Ukwazisa: Ucelomngeni Lokusetyenziswa Kwamashishini Ehlabathi

Ngo-2050, malunga nama-70 ekhulwini abantu behlabathi kulindeleke ukuba bahlale kwimimandla yedolophana, bengeza abantu abangamawaka asisi-5. Oku kukhawuleza kwemizi kuzisa uxinzelelo olukhulu koorhulumente ukuze banikezele izindlu, ezothutho, amanzi, ukhuseleko, kunye nezibonelelo zamandla. Ubuchule bokuceba, izimali, kunye nokusebenza kwezi misebenzi kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwisakhiwo solawulo lwelizwe. Izixhobo ezimbini eziphambili zelizwe, ``federalral kunye ne unitary's-/iphere' indlela iingxaki zokuhlala efumaneka ngayo, imithombo, kwaye isombululo. Ukuqonda iindlela zabo ezicacileyo ziyimfuneko kubenzi bemithetho, abasemadolomini, abacebini, kunye nabangeni bezama ukuvelisa izicombululo ezisebenzayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zihambisa amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namaphondo okanye amaphondo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezichazwe ngokomGaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zomanyano zigxininisa kwigunya elisembindini elibambisa amagunya kulawulo lwengingqi ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi zakhiwo zivelisa iindlela zomahluko zokulawula ukukhula kwedolophu, inkxaso-mali, nokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zengingqi ezikhuphisanayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa zombini ezizimo zempawu, zithelekisa umsebenzi wazo, kwaye zivelisa izifundo ezibalaseleyo zokuhambela phambili izixeko.

Oorhulumente Abamanyeneyo Nokwakhiwa Kwamashishini

Kumazwe angorhulumente anjenge-United States, i-Indiya, iJamani, iKhanada ne-Ostreliya, inkqubo yedolophu kunye noshishino lwezibonelelo idla ngokusetyenziswa kakuhle. Urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo banegunya eliphambili ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba, ekuhlahleni, ekucwangcisweni kwezithuthi, ekulungiselelweni kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Eli lungiselelo livumela oorhulumente bengingqi ukuba balungise izicombululo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni `idolophinis'' njengePoenix iyakwazi ukubeka indawo elondolozwa amanzi ngelixa likhulu lasemntla njengeChicago igxininisa ekunyuseni unyuso. Ulungelela ulungelelaniso lweziko lweziko-amo zoluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwemeko-meoyile-meterromist.

Noko ke, ukwenziwa ngcono komgangatho kudala umahluko obalulekileyo. Amazwana obutyebi anganikela iirhafu eziphezulu kwaye atsale utyalo-mali lwamashishini, ukwakha iinkqubo zokuthutha kunye nezindlu ezinokufumaneka. Amazwe amahlwempu, anyanzelelwa yimeko yezoqoqosho ebuthathaka, azama ukugcina iindlela ezisisiseko, iinkqubo zamanzi, nezikolo. I-ofisi kaRhulumente kaRhulumente e-U.S. ingqina ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kumntu ngamnye kuyahluka kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe, kunye nemimandla ephantsi ewela emva. Le nkqubela-phambili ingaqhubeka ikho ngokulinganayo kwaye ijonge ukungalingani okukhoyo kwezoqoqosho.

Iingxaki Zomanyano Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

Enye imfuno yolawulo lorhulumente kukudibana kwemithetho-siseko. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zolwakhiwo, ezifana nomzinjana ophezulu owenziwe ngobuchule okanye iindlela eziphakathi komhlaba, zidla ngokunqumla imida yorhulumente kwaye zifuna izivumelwano zemali, imigangatho kunye nemigca yexesha. Umzekelo, umsebenzi wesiporo esiphezulu seKhalifoniya, ukudibanisa iLos Angeles kunye neSan Francisco, ziye zajongana nothotho lwezikothonga kunye nexabiso elingaphaya kwemiqobo ngenxa yemibango phakathi kwamaziko karhulumente, ulawulo lukarhulumente, ulawulo, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, iSwe Swebtiod Mis Mis Mis e-Aunity ibandakanya umanyano oluphakathi lukarhulumente, oorhulumente, noorhulumente bamashishini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphumeleni iibhotile zebhotile.

Iinkqubo zoManyano zezemali zikwanzima. Oorhulumente abaninzi bezizwe ngezizwe abanawo amandla okuboleka okanye imithombo yengeniso yokuxhasa izibonelelo zemali ezisikelweyo zasedolophini. Kufuneka bathembele kwimali yemali enikwa urhulumente, kumaqabane kawonke-wonke, okanye kwiimarike zokudibanisa. EUnited States, urhulumente unika imali yezothutho ngeenkqubo ezifana neInfrature Publicmentmentment kunye neMithetho yeSebe, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka akhuphisane ngezi nkonzo zemali, maxa wambi ashiye amadolobha amancinane engaphantsi kwegunya. IBhanki yehlabathi iphawula ukuba “kwimeko yolawulo oluphezulu, ifuna ubuchule bokuthunyelwa kwemali obuninzi obunokubangela ukulibazisela iprojects , kunye neendleko zolawulo zokwandisa iindleko zolawulo.

Amabali empumelelo kuLawulo lweUrban

Phezu kwayo nje le mingeni, inkqubo karhulumente ivelise impumelelo ephawulekayo yasedolophini. Inkqubo karhulumente waseJamani, enelizwe elomeleleyo (Länder), ibangele ukuba kulungelelaniswe ucwangciso lwengingqi yeRhine-Rhone-Ruhr, omnye wengingqi enkulu yeYurophu. I-_Verkehrsverbund_ (intlangano ye-transport), imodeli, efaka isiporo seseyile, ibhasi, kunye neenkonzo ze-tramstings kumazwe amaninzi, ingumakethekiso lwebhentshi yelizwe lonke ukwenzela uthutho olufanelekileyo lukawonke-wonke. Urhulumente wase-Canada u-Infragradeture Program, odluliselwe kwizivumelwano ze-bitalial, uxhase amawaka eelwe kwimisebenzi ye-operalive, ukusuka kunyango lwamanzi ukuya kumazwe aluhlaza, ngoxa ukuhlonipha iphondo.

EIndiya, urhulumente uvumela amazwe afana noMaharashtra noGujarat ukuba alandele iindlela zolwamkelo lwedolophu, kuquka iipaseji ezinikezelweyo zoshishino kunye nolwandiso lweziporo zemetroli, ngeli xesha amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo afana neBihar exhomekeke kakhulu kucwangciso oluphakathi. Oku kubhetyebhetye-bhetye kungakhawulezisa ukukhula kwimimandla enamandla kodwa kwakhona kusemngciphekweni wokwenziwa kwemizixeko yedolo-dolo kwilizwe elinye.

Oorhulumente Abamanyeneyo Nokwakhiwa Kwamashishini

Kumaphondo alungelelanisiweyo anjenge-United Kingdom, iFransi, iJapan, ne-South Korea, urhulumente osembindini unegunya elipheleleyo kwiinkqubo zedolophu kunye nezibonelelo. Oorhulumente bongingqi basebenza phantsi kwamandla agunyazisiweyo kwaye kufuneka bathobele imithetho yesizwe, imigangatho, kunye nemigaqo yokucwangcisa. Oku kubekwa kwesiseko kunceda inkqubo efanayo, inkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo, kunye nokucwangcisa ucwangciso lwexesha elide kulo lonke ilizwe. Umzekelo, ulwakhiwo lweziko lwedolophu lwaseFransi, i-Agence lwesizwe luthulula i-lavine_ urrévotion (ANRU), lulungelelanisa imisebenzi emikhulu yokulungisa imongamela imimandla etsala izithuthi kusetyenziswa uqingqo-mali olubekiweyo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zingasabela ngokukhawuleza kucelomngeni lokubekwa kwedolophu yesizwe ngenxa yokuba ukwenza izigqibo akufuni kuvumelani phakathi koorhulumente abaninzi. Urhulumente waseJapan osembindini, nge-Infracture of Land, Izakhelo, i-Tourism (MLIT), uqhubele iseyile enesantya esiphezulu (Shinkansen), ulwando lwemithetho yokwakha elawula inyikima, kunye nemithetho yesixeko edibanisayo esebenzisa iyunithi esuka eTokyo ukuya kwiidolophu zasemaphandleni. Olu manyano luqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zesizwe .

Umngcipheko wocwangciso olusembindini

Ngoko ke, ukwenziwa kombindi kukwaneengozi ezibhalwe kakuhle. Iinkqubo ze-grafidie zingazibetha ngoyaba iimeko zasekuhlaleni, ezikhokelela ekuzingeniseni okungafanelekanga okanye okungaphumeleliyo. Inkqubo yezindlu ze-Paris ingasilela kwi-Marsleille okanye iLyon, apho imozulu, amanani ahlukeneyo, kunye nesakhiwo sezoqoqosho. Abahlalutyi benkqubo yedolophu yaseFransi baphikisa ukuba ucwangciso lwasezidolophini oluphezulu luvelise amadlelele amakhulu adibeneyo (amabhanana) abandezeleke ngenxa yokwanti okanye ukungabi namsebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ucwangciso lwesizwe lwe-UK luye lwagxekwa ngenxa yokukhuthaza ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho zamazwe akwimpumantshona, ukukhuthuma.

Enye ingxaki yi-aspective enokwenzeka kwi-bureaucratia. Ngenxa yokuba izigqibo zifuna imvume kwimisebenzi emininzi esembindini, imisebenzi ingajamelana nolibaziseko olude. Iprojekthi ye-Crossrollrom (Elizabeth Line) yaseLondon, ngelinye ixesha eliphumeleleyo, ithathe ixesha elingaphezu kweshumi leminyaka kunenjongo yokuphinda ihlaziywe nokuxhaswa kwemali yiminye ye-oooooooooooooooo mandla ephakathi. Kwinkqubo yomanyano, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zinokusikeleleka ulawulo olulungelelanisa iimfuno zoluntu, nto leyo enokunciphisa ukugana nokuthembana.

Imizekelo Yomgangatho Ophakamileyo

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngozi, iimodeli ze-odokisi ziphumele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Ukuhambela phambili kwezakhiwo ezisedolophini emva kokuba imfazwe yaseKorea ikhokelelwe kukuceba okunamandla. Urhulumente wakha zonke izixeko ezintsha njengeSejong, ikomkhulu lolawulo, kwaye wavelisa uthungelwano lweziporo eziphezulu (KTX) ezidityaniswe ngoku zizixeko ezininzi. Urhulumente wasembindini wakwazi ukuphatha izindlu ngomzi ngokuphuma kumaqumrhu okwakha, ukunceda ukuqinisa amaxabiso entengiselwano ye-morejini yase-Moououal. I-Grand Paris Ex, i-and Paris edityaniswe yiprojecter 200-ater edie, ikhutshwa yinkampani yelizwe (Soété du Grand Paris) kunye nembono yesizwe enye, iphazamisa inkqubo yelizwe.

Amava eJapan angezibonelelo ezaluphalayo kunye nokuncipha kwabemi abonisa indlela ezinokujikeleza ngayo ngokukhawuleza. Urhulumente osembindini uye waxhasa “isixeko esihambelanayo”, enika izikhuthazo zemali koomasipala abaqinisa iinkonzo kwaye banciphise ukunwenwa. Le ndlela iphezulu ephezulu iphumelele ngakumbi kunenyathelo elifanelekileyo, elithengiselwa emarikeni elibonwa kumazwe amaninzi omazwe omazwe.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Amandla nobuthathaka

Inkcitho yeSebe

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, inkxaso-mali yesiseko isoloko ixhomekeke kwingeniso yerhafu yomgangatho karhulumente nakwizibonelelo zikarhulumente, ezikhokelela kutyalo-mali olungalinganiyo. Urhulumente onemisebenzi enzima yezoqoqosho ungaboleka intlawulo ephantsi kwaye isekethe yemali, ngelixa uxanduva lorhulumente olihlwempu ekulondolozeni izinto ezikhoyo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingayalela ingeniso yerhafu yesizwe kwimimandla ehluliweyo, njengoko i-UK isenza “ngendlela yayo yokufumana ingeniso [1], kodwa oku kunokubangela ukuxhomekeka kwaye kungabonisi ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zasekuhlaleni. IWorld Bank’s 2023 I-Infraubliclaclication Financy Ingxelo incomela ukusetyenziswa kwe-projectivesting: ingeniso yemali ephakathi kunye nokwenziwa kwe-ecetfantial, ivumela abasemagunyelwano basebenzisa izicwangciso zesizwe ngokobume besizwe.

Isantya sokuphumeza

Oorhulumente bamacandelo basebenzisa iprojekthi ezinkulu, zeyunifomu ngokukhawuleza. Uthungelwano lweziporo eziphezulu zeTshayina, olwakhiwe phantsi kwesixokelelwano somanyano (nangona kunxulumene nephondo), olwandisiwe ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kutsho kwiqondo leekhilomitha ezingama-40 000 kwiminyaka eli-15. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-US izabalazele ukwakha iikhilomitha ezingama-50 zeyona nyani ephezulu yeseyile ephezulu. Noko ke, isantya somanyano singeza ngamaxabiso aphezulu engeniso yoluntu: iprojects zisenokuqhubekeka ngaphandle kokuxilonga ngokwaneleyo, zikhokelela ekushenxinzeleni kwentlalo kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni kamva. Iinkqubo zomanyano, ezineencam ezininzi ze-veto, zinokucotha kodwa zive iziphumo ngentengo yokuthenga ebanzi.

