Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Izigqibo Zikarhulumente Zibalulekile Kuwe

Kunye noMmerika ngamnye oneminyaka engama-65 ubudala uxhomekeke kwiMedicas ukuze anyamekele impilo yakhe. Izigidi zabafundi zixhomekeke kuPell Grants ukuze zifumane ikholeji. Iindlela ezigudileyo oqhuba kuzo, uhlolo lokhuseleko kwivenkile yakho, neengenelo zokungaqeshwa ezibamba abasebenzi ngexesha lothengiso ziziphumo ezingqalileyo, izigqibo ezenziwe ngabom zemibutho karhulumente. Ezi nkqubo azibonakali zingumlingo. Ziziphumo zokugqibela zenkqubo elungeleleneyo, ngokufuthi, ezinzima, ezisenza izigqibo ezibandakanya izoqoqosho, ezopolitiki, kunye nezoluntu. Ukuqonda kakuhle indlela oorhulumente abagqiba ngayo ukuba zibonelelanazo iinkqubo zokuxhasa nokusebenzisa imigaqo-demokhrasi.

Uhambo ukusuka kwingxaki yesocioteyie ukuya kwinkqubo karhulumente esebenzayo ngokupheleleyo lwaziwa njengomjikelo wepolicy. Lo mjikelo unika isiseko sokuqonda amanyathelo antsonkothileyo aqukiweyo . Ukusuka ekufumaneni umba wophando kuvavanyo lokuba inkqubo isebenza ngokwenene. Eli nqaku liqhekeza umjikelo, lihlola izinto ezingundoqo eziphembelela abenzi-ma, kwaye livavanya iintlobo ezithile zeenkqubo ezicetyiselwe ukunceda abemi.

Iinkalo Eziphembelela Izigqibo Zomgaqo - siseko

Phambi kokuba inkqubo ivele, abaququzeleli benkqubo kufuneka balinganise uludwe olubanzi lwamandla akhuphisanayo. Ezi zinto zisebenza njengezixhobo zokucoca, ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iingcamango ezifumana igawuthi nokuba zeziphi ezithe jikayo.

IiNkcukacha Zezoqoqosho Nemiqobo Yoqingqo-mali

Eyona nto inyanzelisayo nakweyiphi na inkqubo karhulumente luqingqo-mali. Oorhulumente, nokuba ngabangorhulumente, urhulumente, okanye abengingqi, abanako ukuchitha imali abanayo (ngaphandle kokuboleka, okudala iimfanelo zayo). Zonke izicelo zowiso-mthetho kufuneka ziphendule umbuzo othi: "Oku kuza kuhlawulwa njani? Oku kudla ngokukhokelela kurhwebo olunzima. Ukuxhasa inyathelo lonyango lwamagqala amatsha kungafuna ukuqingqwa kwemali kwisiseko esikhoyo esinika okanye ukunyusa irhafumrhuzo.

Abameli abazimeleyo njenge [[FLT: 0] I-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo (CBO) badlala indima ebalulekileyo apha. Banika amagosa "amashumi asibhozo" omthetho ocetyisiweyo, bechaza ixabiso lenkqubo ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ezi ntlawulo zidla ngokwenza okanye ukwaphula umthetho. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa le nkcazelo ecwangcisiweyo ukubeka inyathelo elinika imbuyekezo ephezulu ekuhlawuleni irhafu yombhaptizi.

Iimbono Nobuxoki Boluntu

Kwidemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi, ukuthanda kwabantu kuthwele ubunzima obubalulekileyo. Ukutshintsha-tshintsha koluvo lukawonke-wonke . "njengokuxhasa okuphangaleleyo kwenkxaso yolungiso lomthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukucutha iindleko zeziyobisi ezigunyazisiweyo).

Ngapha kwendlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluvunyiweyo, amaqela alungelelanisiweyo amaqela a-'FLT' (njenge-ARP, i-Sierra Club, okanye iCandelo lorhwebo) asebenzisa impembelelo enzima. La maqela anika ubuchule, aphumeze amaphulo okubhengeza, kwaye athumele abavoti ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa iinkqubo ezithile. Uxinzelelo phakathi komdla obanzi kunye neqela le-atle projectssstions.

