Ukuqonda Ukurhwebesha: Sisixhobo Sokuphembelela Iipolitiki Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Kumaphulo zobupolitika anamhlanje, umgca phakathi kophatho olusemthethweni kunye nokusebenzisa uphatho olugqwethekileyo usoloko ufihlwa. Uphando lompululo lumela enye yezona ndlela zichuliweyo ezisetyenziselwa ukubumba uluvo lukawonke wonke ngaphandle kolwazi lomvoti. Ngokungafaniyo noluvo lwesithethe, oluyilelwe ukuqokelela ulwazi olungachananga malunga neenjongo zomvoti, ukunyanzela uphando luyilwe ngabom ngamaqhinga ukwenziwa kwendlela yokulungisa uluvolo oluluvo olululo, kunokuba lusetyenziswe ngomlinganiselo. Basebenza phantsi kophando, babuza imibuzo ethweleyo esasaza iingcamango eziphosakeleyo ngomchasileyo, okanye badala iimbono zobuxoki ngodumo lomvoti-Protelvel, ingakumbi kwimibutho yezobupolitika, i-demodemodeli.

Ukuchaza Utyekelo Lokutyhala: Akuphelelanga Kuhlolisiso Olucetyiweyo

Uhlolo olunyanzelayo bubuchule bephulo lezobupolitika apho inani elikhulu lemfonomfono, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, okanye uhlolo lwe-intanethi lwenziwe phantsi komzekeliso wokuqhuba uvo. Eyona njongo asiyombutho wogcino-lwazi kodwa luyi-persuasion[. Imibuzo yenzelwe “ukuphendula kwimbono ethile ngokunika inkcazelo echaphazelekayo okanye engachananga.

Umzekelo, umnxeba ungabuza: "Ngaba unokuba mancinci okanye ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvota i-A ukuba uyazi ukuba ugwetywe ngenkohliso?" — nokokuba ulweyiseko luyilwe okanye luthatyathwe ngaphandle komongo. Le ndlela isebenzisa abavoti abanokuthenjwa kwimibutho esemthethweni yokucola kwaye bangqubanise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imithetho yophendlo ilandela iindlela ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa ukuba umbango; ukunyanzela ukunyanzela ukulahla umbango ngabomni ukuba baphumeze usukelo lwento.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zoTyhala

  • Ubungakanani bomzekelo omkhulu: uvotelo loshishino lusoloko lujolise amawaka abavoti ngokukhawuleza, ngokungafaniyo nokhetho lokwenyaniso oluxhomekeke kwiisampuli ezincinci, ezimeleyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Imibuzo efakwe okanye ephosakeleyo: Imibuzo iqulathe iingqikelelo ezingaqinisekiswanga okanye ezibubuxoki ezenzelwe ukonakalisa umlandeli okanye ukukhuthaza umba.
  • Akukho ngqokelela yogcino-lwazi: iziphumo azisoloko zihlalutya okanye zipapashwa; injongo ngubizo ngokwalo.
  • Uqhaqho loqhushululu lusoloko lungachazi ukuba ngubani ozixhasa ngemali, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukukhangela imvelaphi yazo.

Kuba uphando olunyanzelwayo luye lwafakwa njengemilinganiso njengohlolisiso, lungabangela abavoti abangakhange bawafumane okanye luqinise amathandabuzo phakathi kwabaxhasi abachasayo. Impumelelo yabo ixhomekeke kumgaqo wengqondo we ukutyhila okucacileyo [: ukuphinda-phinda amazwi obuxoki, kwanakwindlela yombuzo, kungenza ivakalelwe inyani.

Ukungcoliswa Koomatshini Abatsalayo Ngembali

Ibinzana elithi “uphando olupholileyo” lafumana impumelelo eUnited States ebudeni boo1990. Enye yemizekelo yokuqala esasazwe ngokubanzi yenzeke ngexesha lomongameli wasempuma ka 1996, apho ufowni ongaziwayo wabuza u-Cub Dole’s confice. Noko ke, [[FLT: 0]] ukusetyenziswa kwesizwe ekunyanzeleni uphando [ inembali ende nengathandekiyo, ngokukodwa kwimeko-politiko etshintshayo.

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi oluvelayo, apho amaziko eendaba azimeleyo abuthathaka kakhulu, ukunyanzela ukuvotelwa kuba sisixhobo esinamandla. Abadlali bangaphandle, kuquka iiyunithi ezikhutshelwe phantsi kwenkcazelo zikarhulumente, baye basebenzisa le ndlela yokuphazamisa unyulo nokuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda uludwe lwexesha elingokwembali kunceda ukucacisa umongo wento enyanzelisa uvavanyo oluzingisileyo.

