Oorhulumente AbangamaQumrhu Emfundo Nawamayeza: Ubunzulu

Oorhulumente bakwiziko lokwakha eziphambili zeenkonzo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zikawonke-wonke: imfundo kunye nonyango. Ngoxa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinika izicwangciso ezibanzi, kukwiqondo lorhulumente apho irabha idibana khona nendlela ngezantsi kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, uqingqo-mali, ulwabeko, nokukhetha ulawulo. Ezi zigqibo zibumba ngokuthe ngqo amava emihla ngemihla ezigidi zabantu abahlala apho, ziphembelela yonke into ukususela kwizifundo zesikolo ukuya ekufikeleleni izibhedlele. Olu hlalutyo lwandiso luhlola iindlela ezithile, imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene, kunye nezinto eziqhubekayo ezichaza indlela oorhulumente ababumba ngayo la maqela abalulekileyo.

Amandla karhulumente kula maphondo asekelwe kuMphetho-mda weshumi, ongagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumsebenzi wezahlulo ezahlukeneyo zohlobo, ukuvumela ukusungula izinto nezisombululo ezilungisiweyo kodwa kwanokwenza iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo, kulawulo, okanye ngokulula ukukhangela ukuqhuba ezi nkqubo ngempumelelo.

Imfundo: Urhulumente Okhokela Amathuba

Imfundo idla ngokuchazwa apho igunya likarhulumente liphakanyiswe khona. Amazwe amisela imigangatho yemfundo, abafundisi-mfundo bephepha-mvume, izithili zemfundo, kunye nokunika iingxelo. Urhulumente wengingqi ufak'ufak'umnikelo malunga ne 10% yemali yeK-12, kodwa iipesenti eziseleyo ezingama-90 zivela kurhulumente nakwimithombo yasekuhlaleni, zinika izikhululo zendlu zowiso-mthetho amandla amakhulu kunokusasaza iimpahla nomgangatho.

Ukubonelela ngeefomu zolawulo nokukhuselwa

Enye yezixhathiso eziphambili zikarhulumente ezilawulwa ngurhulumente wesikolo yindlela yokuxhasa isikolo. Indlela urhulumente anika ngayo imali izikolo ezikhoyo okanye enciphisa imali ekhoyo. Le ndlela yokulawula i-Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), esetyenziswa ngo-2013, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Inika imali eninzi kwimimandla yesikolo enentlawulo ephezulu yabafundi abafumana imali ephezulu, amaNgesi abafundi, kunye nolutsha olukhuthazayo. Le ndlela yokuyimisela yayingutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimiboniso lwebloko engaphambili eqinileyo, ijolise kumgangatho wokudlala. I-201 yesifundo seShown sifumaniso sibone ukuba iLCFFF ikhokelela ekunyukeni okuphezulu kwenani lokuphumelela nokusebenza kwemfundo ephezulu kwemfundo, ukuboniswa amandla okuxhasa imali.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaphondo afana noIllinois aye alwa nokukholosa kakhulu ngerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimisantsa yemali phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yengxoxo nengxoxo, i-Illinois idlulise imigaqo yenkxaso-mali esekelwe kubungqina ngo-2017 ekhokelela ii-dolars ezintsha zikarhulumente kwimimandla eneentswelo ezinkulu. Le mizekelo ibalaselisa ukuba izigqibo zemali ezihlawulwayo azingolawulo nje kuphela kodwa zilukhetho olunzulu lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nolusebenzisekayo malunga nethuba elingalinganayo.

