Ukwazisa: Isiseko Segunya Lezobupolitika

Umthetho yindawo eqinileyo apho ulawulo luzinzileyo neluphumelelayo lwakhiwe khona. Lumela ilungelo elisemthethweni lesizwe lokuziphatha nelokulawula abemi balo, elisekelwe ekuvumeni nasekuziqapheleni kwabo balawulwayo. Ngaphandle kogunya, kwanowona rhulumente unamandla angawohloka ngenxa yobunzima bokungathobeli, ukuqhankqalaza, kunye nezidubedubedubeko zamakhaya. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abazuza ngayo baze bagcine igunya kuyimfuneko kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabemi abathembise abemi ngokufanayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko ezisisiseko zobungangamgaqo, imithombo eyahlukeneyo apho ivela khona, iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, kunye nocelomngeni oluzisongelayo ukulonakalisa. Ngokuhlola imbali kunye nophando lwezopolitiki, sinokufumana izifundo zokukhuthaza iinkqubo ezinamandla nezithenjwayo.

Ukuqonda ubuGqirha: Imisebenzi Yesakhelo

Umthetho asiyongcamango enye, yeyodwa kodwa yinto ekhoyo esebenzayo kwimigangatho eqhelekileyo kunye neyobunzululwazi. Umthetho osemthethweni ubuza ukuba urhulumente ufanele athotyelwe ngokwemigaqo yokuziphatha okanye yentanda-bulumko. Umthetho we-Empirasi ugxininisa ukuba abemi bafanele bakholelwe ukuba urhulumente unelungelo lokulawula. Kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, uMax Weartart uhlala ehleli ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwemithombo yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Iindidi Ezithathu Ezinyulu Zegunya Lenyulu

  • Igunya lomthetho-Rhwebo-ligosa: Le ndlela ixhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba semthethweni kwemithetho emiselweyo kunye nelungelo labo baphakanyiselwe kwigunya phantsi kwemithetho enjalo ukukhupha imiyalelo. Iidemokhrasi zale mihla, kunye nemithetho-siseko yazo, unyulo, neenkqubo zonyulo, ngokuyintloko zixhomekeke kolu hlobo. Isitshixo kukuba igunya lidityaniswe eofisini, hayi kumntu ngamnye.
  • Igunya lembali: lisekelwe kwiinkolelo ezisunguliweyo kubungcwele bezithethe ezibukrwada nokufaneleka kwabo banegunya phantsi kwazo. Iinkqubo zolawulo, amabhunga esizwe, kunye nezakhiwo zephondo zibonakalisa igunya lesithethe. Unyamezelo lwazo luxhomekeke kwintlonelo eqhubekayo ngesiko nomnombo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Igunya lobuGcisa: lisusela kukuzinikela ukuya kubungcwele obukhethekileyo, ubuqhawe, okanye iimpawu ezingumzekelo zomntu ngamnye. Iinkokeli zendaleko, abaprofeti, namagorha emfazwe asoloko efumana ngokomthetho ngobuchule obusuka kubuchule bomntu ngamnye. Noko ke, i-charismsa iyaguquguquka ngokugqibekileyo kwaye kufuneka itsalwe (ngokufuthi kwindlela esemthethweni okanye yesithethe) ukwenzela ulawulo oluqhubekayo.

Oorhulumente abaninzi bale mihla badibanisa amalungu azo zontathu iintlobo, kodwa ulawulo olusemthethweni lulawula kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ukungagunyaziswa komthetho kubandakanya okusesikweni okungokwesithethe: abemi basengozini yokwamkela iziphumo, kwanezo zingalunganga, ukuba baqonda ukuba iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zilungile kwaye zicace.

Imithombo Yomthetho kaRhulumente

Ngaphandle kweentlobo ezifanelekileyo zikaWeber, oorhulumente bafumana ubungqina obufanelekileyo kwimithombo emininzi edibeneyo, kodwa ngamnye ubangela ukuba abantu bathembane.