Imizekelo Edlulileyo Kumbhali

Ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo, iUnited States neSoviet Union zazama imisebenzi yengqondo efihlakeleyo equka uphando lobugcisa obujolise ekuphembeleleni abantu basemzini. Umzekelo, ngo1970, uphando lweCIA oluxhaswayo eChile oluquka imibuzo ekhokelayo elungiselelwe ukuthoba inkxaso ku-Salvador Allende. Ngexa ingafaneki kuvavanyo lwangoku, le misebenzi yabeka isiseko sokusebenzisa uphando njengemposiso.

Indlela Abathanjiswa Abafakwa Ngayo Kunyulo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Kunyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe, uphando olunyanzelayo lusoloko lusetyenziswa ngabadlali belizwe, amaqela ezobupolitika zasekhaya, okanye amaqela abantu abatyebileyo ukujinga iziphumo. Injongo ayikokutshintsha iziphumo zonyulo ngqo kodwa isetyenziswa kwiimbono zovotelo kwimimandla erhabaxa yedabi okanye phakathi kwamaqela athile akhoyo.

Isifundo Setyala: Venezuela (208)

Ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli wase-Venezuela oluphikiswa kakhulu ngo-2018, izityholo zokunyanzeliswa kophando lwavela kwi-intanethi kunye nakumaziko eendaba zasekuhlaleni. Iminxeba engaziwayo yabajolise kwinkcaso echasayo, ibuza imibuzo eyayithetha ukuba abachasi bakaNicolá Madoro babebonakele okanye becebe ukuguqula iinkqubo zentlalo. Ezi mnxeba zenzelwe ukuphelisa inkcaso nokucinezela. Nangona urhulumente wayengavumi ukubandakanyeka, abahlalutyisi abazimeleyo baphawule umgaqo wokudityaniswa kwe-dipoto equka ukuphendla njengelungu elinye lephulo.

Isifundo Setyala: IMyanmar (2020)

Kunyulo lwee-international 2020 lwase-Myanmar, uphando olunyanzelisayo lwanikelwa ingxelo yimibutho yabemi njengenxalenye yeqhinga lokuxhaphaza iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga nonqulo. Ii-memo zasetyenziswa kwimimandla yemida, kusetyenziswa imibuzo ekhokelayo enxulumene nabathathi-nxaxheba namaqela amancinane. Iqhinga elijolise ekunyanzeleni abavoti kwiindawo apho iimfazwe zembali zazenza ukuba oko kungabi namandla. I-International Institute for Democracy kunye ne-Electoral Intection yazingqina ezi zenzo njengezinegalelo kwimozulu yokungathembani.

Isifundo Setyala: EKenya (2017)

Unyulo lomongameli waseKenya ka-2017 lwabona ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kophando olunyanzelekileyo nge-SMS kunye nonxulumano oluzenzekelayo. Omabini amaqela aphambili asebenzisa ubuchule bokusasaza imiyalezo engakhiyo ngabachasi bawo. Umzekelo, imiyalezo yalumkisa abavoti ukuba ukuba umba othe waphumelela, ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho bekuya kulandela. Ezi ndlela zobuqhinga zabangela ukuba kubekho ugonyamelo lwasemva konyulo. BC zanikela ingxelo yokuba abaninzi baseKenyany bafumana “imibhalo engafunwangacelwanga.

Isifundo Setyala: IIndiya (209)

Unyulo lwama-2019 lwabonisa ukusetyenziswa kophando olunyanzelisayo kwi-WhatsApp kunye nee-rodocalls. Ngelixesha iIndiya inendawo enkulu yezopolitiko ekwimekobume, ubuninzi bonxulumano lweminxeba yenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba amagunya afumane imvelaphi. Imibuzo ebhekiswe kukhuseleko nonqulo lwesizwe, isoloko iveza iimbono ezithethsithenjiswa abachasi babuthathaka. Reuters uphando olucacileyo lwatyhila ukuba unxulumano oluninzi lungabhaliswanga zizinto ezisetyenziswa ngabameli bezobupolitika.