Imigangatho esemthethweni kunye nokuphendula

Imigangatho ePhambili yeSizwe saseCore, ekhankanywe kwinqaku lokuqala, imela imeko ephawulekayo yentsebenziswano yesizwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko. Ekuqaleni yasetyenziswa ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-40, imigangatho ejoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafundi abaphumeleleyo kwisikolo esiphakeme balungiselwe ikholeji okanye imisebenzi. Noko ke, njengoko inkqubela phambili, inkcaso yezopolitiko yakhula, kunye namazwe amaninzi, kuquka iIndiana ne Oklahomas, yarhoxa okanye yabuyisela imilinganiselo yemiqathango ngeenguqulelo zawo. Le 76 ibonisa indlela inkqubo yemfundo yezwe elula ngayo ukutshintsha umoya wezobupolitika. Namhlanje, njengeMassachusetts kunye neVirginia igcina imigangatho eqinileyo, urhulumente ehlala ikwizingqino zoluvo zesizwe, ngoxa amanye amazwe ekhetha iibhempethu ezingezo ezingenwayo.

Amanyathelo okuphendula amanyathelo angomnye ummandla womahluko karhulumente. Ngelixesha i-All Students Receeds Act (ESA) yezezwe yanika ulungelelwano kwiinkqubo zokuyila isikolo, amaphondo aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iTennessee, isebenzisa isibonisi esithwele ukuphumelela esigxininisa ngamandla ekukhuleni kwabafundi, ngoxa inkqubo yeFlorida ibeka ubunzima obukhulu obungakumbi kwinkqubela-mali. Olu khetho luphembelela indlela izikolo ezilinganiswa ngayo, ezi zifumana ngayo inkxaso-nkqubo, kwaye apho kuhlaziselwe khona imigudu yokuphucula.

Ukhetho Lwesikolo: Ulingelo Lwesizwe Kwizinto Ezahlukahlukeneyo Ezamkelekileyo

Oorhulumente bephondo bayinxalenye ephambili yeelaboratori zemigaqo-nkqubo yesikolo ekhethwayo. Ngokomzekelo, iFlorida, inenye yezona zinto zikhulu ezikhethayo kwindalo ezikhoyo kweli lizwe, kuquka izikolo zomthetho-siseko, iinkqubo zemagnethi, kunye nenkqubo enkulu yesikolo sabucala (iSigunya Leentsapho Sokuba Nenkxaso Yolwazi). I-Arizona ithe yahambela phambili ngokumisela i-Education Savens akhawunti zemfundo yehlabathi (EAs), evumela iintsapho ukuba zisebenzise imali kawonke ukwenzela isikolo sabucala, izinto zokuxhasa isikolo, okanye ezinye iindleko zemfundo. Abagxeki bezi zixhobo baphikisa ezi nkqubo zikhuthaza ukhuphiswano kunye namandla obuzayo. Abagxeko-o-lwazi baphakamisa inkxandumiso-mali kwizifundo zemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yoluntu eziqhelekileyo.

Unyango: Ama-United States njengezixhasi, Abalawuli, neeNkokeli zempilo yoLuntu

Oorhulumente banempembelelo ngokufanayo ekunyamekeleni impilo. Balawula iimarike ze-inshorensi, bajonge amasebe onyango lukawonke-wonke, kunye noogxamentu abanolwazi ngezonyango. IAffordal Care AC) inikwe igunya ngabom ngokuvumela ukuba bazenzele iinkqubo zabo zokwandisa iMedicaid kunye nokumisela ii-inshorensi zempilo ezisekelwe kurhulumente.

Ulwando LwaseMedicaid: Itheko Lamazwe Ambini AseMerika

Mhlawumbi akukho nkqubo inye ebonisa ulwahlulo kukhathalelo lwempilo yelizwe lusondela ngokucace kakhulu kunoMdicaid ngaphantsi kweACA. Kusekuqaleni ko-2025, phantse amashumi amane amaphondo kunye neWashington D.C. inyuse ubuchule kubantu abadala abanengeniso ukuya ku 138% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obuphakathi. Amazwe afana noKentucky, eyandiswa phantsi kweGawula uSteve Bessim, abona amanani angenayo ehla ukusuka malunga no 20% ukuya ngaphantsi kwe 7%. Uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo kwiNew England Journal of Medicine lwachaza ukuba ukwanda okunentsingiselo ekubulaweni, ingakumbi kubantu abadala kunye nakwabo banemeko ezinganyangekiyo. [FLT:] KFFFF kuqhubekeka ukunyuka kwemijeko yemiqatha yezigqizo [FFF:1]