Ukuhambelana Nemisebenzi Nezoqoqosho

Oorhulumente abanikela iziphumo ezibonakalayo . "ezifana nenkqubela yezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izibonelelo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nemfundo − "arhen" oko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuthi “kusebenza ngokusemthethweni." Oku kubonakala kakhulu kumaphondo e-East Asian. Umzekelo, iQela lamaKomanisi liye laxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkqubela-phambili engokoqoqosho kunye nokuncitshiswa kobuhlwempu ukuze ligcine ilungelo lalo, kwananjengokuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ihleli ilinganiselwe. Ngokunjalo, imimangaliso yezoqoqosho yasemva kwemfazwe eJapan naseNtshona Jamani ibuyiselwe ngokufanelekileyo emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwemfazwe yehlabathi II.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi Nokhetho

Unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo luyeyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokunika ukumiselwa komthetho wedemokhrasi. Xa abemi benamathuba okukhetha iinkokeli zabo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezithembekileyo, zokhuphiswano, kunye neziqukayo, basenokuwujonga urhulumente ophumezayo njengosemthethweni. Unyulo lukwasebenza njengentsebenziswano enika intlawulo, ivumela abantu ukuba bavakalise izikhalazo kunye nokuvuza okanye bohlwaye okanye bohlwaye imicimbi yokuthabatha inxaxheba: ukuthembeka akufuni nje ukuvota kodwa kwakhona kufuna inkululeko efikelelekayo yoluntu, inkululeko yokuchaza, kunye nelungelo lokuhlanganisa.

Ulawulo loMthetho noLawulo loMgaqo-siseko

Urhulumente olawulwa ngumthetho ngokuzingisileyo kwaye ngokungakhethi buso usebenzisa imithetho ngokungaguqukiyo nangokwandiswa ngokubonakalisa ukuba ayingaphezulu kwemithetho. Amajaji azimeleyo, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, kunye nokuhlola umqondiso wamandla aphezulu kubemi ukuba igunya libotshelelwe kwaye liqinisekiswe. Umthetho ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwibutho labantu abanohlanga oluninzi, apho amaqela amancinane afuna isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente uya kukhusela amalungelo awo ngaphandle kocalucalulo.

Imilinganiselo yoNtlalo neyokuQokelela

Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu sokurhweba ngenkululeko ethile yokhuseleko nempahla kawonke-wonke. Ngokunjalo, amazwe ase-Nordic ahlala ethembekile ngamagunya ngokudibanisa izenzo zawo nemilinganiselo ebanzi kunye nokuzichaza kohlanga. Urhulumente uyakwazi ukukuthethelela ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo yentlalo-ntle engqinelana. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukubekwa ngokomthetho kuyaphazamisa xa imigaqo-nkqubo ibonakala ichasene kakhulu nezithethe okanye izithethe zonqulo, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente unokuzithethelela ukubhukuqa ngeminye imithombo yegunya.

Iindlela Zokufumana Umthetho

Ukufumana ubuchule yinkqubo esebenzayo efuna amaqhinga asusiweyo ziinkokeli zezobupolitika nakumaziko. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zidla ngokusetyenziswa, nangona impumelelo yazo ingafani ngokomongo.

Uyilo lomgaqo-siseko nolweziko

Ukusekwa kwamaxwebhu kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo kwamisela ulwakhiwo lokuqala ukuze kulungelwe. Umgaqo-siseko owenziwe ngenyameko okhulula amalungelo, owahlula amagunya, kwaye ovumela ukulungiseka ungafumana ukwamkelwa okuphangaleleyo ukuba kuvela kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo. Umgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika emva kokwahlula, ogxininisa isidima, ukulingana, kunye noxolelwaniso, umisela indlela umyili wesicwangciso onokubanceda ngayo ukuphilisa ibutho elahluleleneyo nokuseka umgaqo-siseko omtsha.