Ukubuyiselwa kunye novavanyo

Uncedo lomanyano luxhomekeke kuvavanyo lwenkqubo. Ama- States angenza “njengoomatshini bolawulo-moya,” avavanya iindlela ezintsha zokufikelela kwiingxaki zasezidolophini − njengendawo yokuxinana, ukuhlanganisa, okanye ikhowudi yokwakha eluhlaza-luhlaza, kwaye kulinganiswe ngokwesizwe. Imodeli yeSikhundla se-Huwalton iqaliswe kuqala phambi kokuba ibe ngumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingangenisa, kodwa ngokwesiko iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya yesizwe kunokuba zithathe amanyathelo amaqela. Iprojekthi ye-UK i-Gardenturity Cities kunye nelect ye-EEQuart_lective yaseFrance zombini zaqala ukusetyenziswa njengenkqubo yophando oluphakathi.

Ukwahluka koMmandla

Iinkqubo zomanyano ziqheleke ngakumbi ekunciphiseni ukungalingani kwemimandla kuba urhulumente osembindini angasasaza ubuncwane ngokuthunyelwa kwe-fiscal. Inkqubo yorhulumente waseJamani, nangona ilungelelanisiwe, iquka inkqubo enamandla yokulungelelanisa (Länderfinanzaugleich) yokuba ulinganiselo lwemali karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwaloo migaqo, iinkqubo zesizwe zingavelisa umahluko ocacileyo, njengoko kubonwa eBrazil: Izibonelelo zeSão Paulo zikwisigaba sehlabathi, ngoxa izixeko ezisemantla zingenayo ukrwelelo. Ingxelo ye-OECD ifumanise ukuba amazwe omanyano kwi-OECD ane-30,40% engaphezulu kwe-30, kunye nezingalinganiyo zamazwe alinganayo, ebalaselselse umngeni.

Uphando lwetyala: Federal v. Umanyano kwisenzo

IUnited States (iFederal) – ISibonelelo soNgqomo-mali neMithetho

I-ILJA, etyikitywe ngo-2021, inikezela nge-R22 bhiliyoni yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali edityaniswe kwiindlela, iibhulorho, uthutho lukawonke wonke, ububanzi, namandla acocekileyo. Ukufakwa kwemithetho kufuna amasebe karhulumente, amasebe ezothutho, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuncedisana. Ngelixesha isenzo sinika udweliso olulungelelanisiweyo lwesizwe, irejista nganye kufuneka ithobele iiplani ezihambelana nemigaqo karhulumente kodwa ibonise iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekulibaziseni: njengangowama-2024, kuphela intwana yemali egunyaziwe yi-Brooking Instition efunyenwe ukuba ithetha ukuba ubuchule bokuceba kwangaphambi kwexesha eliphambili, ngoxa abanye benziwa.

IFransi (Iindawo Ezingavisisaniyo) – IGrand Paris Express

IGrand Paris Express yinkqubo yemetro ezenzekelayo ejikeleze iParis, enoqingqo-mali lwe-42 yezigidi zezigidi. I-Grand Paris Express ikhokelwa lishishini lesizwe, iSociété du Grand Paris, iprojekthi ifumene inkxaso yemali engaguqukiyo evela kurhulumente ophakathi kwaye ivunywa ngumthetho ophakamileyo. Ulwakhiwo lwaqala ngo-2015 kwaye umgca wokuqala ozenzekelayo wavulwa ngo-2024, ngokugqibele ngokupheleleyo okulindelekileyo ngo-2030. Iprojekthi iquka imilinganiselo yemekobume kunye nemithwalo yomsebenzi yabemi basekuhlaleni, igunyazwe. Abameli bengingqi yelizwe linolwazi olungenayo kodwa urhulumente onegunya lokugqibela. Oku kumgangatho ophezulu ukwenziwa kweprojekthi yogcino-mali kugcine umsebenzi kucwangciso kunye nomahluko omkhulu weprojekthi ye-US.

Imikhwa Edityanisiweyo: Umanyano lweenkqubo

Ngokwesiko, imifanekiso epheleleyo karhulumente ne-odokisi ayiqhelekanga. Amazwe amaninzi amkela iindlela ezidibeneyo. I-United Kingdom, ngokwesithethe se-dinaliary, iye yanciphisa amagunya eSkotlani, eWales, eNorthern Ireland, kunye noosodolophu bamagunya adibeneyo (umz., iManchester, iNtshona Midlands). La maqumrhu ngoku alawula ezothutho kunye noqingqo lwezindlu, ngokufaka ukulinganisa iimpawu zesizwe. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo karhulumente waseIndiya ibone umvaba ephakathi emisela imisebenzi yesixeko (umz., Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urbacty) engqinelaney yesizwe ngokusebenzisa igalelo lwemali enxulumene nemeko.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwayindawo eqhubela phambili. Amaqonga amanani eqela ulawulo lwasedolophini, amacandelo esixeko esineebhodi ezidibeneyo, ukudibanisa amathikithi, ukuvula iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezikhoyo , asebenza kakuhle xa imigangatho ibekwe ngokwesizwe kodwa isetyenziswa kwindawo ethile. Omabini amazwe orhulumente kunye nomanyano ayazamkela ezi zixhobo. icandelo lenkqubela phambili yeBhanki yasedolophini [ ikhuthaza ukusondela “kwinjongo”, apho izakhiwo zokulawula zivela zihambelana nobunzima basedolobheni, kunokuba zinamathele ngokungqongqo kwimimiselo yemithetho.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngomnye umkhosi onyanzelisayo. Amazwe afana neJamani asebenzisa imithetho yemo yezulu yesizwe ukunyanzelisa amaxhoba aqikelelwayo kumazwana, logama amazwe afana neJapan enika izixeko ubuchule obungakumbi bokuqhuba imimandla ehamba ngesantya esiphezulu. I-C40 yothungelwano lwamaDolophu [ ibonisa indlela abalawuli bezixeko ezinkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yinkqubo yesizwe, abasoloko beyona midlalo iphambili ephambili ekuxhathiseni, maxa wambi igqitha urhulumente wesizwe e-tentia. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukulawula okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kumgangatho osemthethweni nakulawulo, umthamo, kunye nobuchule obungakumbi babemi.

Isiphelo: Yiyiphi Imisebenzi Elungele Ukusetyenziswa Edolophini?

Azikho iinkqubo zorhulumente okanye zomanyano eziphezulu ngokwemvelo ekusingatheni iingxaki zokuhlala ezidolophini. Indlela elungileyo ixhomekeke kwimbali yelizwe, inkcubeko, ubuchule bokufumana imali, kunye nendlela izinto ezifunekayo. Umanyano lunika ukusabela, ukulungelelanisa, ukulungelelana, kodwa luyingozi ekungalinganini kunye nokungalungelelani. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika ukungaguquguquki, isantya, kunye nokungalingani, kodwa zinokuphazamisa ukuthatha inyathelo lasekuhlaleni zize zityeshele izinto ezikhoyo kumgangatho osemhlabeni.

Izixeko eziphumelelayo ehlabathini jikelele zisoloko zidityaniswe neziqalelo zombini. ISingapore, isixeko esisesahlulweni esiselubala, iye yavelisa inkqubo yokuceba esabelayo ngokunika amandla amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. IJamani, ilizwe lorhulumente, liphumeze ukulingana kwesizwe ngomanyano olunamandla kunye nomanyano lwamazwe. Isifundo esingundoqo sikukuba izakhiwo zokulawula kufuneka zilungelelaniswe neendima ezicacileyo, oovimba abaneleyo, kunye nenkqubo zokufunda nokuqhelanisa.

Njengoko ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo kukhawuleza, oorhulumente kufuneka bajolise ingqalelo kwiinguqu zePragmatic: ukuqinisa izimali zikamasipala, ukuphucula umanyano lwezezimali phakathi koorhulumente, ukuveliswa kogcino-lwazi kunye nolwakhiwo, kunye nomthamo wokwakha kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ukhetho phakathi kwezakhiwo zorhulumente kunye nomanyano lubalulekile kunaxa inkqubo ikwindawo inokuthi ngokunempumelelo iguqule injongo yokunikezelwa kwesiseko. Ngokuthanda okufanelekileyo, kokumaququzelela nokuxhasa kwemithetho yezobupolitika, omabini amagunya oluntu, anokulwa, aditya, kunye namakhaya azimeleyo afuna inkulungwane yama-21.

Eli nqaku lizoba kuphando olusuka ku CD [Icandelo loPhuhliso loMmandla loMgangatho wengingqi wePhondo , Brooking Instruction Information Initivetion[, kunye ne Brank's Bank's Esaawomekekayo Ingxelo yeCitytys [2023]]