Ukukhula Neenkokeli Zezobupolitika

Iqela lezobupolitika elinegunya lizisa ingcamango ethile kunye nemithetho ephambili etafileni. Abaninzi abadla ngokubeka imilinganiselo yokuhlahlela irhafu kunye nokukhulula, ngeli xesha uninzi lunganyanzelela ukunyuswa kweminatha yokhuseleko loluntu kunye notyalo lukawonke-wonke. umongameli okanye iRhuluneli isoloko imisela isandi, isebenzisa iqonga labo ukuxhasa iinkqubo zotyikityo (umz., uMthetho we-Affordable Carence, uMthetho we-Inflastruction Reduction Act).

Ukhokelo lomthetho (uSomlomo weNdlu, iMajority Hole) ulawula ikhalenda kwaye ugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ivoti. Oku kugcinwa kwezopolitiko kuthetha ukuba kwaneengcamango ezithandwayo zingafa kungekho qhawe linamandla elikwindawo efanelekileyo.

Ubungqina, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nohlalutyo

Ulawulo lwangoku luqhutywa ngokwandayo lugcino-lwazi. "Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo esekelwe kumthetho" luqheliso lokusebenzisa uphando olungqongqo, ukuvavanywa okulawulwa ngokungenacwangcisiweyo, kunye nohlalutyo lwezibalo ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, i- Institutive of Education Sciences[ uhlalutyo longenelelo lwemfundo ukuchaza ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokufundisa ezinika iziphumo ezingcono zomfundi.

Cinga ngeetanki (njengeBrookings Institution, iLifa leMveli, kunye neRAND Transporation) zinikela izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zenkqubo. Abameli borhulumente abafana ne-ofisi ( yeGovernment Accounting (GAO) uNhlolo-zincwadi kunye nophando, ukunika iNkqutyana uhlalutyo olunenjongo lokuba iinkqubo ziyasebenza na kwaye ziyasebenza. Abenzi benkqubo baxhomekeke kulo nkcazelo ukuphepha iimpazamo zemali zerhafu.

Ukuqonda umjikelo womgaqo-nkqubo: Isikhokelo senyathelo

Ukusungulwa kwenkqubo kawonke wonke kunqabile ukuba kwenzeke ngobusuku obubodwa. Kuhamba amaqondo athe ngqo ayaziwa njengomjikelo womgaqo-nkqubo.

Isiqhoboshi 1: I-Agenda-eqwalaselwayo

Lilo elona qondo apho ingxaki ichazwa khona ize iqwalaselwe njengento urhulumente afanele ayithethe. Kutheni enye into ifuna ingqalelo ngoxa enye ingahoywa? Izinto ezininzi ezibangela ingxaki zisenokuphembelela ucwangciso:

  • [[Ubhubhani:0] Intlekele okanye intlekele: Yintlekele yendalo enjengenkanyamba uKatrina okanye ingxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke efana neopioid ehlaselayo ibangela imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yenyathelo likarhulumente.
  • Intengiso yeMedia: Ingxelo yeendaba enkulu ingaguqula umba wendawo (njengetyala lomfundi) libe yinto yokuqala yesizwe.
  • Iziganeko ezisetyenziswayo: Yisiganeko esinye, esothusayo singaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngephanyazo.
  • I-Advocacy engundoqo: A isiseko esiphezulu soonobumba, umnxeba, kunye nokuqhatha kungenza abenzi bomthetho benze into ethile.