Ukhetho jikelele neReferenda

Ukuthatha unyulo oluthe rhoqo asiyomfuneko nje yesithethe kodwa sisithethe esinamandla sokulawula ngedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente abalawula ngonyulo olugunyaziswe ngokubanzi bangazibanga ngumyalelo wokulawula. UReferenda kwimibandela ethile ekhethekileyo (umz., iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, izigqibo zemimandla) zingenza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ngokungqalileyo ngabemi kwiinketho ezinkulu. Noko ke, unyulo olunesiphene "olulawulwa ngokuqhatha, ucinezela umvoti, okanye ukunqophiswa kokhuphiswano", lungahliswa yinkqubo yonke.

Uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nesigqibo

Ngaphandle konyulo lwamaxa athile, oorhulumente bangabandakanyeka kubemi ngeeholo zedolophu, iindibano zabemi, ukuxilonga kwi-intanethi, kunye noqingqo-mali lokuncedisa. Ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba abalawuli baphulaphule yaye bakulungele ukudlulisela iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Amanyathelo edemokhrasi akhuthaza ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi, njengeNdibano yeNtlanganiso yokunyulwa eKhanada okanye iNdibano ye-Ireland ethetha ngokuqhomfa, zibonise ukuba uphando olunobulumko, olunolwazi lungavelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo kwaneempikiswano.

Ukuthwala Inkonzo Ephumelelayo

Ukunika iingenelo ezibonakalayo ngezantsi, izikolo, amanzi acocekileyo, iminatha yokhuseleko loluntu, kuqinisa ngokungqalileyo ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Xa urhulumente ekwazile ukuhlawula iirhafu kwaye esabela, abemi bakulungele ngakumbi ukuhlawula iirhafu nokuthobela imithetho. Ukuphucula ngokukhawuleza kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke eSingapore naseRwanda, ngokomzekelo, kuye kwanceda abo rhulumente ukuba bagcine igunya eliqinileyo phezu kwazo nje iimpawu zolawulo lozwilakhe. Noko ke, ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni kunokwenza buthathaka: ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuxhasa ukunikezelwa, ukuthembana kusenokuphela ngokukhawuleza.

Umfuziselo kunye neMifuziselo yesiZwe

Oorhulumente bahlakulela ngokukhutheleyo ukufaneleka ngemiqondiso: iiflegi, iingoma zesizwe, iisikhumbuzo, iiholide ezisemthethweni, neentetho. Le mifuziselo iqinisa ukubonakala kunye nokuqhubeka. Ingxelo yeSizwe ezigxininisa ukusekwa kwentsomi, uloyiso, okanye imilo emanyaneyo (umz., iMvukelo yaseMerika, umbutho wenkululeko yaseIndiya) inceda abantu ukuba babophelele kwilizwe. Kwezinye iimeko, oorhulumente basebenzisa ezi ngxelo ukuze baphazamise ukungaphumeleli, kodwa ukukhuthazana kwenkcubeko kusenokuba ngamandla anamandla.

Ukugcina Umthetho Ekuhambeni Kwexesha

Ukuba ngumthetho akuyiyo into efezwe ngexesha elinye; kufuneka ikhuselwe rhoqo. Ugcino lwexesha elide lufuna amaziko omeleleyo, unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo, kunye nolungelelwaniso kwiimeko ezitshintshayo.

Ulawulo olucacileyo noluvulekileyo

Ukutyhilwa okuzenzekelayo kwezenzo zikarhulumente, izigqibo, kunye nenkcitho kwakha ukuthembana. Ukuvulwa kwezakhono zogcino-lwazi, inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, kunye neentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho ezikhoyo kuvumela abemi ukuba bahlolisise abalawuli babo. Ukubonakala gca kunciphisa isithuba sorhwaphilizo nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sobuqhophololo. Amazwe anjenge-Estonia neNew Zealand aye akhokela kwindlela ekusebenziseni ulwazi olubanzi, ngokuzinzileyo ekuthembeni nasekugqibeleni kwemigaqo-mthetho.

Umatshini onokuphendula

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo sisixhobo esiyintloko sokuphendula, kodwa ezinye iindlela − ezifana nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo, i-ombudsmen, ikomishini elwa nokonakala, kunye nohlolo lomthetho---------help lokugcina ilungelo phakathi kwemijikelo yokukhetha. Xa amagosa ebekwe etyala ngempazamo, uluntu lubona ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Ngokuchasene nomthetho ongohlwaywayo ukonakalisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukurhoxiswa komthetho eHungary nasePoland phantsi koorhulumente bobupopulist kubonakalisa indlela ukuncitshiswa kwetyala okunokuyibeka ngayo inkqubo yedemokhrasi emiselwe ixesha elide.

Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo nokungakhathalelwa

Ukwenziwa kwentengiso, kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka balungelelanise iinkqubo zabo ukuze bacombulule imingeni emitsha kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke oluguquguqukayo. Ukungaphumeleli ekusabeleni kwizicelo zokulingana, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, okanye utshintsho lobugcisa kungakhokelela ekukhutshweni. Ukungaqiniseki-magama (ukungavumelani nokubekwa phantsi) nokubonisa ukuba amaqela akwimiqathango anelizwi kunye nesibonda ekulawuleni) kubalulekile ngokukodwa. Umzekelo, kuquka amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane esizwe, nabantu bomthonya-zwe ekuveliseni kwemi yeminze inyusa ukuthe tyekelo yenkqubo.

Isisombululo Songquzulwano Nolawulo lweengxaki

Xa kuvela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zemeko-zoqoqosho, iindyikitya zokunqongophala kwezoqoqosho, iintlekele zemvelo, iimfazwe zamakhaya, indlela urhulumente asabela ngayo ingakwenza okanye iphule umthetho wakhe. Ukusebenza, ukubonakala kwangaphandle, kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lweengxaki zobugxwayiba luqinisa ukuthembana, ngelixa ukungafezeki okanye ucalucalulo lonakalisa. Iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngexesha lesifo se-COVID ziyafundisa: amazwe afana neNew Zealand neJapan athetha ngokucacileyo kwaye enza ngokukhawulezileyo agcina ukuthemba okuphezulu, ngoxa ezinye eziye zaphazamisa ukusabela kwazo zabona ukuba kuphelile.

Iingxaki Kumthetho Karhulumente

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile koorhulumente nakubemi abanqwenela ukulondoloza iinkqubo ezisempilweni zezobupolitika.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Mhlawumbi esona sisongelo siyingozi, urhwaphilizo lululaza ingcamango yokuba urhulumente ulungile, usemthethweni, kwaye usebenzela uluntu. Xa abemi bebona amagosa ezicebisa okanye ezixhasa, ukuthembana kuyaphela. Amahlazo aphezulu okunganyaniseki aye awisa oorhulumente eBrazil, eMzantsi Korea, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Kwanaxa iinkokeli zingabandakanyekanga ngokuthe ngqo, isithethe sokungasohlwaywa sisenokubangela ukuqhankqalaza nokungabi nagunyaziswa.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokusasazwa Kwemipu

Ulwahlulo olunzulu lweengcamango lungaphelisa ukumiselwa ngokuzenza ulawulo lube lubonakala lunabantu abalwayo nabapheleleyo. Imibutho yePopulist idla ngokuvavanya amaziko (amacawa, amajelo eendaba, amagunya onyulo) njengemigwebo engekho mthethweni, ikhuthaza “abantu bokwenene kunye nelungu elinobugqwirha”. Ngoxa ubupopu bunganyusa ugunya-gunya lenkokeli okwethutyana, bungenza buthathaka ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezibanzi. Ukunyuka kwamaqela alwa nemithetho elwa nokumiselwa kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi ebhadlileyo eUnited States kuye kwavavanya ukwakhiwa kwemithetho yedemokhrasi.

Ukudodobala Kwezoqoqosho Nokungalingani

Ukuxhathisa ubunzima bezoqoqosho okanye ukunyuka kwenani eliphakamileyo kungaphelisa ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe kubo, bayarhoxa. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho yehlabathi lonke ngo-2008 yabangela ukulahleka okufanelekileyo koorhulumente kulo lonke elaseNtshona, nto leyo eyabangela ukuqhankqalaza okuxhomis ’ iliso kwemingeni eninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika. Ngokufanayo, ukuvukela kweNjikelezo yama-Arabhu kwakhuthazwa kakhulu kukuphelelwa lithemba kwezoqoqosho nokunganyaniseki.

Ukungasazi Nokuncitshiswa Kwezibakala Ezabelanayo

Kwisizukulwana sobugcisa bonxibelelwano kunye nokwenza amanani angasebenzi, iingxelo zobuxoki zingasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, zikhuphe unyulo, amanyathelo obomi, kunye nobuchule benzululwazi. Xa abemi bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko, isiseko esifanayo esifunekayo kulawulo olusemthethweni. Iirhulumente zizama ukulwa nokungabikho kolwazi ngaphandle kokubhenela ekucuthelweni kwenqanawa, nto leyo ekwabangela ukuba kubekho ubungozi obufanelekileyo. Ucelomngeni lwexesha elide kukuphinda uthembe imithombo yolwazi ethembekileyo kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Inkxalabo Yokudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nolongamo

Amaziko ehlabathi, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zingabonakala zingaphandle kokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi yesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni lulawulo nokufaneleka koorhulumente belizwe. Ukuchasana kweEuropean Union kumazwe athile angamalungu kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhululekileyo emhlabeni wonke kubonisa ezi ngxaki. Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzise phakathi kweengenelo zentsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke kunye nemfuneko yokulondoloza imbono yokuba bahlala benoxanduva kubemi babo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lokungagunyaziswa

Xa sihlola indlela oorhulumente abalusebenzisa ngayo uphando nokugcina umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kunika izifundo ezisisiseko. Ngezantsi, sibala imizekelo emithathu yangaphambili size sidibanise neyesine.

IUnited States: Ukunyamezela Komthetho woMgaqo-siseko

I-United States iye yagcina ukumiselwa kweenkulungwane ezimbini ngenkqubo yayo yomgaqo-siseko, enika igunya lokwahlula-hlula okusemthethweni kwaye ilungiselela utshintsho olulungeleleneyo lokulawula. Phezu kwayo nje imfazwe yamakhaya enzulu.(imfazwe yamakhaya, umbutho wabemi, iziphumo zonyulo wama-2020 zonyulo, imigangatho yonyulo yama-2020 (iNkundla ePhakamileyo, unyulo) iye yagcinwa, kwaye ivunywa nguwonke wonke. Amaxesha engxaki, njenge-Watergate, abonisa inkqubo yokuziphendulela ngokwezenzo zobunyani emsebenzini. Noko ke, uvavanyo lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuhla okuqatha kokuthembana korhulumente (unyaka wama-1960) lubonisa ukuba ukuvalwa kwemithetho ayiqinisekiswa. Izibhedleleki zobuqholo zonyulo eziqhubekayo.

UMzantsi Afrika: Ukwakha Umthetho Osemthethweni Ngobulungisa Bokudlulisela

Ukuguqulwa komgaqo-siseko oqhubela phambili ekusebenzeni kocalucalulo lobuhlanga nolawulo-bulunga ngowe-1994 ngumzekelo wencwadi yokwakha ngokusemthethweni kwicandelo elinzulu. I-African National Congress (ANC) phantsi kwe-Nelson Mandela yasebenzisa ulawulo olupheleleyo, inyaniso kunye nogunyaziso loxolelwano, kunye nomgaqo-siseko oqhubela phambili ukwenza ngokomthetho emakhaya kunye namazwe ngamazwe. Ukugxininisa ekulungiseni isigwebo kunye “nohlanga olunobugqhinga” kwanceda ukuphilisa amanxeba. Noko ke, ukuqhankcagosa nokunga kwezoqoqosho kuthengiswa kwe-ANC kutsho ukuvuselelwa kwentlukelo nokwahlulo lwezobupolitika. Ityala libonisa ukuba ukuphumelela kokuqala kokulawula okulungileyo kumele kuqinisekiswe kukulawula okuqhubekayo.

ITshayina: UMthetho weNkcubeko noLawulo

ITshayina: UMthetho weNkcubeko noLawulo

Ngaphandle konyulo lwedemokhrasi, iTshayina ixhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokusemthethweni, ngokungakumbi ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho, ukuncitshiswa kwentlupheko, kunye nesiseko sophuhliso lwezibonelelo zale mihla . Ukuhlala kwamkeleka kuluntu. Urhulumente utsala kwigunya elingokwesithethe (ingcamango yeMandate yezulu) kunye nentsalela yempembelelo yemvukelo yeMaoist. Ulawulo olungqongqo kwiinkcukacha kunye noluntu lwezopolitiko lunciphisa imingeni, kodwa ukuqhatha kwexesha elithile (umz. iHong Kong, i-2019, ukuhlasela komsebenzi) kutyhila uxanduva olukhoyo. Imodeli elungileyo ye-Tshayina iyasebenza ekunikezeleni uzinzo nokunyuka kwemigangatho engokwezoqoqosho kunye nokuwohloka kwemeko-mentlalo. Inkcube isoloko inciphisa ukuchachana kwemeko, nangona i-COVID iqala ukuthenjwa, nangona ide yamva inkqubo yokurhoxabana neenguqulelo.

IJamani yasemva kwemfazwe: Ukusuka ekoyiseni Ukuya Kukuhlala ngokusekwe yidemokhrasi

Emva kokuwa kweJamani yamaNazi, kwafuneka ukuba kuphinde kwakhiwe ngokusemthethweni. IFederal Republic yaseJamani (West Germany) yamkela uMthetho oMkhulu ngowe-1949, igunya elingumthetho, urhulumente, kunye nenkundla eyomeleleyo yezomGaqo-siseko. “ummangaliso wezoqoqosho” woo1950 kunye noweminyaka yoo1960 wanika ukufezeka komthetho, ngeli xesha ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwizivumelwano zeNtshona (NATO, Coal kunye ne Steel Community) wongeza ukhuthazo lwangaphandle. Umanyano oluseluxolweni ngo 1990 lomthetho womthetho-mthetho-siseko, ubungqina bokuba ubuchule bungakhiwa ngenjongo yokwenziwa kwequmrhumo, impumelelo, impumelelo, kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kwana emva kokungaphumeleli okunzulu kwezopolitiko.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Ehlala Ihleli Yolawulo Olusemthethweni

Umthetho asilophawu oluthe ngqo kodwa lulwalamano olunamandla phakathi kwabalawuli kwaye lulawulwa. Lwakhiwe ngokudityaniswa kwezakhiwo zokwahlula-hlula okusemthethweni, ukusebenza okunempumelelo, ukuthathi-nxaxheba okuqulezekileyo, nokunamathela kumaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqhubeke besenza uhlengahlengiso lokugcina olu themba, ukumelana nokonakala, ukonakala kwezoqoqosho, nokuphazamiseka kolwazi. Uphando oluvela eUnited States, eMzantsi Afrika, eChina, naseJamani lubonise iindlela ezininzi (zedemocratic , i-ademocratic, i-adecimalthistyheat, kunye nokuphinda i-awula, kwaye iphinde isetyenziswe ngobuchule bayo. Abahlali belizwe, ukuqonda imithombo kunye nokungalawule kwe-verabial esemthethweni kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nokulondoloza imigaqo yemithetho yezobupolitika.

[[FLT:] ufundo oluphinda-phindiweyo: luye luphinde lufundwe: [[FLT] oluninzi kwingcamango yokwamkeleka, bona i-Stanford Encyclopedia ye Philosophysiophysiosyst on Political Legastical . Kwindima yonyulo kugunyaziso lwedemokhrasi, jonga kumsebenzi weZizwe kwidemokhrasi [[FLT:]4] we-United Nations umsebenzi wedemokhrasity [. Kwisifundo esithelekisayo sokwenza umsebenzi, [[FLT] iBM] i-equmsko lolawulo lwe-equactive [FLT]