelo lwentlalo ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha.

Indawo yangoku yamaphondo kurhulumente waseMerika ixhasa isikhundla sabalawuli kuba bengoondoqo kwezo ntlanga. Udumo lwabalawuli luye lwakhula ngenxa yemeko yezobupolitika ukususela kuma-990, apho oorhulumente belizwe bathathwa njengabamelezi. Njengoko amaphondo eqhubeka edlala indima esemgangathweni kulawulo lwamaMelika, abalawuli baza kuhlala bebalulekile kwinkqubo yokubumba nokusingatha iingxaki ezijongene namaphondo abo.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya legunya ledemokhrasi kunye nokuziphendulela kwedemokhrasi, phakathi kwamandla karhulumente kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, kunye nobuchule bokulawula kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho kuya kuqhubeka kuxoxwa kwaye kuqukwa. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo zinamandla kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ngokwenene urhulumente waseMerika nendlela izigqibo zenkqubo ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu ezenziwa ngayo.

Iinkalo Eziphambili Zokuthabatha Abemi Nabaxhasi

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda nokuzibandakanya norhulumente wesizwe, ukuqaphela indima engundoqo yabalawuli kubalulekile. Iirhuluneli zingumgaqo-nkqubo wendlela echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukususela kwimfundo nakwezonyango ukuya kwizithuthi nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda amandla e-gubernerator, izinto eziphambili, kunye nemiqathango kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Kumagosa asekuhlaleni, ukuqonda indima yerhuluneli nokwakha ulwalamano olunemveliso ne-ofisi yerhuluneli kungabaluleka ekukhuseleni ubuncwane, ekuphumezeni amanyathelo oluntu, nasekuthetheni ngeemfuno zoluntu. Unxulumano olusebenzayo norhulumente-lonke lufuna intlonelo, unxibelelwano olucacileyo, nokuqwalaselwa koncedo olwahlukeneyo.

Kumashishini nakwimibutho, abalawuli basebenza njengabenzi besigqibo esingundoqo sokuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho, umgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo, neminye imibandela emininzi echaphazela imisebenzi yabo nezilangazelelo zabo. Ukusebenzisana ngokwakhayo namabamba kunye nolawulo lwabo kunganceda ekuqhubeleni phambili iinjongo zentlangano ngoxa befak' isandla ekuvakaliseni inkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Kubantu abafuna ukuphatha iinkokeli zezobupolitika, irhuluneli imela esinye sezikhundla ezibalulekileyo nezinempembelelo kurhulumente waseMerika. Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko, ucelomngeni, kunye namathuba olawulo lolawulo lunganceda ukulungiselela iinkokeli zexesha elizayo ukulungiselela iimfuno zesi sikhundla sibalulekileyo.

Isiphelo

IiRhuluneli zinesikhundla esikhethekileyo nesinamandla kurhulumente waseMerika, zisebenza njengeentloko zezikhulu zelizwe lazo ezinegunya elibanzi kwiinkqubo, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo. Ukusuka ekusayineni umthetho nokulungiselela uqingqo-mali ukuyalela uKhuselo lweSizwe nokunika imvume, iijaji zisebenzisa amandla achaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubomi bezigidi zabemi.

Ukusebenza kokhokelo lwe-gabernonator kuxhomekeke kudityaniso lwamandla aqhelekileyo, ubuchule bezobupolitika, ubuchule bolawulo, kunye nobuchule bokwakha imibutho elungelelanisiweyo nokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nee-continective ezahlukeneyo. Ngelixesha abalawuli bejamelene nokungavunyelwa okubalulekileyo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, iinkundla, imiqathango yemali, kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke, bahlala benamanani angundoqo ekulawuleni kwemeko kunye notshintsho lwedlelelo.

Njengokuba inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika iqhubeka iguquka kwaye ithatha iimbopheleleko ezikhulayo zokusingatha iingxaki ezinkulu zenkqubo, indima yabalawuli iyakubaluleka ngakumbi. Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo, basebenzisane namanye amanqanaba karhulumente, kwaye basabelele kwiimfuno nezinto ezikhethwa ngabantu babo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuyiqonda imisebenzi yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ulwalamano phakathi kweerhuluneli noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukulungelelana phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nelolawulo-demokhrasi, kunye namandla karhulumente okucombulula iingxaki ezinzima aza kuqhubeka lubumba ulawulo lwamaMelika kwiminyaka ezayo. Ngokuqonda indima yeerhuluneli kule nkqubo, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba engcono kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendulile, yaye banegalelo ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo kuyo yonke imigangatho.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngorhulumente wezwe kunye nendima yamarhuluneli, tyelela iNtlanganiso yamaGaqo-siseko esizwe [[FLT:], enika ubuncwane kunye nolwazi olumalunga nolawulo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMazwe yoLuzwe [[[FLT:]] inika uluvo olongezelelekileyo kwimisebenzi karhulumente kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwamarhuluneli nolawulo. [[FLT:]] iNkuluni lweziko loburhulumente [[FLT]] inikela uphando nohlalulelo lwemeko lwemeko lwezolawulo lorhulumente, ngelixandolo lobuzwe [[FLT]]