Ngexesha lokucwangcisa, ingxaki iyachazwa. Umzekelo, yingxaki yokufumaneka kokutya, ukufumaneka kokutya, okanye imfundo ngezondlo? Ingxaki ichazwa njani isalamezi esiqwalaselwayo kamva.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2

Xa imbambano ikwimeko, ukukhangela izisombululo kuqalisa. Kulapho iingcamango ziveliswa kwaye zibunjwe zibe zizicelo zekonkrithi. Abadlali abahlukahlukeneyo babandakanyeka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yezobugcisa:[[FT:1] ii-ofisi zomsebenzi kwisebe (umz., Impilo kunye neNkonzo yoluntu, Isebe lemfundo) idrafti yolwimi lobugcisa nemimiselo esekelwe kubuchule babo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abaququzeleli kunye neNtloko yabo: Amalungu eBhunga okanye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zihlawula ityala lemposiso, isoloko inegalelo elisuka kumalungu amkelayo kunye neetanki zokucinga.
  • Imikhosi kunye neeKhomishini zemisebenzi: Urhulumente angahlanganisa iqela leengcali ukufundisisa lo mbandela nokuncomela izenzo ezithile.

Kukho impikiswano ekhoyo xa kusenziwa ingcebiso ehlukeneyo: Ingaba le nkqubo ifanele inike abemi imali ekhethekileyo? Intlawulo yerhafu kumashishini?

ISiseko 3: Ukwenza izigqibo noMthetho

Le yinxenye enzima"-----imomo yesicelo esivunyiweyo. Kwinkqubo yorhulumente wase-U.S., oku kufuna ukuqhutywa kwe-grain entsonkothileyo yemithetho ephicotheneyo:

  1. [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeCommittee: Imali inikwa ikomiti (umz., iKomiti yeMali yeNdlu yeCandelo) apho iqhutyelwa impikiswano, ilungiswe, kwaye mhlawumbi "ixelwe" kwigumbi elipheleleyo okanye ibulawe.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Ingxoxo yeNkqutyana neMidlalo: Indlu epheleleyo okanye iNdlu yeNtlanganiso yeMithetho iphikisana. IiFilibuster kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zingafuna i-60 ye-evote ephezulu ukudlulisa owona mthetho uninzi.
  3. Ikomiti yeConference: Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela zidlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti edityanisiweyo ilungisa umahluko.
  4. [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano esisebenzayo: Isivumelwano sokugqibela sithunyelwa kuMongameli (okanye iRhuluneli) ukuze sityikitye. Umlawuli ophetheyo angasayina kuso kumthetho okanye kwiveto. Iveto ingangatshatiswa ngevoti ezimbini-3 emagumbini omabini.

Eli qonga kulapho oothunywashe bezopolitiko (izimvo zikawonke-wonke, ukubhenela kwemiqathango) bangqubana nemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezithembisayo aziphumeleli ukusinda kule ngxaki.

ICandelo 4: Isenzo

Ukudlulisa umthetho kusekuqaleni. Ukuphumeza yinkqubo yokuguqulela injongo yowiso-mthetho kwiinkonzo zenkcitho emhlabeni. Oku kusoloko kwenziwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ukwenza ulawulo.

Izikhululo zibhala imimiselo echaza ngqo ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo, indlela yokusebenzisa, nendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo. Uwonke-wonke unokugqabaza ngemithetho ecetywayo edlula kumanxuwa afana .gov. Ulungelelwaniso lujongene nocelomngeni olunje:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isantya sebureaucate Cap:[[FLT: 1] Ingaba umbutho unabasebenzi abaneleyo kunye nobugcisa bokuqhuba inkqubo?
  • Imithetho yeVat: 1 ikhokelela ekuphunyezweni okungahambelaniyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iimeko ezingabonwayo: Inkqubo eyenzelwe ukudodobala koqoqosho ingasebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Kwizigidi zabemi, iqonga lokuzalisekisa lilo elisebenzisana ngqo norhulumente — ngezixhobo ze - Internet, izicelo zamaphephandaba neeofisi zeziko lasekuhlaleni.

Isiqhobosho 5: Uvavanyo kunye nolondolozo

Akukho nkqubo ibekwe ematyeni. Oorhulumente mababuze rhoqo, Le nkqubo iyasebenza na? Uvavanyo lubandakanya ukulinganisa iziphumo nxamnye neenjongo ezichaziweyo. Abadlali abangundoqo kweli nqanaba baquka:

  • I-ofisi yobuNika-tyala yoRhulumente (GAO): imisebenzi njengengalo ephengululayo yeBhunga, uphicotho-zincwadi lwenkqubo.
  • Ngokubanzi (IGs): ifakelwe phakathi kwamaziko ukuphelisa ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, nokuxhatshazwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ababhexeshi abazimeleyo: Ezingenazintlu kunye nokucinga iitanki ziqhuba izifundo kwiziphumo zenkqubo.