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amatyala anjengeTexas, iFlorida, neGeorgia awayandisanga Medicaid, ishiya abantu abadala abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abafumana imali ephantsi kwisithuba sokugquma ngezantsi `````I-Medicaid''''' kodwa incinane kakhulu ukuba ingacetywa ngokwentengiso. Le nkqubo ithe yaneziphumo ezingqalileyo: izibhedlele kumazwe angenayo ijongene nomgangatho ophezulu wenkathalo engalawulekiyo, kwaye izibhedlele zasemaphandleni zivale kakhulu ngokwesantya esiphezulu. Isigqibo sokwandisa okanye ukungabi siso esona sigqibo sibalulekileyo sesigqibo sezonyango esingenziwa ngurhulumente.

Ukulawula i-inshorensi kunye ne-Telehealth

Amazwe akwasebenza njengemibutho eyintloko yee-inshorensi ze-inshorensi yezempilo. Amisela imigangatho ye-nethwekhi yokufumana ii-asethi, ahlola umlinganiselo ohlaziyiweyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi olunyanzelekileyo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amazwe amaninzi, kuquka iTexas neNew York, amisela imiyalelo yongxamiseko yokwandisa iinkonzo ze-telehealth, evumela abaguli ukuba badibane ukuya kugqirha kude. [[FLT:] Le miqathango yexeshana yexeshana yenzeke ngokusisigxina kumazwe amaninzi, ngomlinganiselo owahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iVremontstyleththth this this this kwimicimbi yemiqathango yokufumana imicimbi yasemaphandleni, ingakumbi kwiimeko zasemaphandleni kunye nokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwemithetho esemaphandleni.

Iphulo Lempilo Kawonke - wonke Nengxaki Yee - opioid

Amaphulo kawonke-wonke karhulumente onyango oluphenjelelwa yimeko angqineke ephumelela ekutshintsheni ukuziphatha. Iphulo lokulwa nokutshaya kweKhalifoniya, elidibanisa izixhobo zokukhupha iziyobisi eziphezulu nerhafu yerhafu yelizwe elinamandla kunye nemithetho eqinileyo yomsebenzi engenamsi, linconyelwe ngokunciphisa imilinganiselo yokutshaya phakathi kweyona iphantsi kwelizwe. Ngokufanayo, amaphondo afana neNorth Carolina aye asebenzisa amanyathelo okuthintela okugqithisa, afana nokusasaza i-naloxone kunye nokuseka iinkqubo zoontanga. Urhulumente ukwaphambili wokusabela kwimibangeno yokuvela kwesongelo esifana neopiojoli, ngokufuthi azama ngemigaqo efana nokuhlola imiqathango yomyalelo (PDMP) kunye neMithetho elungileyo yomSamariya ekwamkelwe ngoomnye urhulumente okanye inkxaso-ogcompulu mthetho wooventi.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Ngaphaya Koobabini Bomabini Ummandla

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo ephawulekayo, oorhulumente belizwe bazama ukumelana neengxaki eziphawulekayo zokwakha. Ukungalingani kwemali kusahlala kuqinile. Kwimfundo, ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kuthetha ukuba ihlomela-dolophu elifumileyo linokuchitha imali eninzi kumfundi ngamnye kunesithili sasemaphandleni esihlwempuzekileyo, kwanakweli lizwe linye. Ingxelo yowama-2022 esuka kwiStyries Intelligence ifumanise ukuba amaphondo aphezulu kakhulu kumazwe anjengeNew York nePennsylvania afumana urhulumente noncedo oluncinane kakhulu kunamazwe aphantsi kwezoqoqosho kunamazwe asekuhlaleni, nangona eneemfuno ezinkulu.

Kukhathalelo lonyango, isantya esingangeni manyathelo sihlala siphezulu kakhulu kumazwana angengangeni manzi. Kwanakumazwe olwandiso, ukukwazi ukuhlawula kuhlala kulucelomngeni, kunye neziphumo eziphezulu kunye neendleko zokukhutshwa kwemoto ezidambisa abantu ekufuneni ukhathalelo. I-Cummonwealth Fund yenkqubo yombuso yonyango imigangatho ephezulu [ ibonakalisa umahluko omkhulu ngokweziphumo, ukusuka kumlinganiselo wokufa ngaphambi kwexesha ekuphepheni izibhedlele.

Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-nkqubo yenye into yokwenene. Amava omfundi angolwazi anokuxhomekeka ngokuphawulekayo ekubeni ahlala eMassachusetts (imigangatho ephezulu, inkxaso-mali etyebileyo) okanye iMississippi (imigangatho esezantsi, ingaphantsi kwemali). Ngokufanayo, umntu onesifo esinganyangekiyo eCalifornia uyakwazi ukuya kwintengiso esekelwe kurhulumente, ukwanda kweMedicaid, kunye nokhuseleko olunamandla lwabathengi, ngelinye ixesha elincinane kakhulu. Lo msebenzi udala iinketho ezizinziweyo ezithi zisekelwe kakhulu kwinkqubo yolawulo.

Ukuchasa kwezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo ephuhlisayo kukwaphazamisa inkqubela ende. Iinguquko zemfundo zisoloko zitshintshwa xa abalawuli abatsha okanye abaphathi-ndlu yowiso-mthetho bethatha isikhundla. Inkqubo yempilo ifana nokutshintsha-tshintsha kwabantu, njengoko kuboniswa ngamadabi aqhubekayo eemfuno zomsebenzi weMedicaid kunye nemali yokulungiselela intsapho. Ukuzibophelela nokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo kudla ngokunikelwa kwisibingelelo sonyulo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukubonakalisa Umphumo Wokwenza Okuthile KukaRhulumente

IDray yaseTennessee Yokuphucula Ukufunda

I-Tennessee ijolise kuqwalaselo lwakutshanje kwisiseko sokufunda inika umzekelo onamandla wotshintsho lwaseburhulumenteni. Iqonda ukuba kuphela isithathu sabanyusi besithathu ababefunda kwisigaba semfundo esezantsi, imo igqithe iTennessee Memonee Memonible Memocry Act ngo-2021. Lo mthetho ufuna izikolo zisebenzise uqeqesho olusekelwe kubungqina oludibekiweyo oludityanisiweyo noludityanisiweyo lwenzululwazi yokufunda, zinika uqeqesho olunzulu kubafundisi-mfundo, kunye nemifanekiso bonke abafundi beK-3 abafunda iintsilelo. Iziphumo zokuqala zithembisa: urhulumente wanikela ingxelo yenzuzo enkulu yeminyaka yesithathu kwingeniso yokufunda i-Drichieting ngo-2023. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela edityaniswe ngayo inkqubo yobuchule yobuchule bokuqhuba i-Achurity.

Isalathisi Esibonisa Ubuchule Nokuvuselelwa Kwezibhedlele EColorado

Kumaziko empilo, iColorado ithathe indima ephambili ekusingatheni iindleko zesibhedlele. Ijongene namanye amaxabiso aphezulu esibhedlele kwelo lizwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseColorado yaphumelela i-Start Translate Translarency and Fairness Act ngo-2021, efuna izibhedlele ukuchaza i-data enika i-Premigrance kwaye ibeke imiqathango kubaguli kwimigangatho ethile yengeniso. Le meko ikwaseka inkqubo yoMnyango elungele u-Medicaid encedisa ukuxhasa ukuxhasa i-mnet-net. Ezi ndlela zidizambutho zinceda iColorado zandisa intelo yabemi abangaphezu kwama-95% xa beqalisa ukugoba kwexabiso. Le meko ibonisa indlela oorhulumente abanokuyilawula ngayo ingeniso kunye nokufikelela kwiimali ngemigaqo ezisebenzisanazo zoncedo.