Indlela Abasebenzi Basemzini Abazixhakamfula Ngayo Iingcamango Zokurhwebelana

Unyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe luchanabeke kakhulu ekutyhaleni uphando xa abadlali bangaphandle befuna bengenako ukubhaqwa. Ngokuxhasa inkxaso-mali yamaqela esithathu ecandelo okanye ngokusebenzisa iinombolo zomnxeba ezidibeneyo, imikhosi yesizwe inganyanzela ukuphengulula imitshato enqumla imida. Umzekelo, ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli wase 2016, ukuphazamisa kweRashiya kwakuquka ukutyhala icebo elifana necebo kwi-culo lobugrafi, kodwa imigudu efanayo iye yabonwa kunyulo lwaseYurophu kunye ne-e. Ngonyaka we-201919, i-Unityrony’s East StraCom Task Umbation IRhavice ichazwa njengesixhobo esiphinda-phindwayo kwimibango ye-othotho e-ontayeni e-Ukraine ne-Ukraine. Le mibutho isebenzisa rhoqo i-othobo esetyenziswa kwimi ye-Caltics.

Indleko iphantsi ngokwentelekiso: iinkqubo zokufowuna ezizenzekelayo zingafikelela izigidi zabantu amawaka ambalwa eerandi. Oko kwenza ukunyuselwa kwendlela enomtsalane kubadlali abanoqingqo-mali oluphantsi kodwa abanomnqweno ophezulu wokuphazamisa unyulo.

Ukubhenca Kwiinkqubo Zezobupolitika: Ngaphandle Kokhetho

Ukufola akuphelelanga kumaxesha onyulo. intsebenziswano zePolitical kunye namaqela obuchule kusebenzisa ubuchule ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke kumthetho, isalathisi, okanye imiba yentlalo. Oku kuvumela inkqubela-phambili ukwenza intelekelelo yenkxaso okanye inkcaso, iqhinga elaziwa ngokuba astraturfing[

Iimpikiswano Zenkqubo Ezigqwethekileyo

Ngexesha lonyaka ka-2010, uphando olunyanzelisayo lwasetyenziswa kakhulu eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngotshintsho lwezonyango, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokufuduka. Umzekelo, iqela elichasa irhafu yekharbon lingaqhuba uhlolo olunyanzelisayo olubuza: “ Bekunokwenzeka ukuba uxhase irhafu entsha ukuba uyazi ukuba izakunyusa imali yakho yombane ngo-200-200 ngonyaka?” Lo mbuzo unika uqikelelo olungawubonisi inkqubo echaphakileyo, kodwa umbathisi-phambili ekudibaniseni irhafu yerhafu yeziphumo ezingalunganga.

Olu nxulumano lungasetyenziswa kwimibutho edivide. Umbutho wezobupolitika ungahlasela amalungu eqela eliphikisanayo ngemibuzo ecebisa ukunganyaniseki kwangaphakathi, ukungavumelani nokuhlwayela. Obu buchule buye babhalwa kwiimpikiswano zomanyano lwezicatshulwa kunye namaphulo okusingqongileyo.

Isifundo Setyala: IReferendendum Yenkululeko yaseSkotlani (2014

Ngexesha le-tempelam ye-Scottian ye-locan, zombini “Ewe” kunye no-“hayi” iinkampu zajamelene nezityholo zokusebenzisa uphando olunyanzelwayo. Iminxeba engaziwayo yabuza imibuzo exhotyisiweyo ngeziphumo zenkululeko kwimidyarho kunye norhwebo. Uphando lwasemthethweni lukarhulumente wase-Scotland lwanikela ingxelo yokuba abavoti abaninzi bavakalelwa besebenzisa kakubi, kwaye ukuthemba bonke ekuvoteleni kwancipha. Eli tyala libonisa indlela uphatho olunokuchaphazela ngayo [[FLT: 0] iziphumo ezithenjiweyo apho imicimbi iphenjelelwa phezulu.

Isifundo Setyala: IHong Kong Protests (209)

Ngexesha lemibhiyozo yovukelo yama-2019 yaseHong Kong, uphando olunyanzelisayo lwasetyenziswa ngamahlelo omabini e-pro-democracy kunye nama-beijing. Iimfonomfono ezizenzekelayo eCantonese zabuza abemi ngeembono zabo ngogonyamelo lwamapolisa nongenelelo lukarhulumente waseTshayina. Uninzi lwala mafowuni luqulathe ulwazi olububuxoki olwalulungiselelwe ukudambisa icala eliphikisanayo. I-Hong Kong Free Press yanikela ingxelo yokuba ukwenziwa konxulumano kwenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngabani abasemva kwabo, luqhubeke ukwandisa umbutho.

Umatshini Wengqondo: Isizathu Sokuba Ucengceleze Ukungcola Kusebenze

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba uphando lokunyanzela luphumelela, kufuneka siqwalasele ucalucalulo lwengqondo oluxhaphakileyo. Ii-voter azibacingi abaqhubekeki kwiinkqubo zolwazi; zixhomekeke kwii-heuristic. Ukuxilonga komgodi kusetyenziswa kwe- ukusetyenziswa kobugrafiki [[FLT:]] kukwanendima: ukuba umntu uva into engeyonyaniso kodwa kamva uyayilibala imvelaphi, anokuthi athi “akho” kwinkumbulo, kwaye athembeke kakhulu. isiphumo sokulala sikwadlala indima: ukuba umntu uva into engeyonyaniso ethanda ukubuza kodwa kamva ayilibale, angayigcini inkolelo.

Enye indlela engundoqo yimpembelelo yobuxoki ye projekti. Xa uhlolo lokunyanzela lubuza, “Uyavuma ukuba u-X urhwaphilizo?” intsingiselo kukuba abanye abaninzi sele bebambelele kuloo mbono, beyenza ibonakale njengendawo enkulu. Oku kungadala isiphumo, ingakumbi kwimijaho eqinileyo.

Uthelekiso nolunye ubugcisa obungangqinelaniyo

Technique Primary Goal Push Polling Advantage
Social media bots Amplify content Direct one-on-one interaction
Fake news websites Spread false stories Perceived legitimacy of a “poll”
Deepfake videos Create visual lies Low cost and easy automation
Push polling Implant information Difficult to trace and regulate

Inkxalabo Enzulu Nesemthethweni

Imida yokuziphatha yokunyanzelisa icacile: luhlobo lwenkohliso. Noko ke, umthetho womthetho uyahluka-hluka. EUnited States, ukutyhala akukho semthethweni ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokuba kuchasene nemithetho echasene [ne-] i-Campagign yezemali yenkcazelo ye- okanye [FLT]fraud. Amazwe amaninzi afuna izibizo zokwazi ukuba ngubani owahlawulayo, kodwa atsalela amaziko okutshayela asoloko ewabhata-ooooooooooooooomati okanye asebenzisa amanani asemzini.

Kwi-European Union, ukhuthazo lwe-GDPR oluqhelekileyo loKhuselo loMgaqo-nkqubo (GDPR) lubeka imiqathango kwimida engacetywanga, kodwa ukuyinyanzela ngaphaya kwemida kunzima. Amazwe afana neKhanada anemithetho engqongqo ngakumbi, kodwa kwanalapho, abhalise uphando. Ukungahambelani phakathi komthetho nemigaqo kuselucelomngeni kulawulo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Impembelelo Kwingqibelelo Yoosomashishini

Uphando olucinezelayo lunciphisa ingqibelelo yabachongi ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Basasaza iimfundiso eziphosakeleyo ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.
  • Ziyayiphelisa intembelo ekubhencwani okufanelekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba amaphulo namajelo eendaba aqokelele inkcazelo echanileyo.
  • Bangacinezela umvoti ngokuthoba isidima sabaxhasi bomvotelwa.
  • Bahlukanisa abantu ngokukhuthaza ukucinga izinto eziphosakeleyo.

Xa abavoti bengakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kohlolisiso lokwenene nokhuhlo olunyanzelwayo, lonke ushishino lokuvota luyaphela. Oku kubangela umjikelo oyingozi: njengoko ukuthembana kuncipha, amaphulo ajika ade asebenzise amaqhinga athe chatha.

Imilinganiselo yokufumana kunye neyokulwa

Ukulwa uphando olunyanzelwayo lufuna indlela eninzi. Iintatheli, iingqinipho zonyulo, kunye neenkampani zobugcisa kufuneka zisebenzisane ukuchonga nokubhenca le misebenzi. Nazi iindlela zokuyila ezisetyenziswayo ngoku:

Uhlolo lonxulumano kunye nokuBuyilwa kokubuya umva

Amaqumrhu anjenge International Foundation for Electoral Systems athumele iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo ukushicilela nokuhlalutya ufono olukrokrelekayo. Ngokusebenzisa ukhangelo lomnxeba olugqwethiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemibutho eyaziwayo yezobupolitika, ngamanye amaxesha angawufumana umthombo. Noko ke, ubugcisa bokwenza oku kungabi nakuthenjwa.