Iziphumo zovavanyo zondla emva kwiqonga lokumisela icandelo. Ukuba inkqubo ifunyenwe ingasebenzi, ingatshintshwa, ikhutshwe, okanye ipheliswe. Oku kwenza inkqubo ibe ngumjikelo oqhubekekayo kunentambo ethe tye.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zikawonke wonke

Oorhulumente basebenzisa iinkqubo ezininzi ezilungiselelwe ukunceda abemi. Nangona iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezokuxhasa ngemali zingafani, zidla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezimbalwa eziphambili.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Ubuchule bempilo yenye yezona ndawo zikhulu zokuchitha imali zikarhulumente. Iinkqubo ezifana ne- Medicare [yabakhulileyo], uMdicaid[ (kubantu abaphantsi nabasekhaya), kunye nenkqubo yempilo yaBantwana ye-Iconshorence (CHIP) inikezela unikezelo lwezezonyango lwezigidi zabantu baseMelika. Isigqibo esi sibandakanya ukuthethwano-inshorensi, izibhedlele, kunye neenkampani zokuthambisa ii-achiartreskopo ukulawula iindleko ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ubunjani.

Imfundo nophuhliso lombane

Ukusuka kwimfundo kawonke-wonke ukuya kwi-K12 yoncedo lwemali ekholejini, imfundo ligumbi lokuxhasa urhulumente. Inkqubo ye- uPell Grant inika izibonelelo ezifunekayo ukuze abafundi bafumane imali ephantsi. Izigqibo eziphathelele inkqubo yemfundo zidla ngokubandakanya iingxoxo ezikulawulo lukarhulumente olunxulumene nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, uvavanyo olusezantsi, kunye nenkxaso yemali yoqeqesho lwemfundo yezemfundo yezenkqesho ngokunxulumene neendlela zemfundo.

Ukhuseleko Lwezoqoqosho Neinshorensi Yoluntu

Ezi nkqubo zisebenza njengomnatha wokhuseleko kubantu abajongene nobunzima. Ukhuseleko oluPhambili lunika ingeniso yomhlala-phantsi, ngelixa I-Issurance yokusebenza yexeshana [ inika inkxaso yexeshana kubasebenzi abaphulukana nemisebenzi yabo. SNAP [uMGUMGUNGA WENQUBO WENKQUBO ), eyayisaziwa njengezitembu zokutya, inceda ukuthenga ukutya okungenayo eziintsapho ezifumanayo. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokubalelwa yimithetho engqongqo kwaye zibekwe kwingxoxo yezopolitiki ngokuphathelele iinjongo zazo kunye nenzuzo.

Uphuhliso lwezindlu noluntu

Izindlu ezikhuselekileyo nezinokufikeleleka ziyimfuneko enkulu. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana Ukukhethwa kwe 8 kweZindlu Zokhetho [[FLT: 1] zinceda iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi ziqeshe amakhaya eqeshiweyo kwimarikethe yabucala. Ingxowa-mali yezindlu kunye noPhuliso lwe-Urban (HUD)[FLT] ikwanemali yemisebenzi yezindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nemiqathango yophuhliso lwengingqi. Izigqibo apha ziphenjelelwa kakhulu yintengiso yeendawo zokwezo zengingqi kunye nemithetho ehambayo.

Indlela Yokonyula Neyokwenza Iinkqubo

Kukho iimfuno ezininzi nezibonelelo ezisikelwe umda, oorhulumente bagqiba njani ukuba yiyiphi iplani ekhethekileyo abamele bayikhethe? Basebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezingundoqo zokwenza izigqibo.