Ulwando LweTelehealth YaseNtshona Virginia Kukusetyenziswa Kwengxaki Engaphantsi Kwendlela

I-West Virginia, echaphazeleke kakhulu ngubhubhani we-opioid, inyathelo likarhulumente lokuxhathisa ukunyuswa kwe-telehealth ukuze kunyangwe ukukhotyokiswa. Ngo-2020, indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza ii-radis ezininzi ezisisigxina ezivumela amayeza okusebenzisa i-opioid asebenzise ukuphazamiseka okugqitha kwi-telehealth, ukususa imfuneko yokutyelela abantu abatshaye-ephers. Le nkqubo, idityaniswe nenkxaso engakumbi yemali yokulungisa iziphumo zonyango, yanceda ukuqinisa ingxaki eyayiqhubekeka. Ngokudibanisa ubugcisa nobuchule bokulungisa i-opiopioids, iNtshona Virginia yaphucula indlela yokufumana ubomi kwilizwe apho abantu abaninzi bahlala kude besuka kumaziko onyango.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Ukubuyiselwa kumgangatho weRhulumente

Xa bekhangela phambili, oorhulumente bamazwe basenokuqhubeka besebenza njengeerobhothi eziphambili zokuphucula. Ukugxininiswa okukhulayo kwe- equcty kubumba iinkqubo ezintsha: okufana neNew Mexico iye yamisela imali yokuthembeka kwimfundo yabantwana bamandulo, ngoxa uOregon eye wahlola ngokuphandle imizekelo yezonyango lwendalo jikelele exhaswayo ngentsebenziswano yezentlalo elungelelanisiweyo.

Ukudityaniswa kobugcisa kuya kukhawuleza. Kwimfundo, amatyala atsalela utyando kwi-intanethi ephezulu yemfundo yasemaphandleni, iiplatfomu zolwazi ezizimeleyo, kunye neenkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezilandelela abafundi ixesha elide. Kwimpilo yonyango, ukutshintshisana ngenkcazelo yempilo yesizwe kuya kuqina, kunceda ukulungelelanisana kononophelo olungcono. Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya asebenzisa ubuchule obungeyomvelo ekuqukumbeleni iinkqubo zokulawula iMedicaid, ngoxa ezinye ziqhuba iinkqubo zokuhlola izigula ezikude zokuhlola ulawulo lwezifo ezingapheliyo.

Ukuhlahlelana kwamaphondo kusenokunyuka. IBhunga leeRhuluneli zoMbutho weSizwe neminye imibutho yamazwe amaninzi inceda ukuba kuxhaswe ezona zinto zilungileyo. Iingqungquthela ze-interstate ezimalunga nokubuyiselwa kwemfundo kwiintsapho zemikhosi kunye ne-intelence yempilo yongxamiseko yoogqirha sele zisekhoyo kwaye zinokuba yimizekelo yentsebenziswano ebanzi kwimicimbi efana nokuqokelelwa koovimba.

Ekugqibeleni, ibali likarhulumente wemfundo kunye nolawulo lwempilo yenye yempembelelo enzulu kunye noxinezeleko oluzingisileyo. Ama-United States anamandla amakhulu okudala ithuba okanye alondoloze ukungalingani. Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ehlolisiweyo apha ibonisa ukuba xa iinkokeli zikarhulumente zibophelele kubungqina obusekelwe kwinkangeleko, imigaqo ejolisekileyo, inkqubela engenakuthelekelelwa inokwenzeka. Kodwa iingxaki zemali, ezopolitiko, kunye nolwahluko zihlala zisoyikekayo. Njengabemi, abenzi bemithetho, nabameli, ukuqonda ezi zizathu zikarhulumente ziyimfuneko ekuqhubeleni isizukulwana esilandelayo sotshintsho esiza kubumba ubomi bezigidi.