Amaphulo Emfundo Kawonke - wonke

Amanyathelo emfundo afundisa abavoti indlela yokubona uphando olunyanzelekileyo mhlawumbi yeyona isebenzayo kwi-'d' a'a'. Umzekelo, ukuyeka ukuba uvotelo olusemthethweni alusoze luqale ngamazwi abonisa ukuba unetyala. Iintlangano ezifana neZiko lophando lwePult'. zipapasha izikhokelo zokuchonga nyanisweni.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni

Amanye amazwe aye asabela ngokuqinisa imithetho yokurhweba ngocingo. Umzekelo, ngowama-2020, urhulumente waseIndiya wasungula imithetho emitsha efuna ukuba zonke iimfonomfono zezobupolitika zibhaliswe kunye nomlawuli we-telecom. Nangona engagqibelelanga, amanyathelo anjalo anyusa ixabiso kunye nomngcipheko wokusebenzisa uvavanyo lokunyanzela.

Comment

Ii-algorithm zomatshini eziqhubela phambili ziyakwazi ukuva iipateni kwimiqulu yonxulumano kunye nokuqhushumbisa kwemibuzo. Oorhulumente namaqela abantu baqalisa ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuchonga amaphulo okhuphiswano olulungelelanisiweyo ngexesha lokwenene. Kodwa ke, ukukhuphisana kwezixhobo phakathi kokufumana nokuphepha kuyaqhubeka.

Ikamva Lokwanda Kooncwadi Ngexesha Eliqhelekileyo

Njengokuba iminxeba incipha ngenxa yokukhetha ii-apps zokuthumela imiyalezo ezifana ne-Awapp, i-Telegram, kunye ne-System, ukutyhala kujikeleza. uphando lwePush ludlula ngqo kwimiyalezo [ kunzima ukunqanda kuba ikhowudi ifihliwe. Abadlali bezobupolitika bangajolisa inani elithile lamanani ngokuchanekileyo, besebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwimida enqatyisiweyo okanye ethengweyo. Unyuko lwe-generativetive DIA lukwavumela imibuzo enxulumene nokuziqhelanisa nokuthanda komamkeliswa, benza ukufunyanwa kube ntsoko ngakumbi.

Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kophatho lokunyanzela kwimfazwe ephithiweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba kwande. Abadlali bezoburhulumente bangawasebenzisa kungekuphela ngexesha lonyulo kodwa naxa kukho iingxaki zejiyografi, ezifana nee-asendsum ekuthatheni okanye kwisigwebo. Imigca phakathi kwemisebenzi yengqondo, iingcamango zobuqhetseba, kunye nophando izakuqhubeka imfiliba.

Ukukhusela idemokhrasi, abaxhasi kufuneka bamisele iinkalo eziphambili. Oku kuquka ukufuna ukuba lonke unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, kuquka unxulumano lokuvota, imithombo yenkxaso-mali etyhiliweyo. Kukwathetha ukunika amandla amajelo eendaba azimeleyo ukuphanda nokuxela imisebenzi ekrokrelekayo. Ekugqibeleni, esona sisicombululo sinamandla sokunyanzela uphatho lolwazi nochokoza abanokuthandabuza — esona sibalulekileyo asiyo yonke imibuzo ebuzwa “kwiphulo” efuna impendulo; abanye bafuna ukujijela inkolelo.

Isiphelo: Kufuna Ukuphaphama

Uphando locoselelo lungqineke luyindawo eqinisekisiweyo, kodwa ludla ngokutyeshelwa, izixhobo zogcino-mali lonyulo. Ukusuka eVenezuela ukuya eMyanmar, ukusuka eKenya ukuya eIndiya, ukusebenzisa kwazo umgama welizwekazi kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika. Zisebenzisa iimvakalelo ezichukunyisiweyo, ukudlula umgwebo, nokuphelisa ukuthemba kolawulo-demokhrasi. Ngoxa kungekho sisombululo sinye sinokuziphelisa, udibaniso lwenkqubo yotshintsho esemthethweni, imfundo kawonke wonke, kunye nokufunyanwa kobugcisa kungayinciphisa impembelelo yazo. Inginegane, iintatheli, kunye nabaphandi bophatho kufuneka bahlale bephaphele imiqondiso yokunyanzela — kuba inyathelo lokuqala lokukhusela idemokhrasi liyakuqonda xa umntu ezama ukukunyanzela.