Isiphumo Sexabiso Nokubuya

Abenzi benkqubo bakhangela iinkqubo ezivelisa eyona nzuzo iphambili kwixabiso eliphantsi. Oku kubandakanya ukuthelekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwingxaki efanayo. Umzekelo, ngaba kuphantsi ukubeka iintolongo ezithe chatha okanye ukuxhasa imfundo yobuntwana ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho? Inkqubo enexabiso eliphezulu ingakhethwa ukuba yonga imali eninzi kwixesha elide (umz., ukukhusela impilo).

Ukulingana Nokulunga

Oorhulumente kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba inkqubo isasaza iinzuzo zayo ngokufanelekileyo nakumaqela ahlukeneyo amanani abantu. Ingaba ukonakalisa irhafu kuyathandwa zizityebi? Ingaba inkqubo yekholeji iyabanika abafundi abasemaphandleni ngempumelelo njengabo basedolophini? Ifuna ukuthelekisa [[[FLT: 1]] ifuneke ukuba ubuncwane obujoliswe kuluntu oluthile olukwimbali ephantsi kwenkonzo, olunokuba lucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo nolunobuchule.

Ukungachazi Kwezobupolitika Nezolawulo

Inkqubo egqibeleleyo ephepheni ayisebenzi ukuba ayinakugqithiswa okanye inikwe. ibuza: "Ngaba oku kungadlula kwi Congress? ulawulo olungafezekiyo lubuza: "Iziko lingakuzalisekisa oku ngaphandle kokwaphuka?" Inkqubo enzima kakhulu ukucacisa okanye enzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa iyakuba nenani elisezantsi lokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nenani lempazamo eziphezulu.

Ubungqina Bokuphumelela

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ugcino-lwazi ngukumkani. Iinkqubo eziye zavunywa ukuba zisebenze kwizifundo ezingqongqo zidla ngokuxhaswa kwaye zandiswe kakhulu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba "kukuxhasa-kusekelwe" okanye "data-driven" inkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo olulawulwayo (IRCT) kwimigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ikhule ngokuphawulekayo, ivumela oorhulumente ukuba basebenzise ubunzima obunye benzululwazi kwiinkqubo zoluntu ezisetyenziswa zinkampani zezezamayeza amatsha.

Indlela Onokuncedisa Ngayo Kule nkqubo

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo ingabonakala ikude, kodwa kukho iindlela ezininzi abemi abangayiphembelela ngazo. Ukudibanisa inkqubo yokwenza umthetho yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo. Xa umbutho wezwe ucebisa imimiselo emitsha yenkqubo, ikhupha isaziso kwiFederal Register kwaye imema amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. La magqabaza angatshintsha kwaye aguqule imithetho yokugqibela.

Unyulo lwengingqi, lorhulumente nololunozwe lusisixhobo esiphezulu sokulawula. Ukuqonda apho abatshanyi bema kwiinkqubo ezithile (njengeNtlalo-ntle okanye iMedicare) kukuvumela ukuba wenze ukhetho olunolwazi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo ukuze babelane ibali lakho ngendlela inkqubo eyanceda ngayo (okanye yasilela) unika uhlobo logcino-lwazi lwabantu olungenakubanjwa ziingxelo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yendlela oorhulumente abagqiba ukukunceda ngayo kukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo kwamanani oqingqo-mali, amandla ezobupolitika, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nogcino-lwazi olunzima. Ukuqonda umjikelo wenkqubo (ukusuka kummiselo-setting-sholosholosholosholosholosholosholo-kuvavanya //ukuveza ukuba ezi zigqibo azizenzelwanga ngokuzenzekelayo. Ziziphumo zenyathelo elicwangcisiweyo, nangona zingekho zingxaki, inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngokufunda abenzi bemithetho esetyenziswayo ukukhetha nokuyila iinkqubo zokwakha, uzuza izixhobo zokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo kwiinkonzo ezifunwa nguluntu. Ukuba usebenza ukuze ufumane uncedo okanye uvote kunyulo olulandelayo, olu lwazilo lwazi lunyathelo lokuqala lokuguqula urhulumente kwiziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi.