Izigqibo ezenziwa ngurhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente zibubumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumgangatho womoya owuphefumlayo ukuya kwiindlela ohamba ngazo, izikolo oya kuzo, kunye nokhuseleko lomhlala-phantsi wakho. Ezi zigqibo, ezisoloko zenziwa ngomthetho ontsonkothileyo, ulawulo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo, zinokuziva zikude kwaye zingabonakali, kodwa iziphumo zazo zikhawulezileze kwaye zicace. Ukuqonda indlela umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente asebenza ngayo .

Ukwenza izigqibo zikarhulumente womanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe, osekelwe eWashington, D.C., unegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela lonke uhlanga. Izigqibo zawo zenziwa ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: isebe lemithetho (iKorefor), isebe elilawulayo (uMongameli namasebe karhulumente), kunye nesebe eligwebayo (iinkundla zetyala). Ngamnye uphumeza indima ekhethekileyo ekudaleni, ekuzalisekiseni, nasekuchazeni imithetho elawula amaMelika angaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-330.

Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMikhosi yeNtlanganiso (ingunotyala wokwenza ucwangciso kunye nokudlulisa umthetho. Ityala lingavela nakweliphi na igumbi, lithathe uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo, kunye nokulungisa, kwaye ke ngoko lifanele livunywe ngamagumbi omabini afanayo phambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. UMongameli angasayisayina kumthetho okanye kwi-veto; iBhunga lingaqhuba i-veto ngoninzi oluziiiisithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. Le nkqubo, nangona idla ngokucotha, yenziwe ukuze kwakhiwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zesizwe zilungile.

Xa umthetho uwiswa, amasebe aphetheyo anjengeSebe lemfundo, i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), kunye neSebe lezeMpilo neNkonzo yoLuntu lidala imimiselo eneenkcukacha yokuwusebenzisa. Le mithetho ithwala amandla omthetho kwaye ipapashwa kwiFederal Register, enamathuba okugqabaza esidlangalaleni. Umzekelo, i-Ceather Air Act inika igunya lokumisela umgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womoya wesizwe ochaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuphuma koshishino, uqoqoso lwezithuthi, kwaneentlobo zezixhobo zombane onokuzithenga.

Izigqibo zomanyano ziphembelela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngoomatshini abachaphazela phantse bonke abami. [[FLT:] ukhuseleko lobunyani lunika umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka, kunye neenzuzo zamalungu amashumi ezigidi zamaMerika. iMecare inika i-inshorensi yempilo yabo baneminyaka engama-65 kunye nabakhulileyo kunye nabantu abathile abancinane abaneziphene. inkxaso yemali [[FLT:], esasazwa ngemichiza kunye nezipho ezikhuphisanayo, ichaphazela yonke into evela kwiinkonzo zemfundo yezemfundo yezentengiso ukuya kwiinkqubo zesidlo sasemini. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko zelizwe zimisela ubukho bemikhosi, imigaqo-khulklo-amathemmo yengozi. I-Immignote yemithetho yelizwe, ingumsebenzi, kunye neentsapho, kunye nezinguqum

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umisela nemilinganiselo encinane kwimimandla efana nokhuseleko lomqeshwa (Ukhuseleko nezonyango, i-OSHE), ukutya nokhuseleko lweziyobisi (Ulawulo lwezokudla nezonyango lweziyobisi, FDA), kunye nomgaqo wemali (Iziko neKhomishini ye-Exchange, i-SEC). Le milinganiselo yenza isiseko sokhuseleko, kodwa ithe qho yanelisa ngazo ngeemfuno ezongezelelekileyo.

Indlela Ekwenziwa Ngayo Izigqibo Zomanyano: Uqingqo - mali Nezenzo Ezinemigaqo

Ngaphandle komthetho, kwenziwa izigqibo zequmrhu ngomgaqo-nkqubo woqingqo-mali kunye nezenzo zegunya lonyaka. UMongameli ucebisa ukuba kwenziwe uqingqo-mali kwiNgqungquthela, ehambisa amatyala okunika ingxelo axhasa iinkqubo zesebe. Uqingqo-mali lumisela ukuba yimali engakanani ekhoyo ekukhuseleni, kwisiseko sezentlalo, kwizempilo, nakwimfundo (____ichaphazela ngokungqalileyo umsebenzi, ulwando lwezoqoqosho, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke wonke.

Imiyalelo elawulayo, umongameli wecawa, kunye nezenzo zolawulo zivumela uMongameli ukuba alathise amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Ngoxa ezi zinto zinokupheliswa ngurhulumente olandelayo okanye zicelwe umngeni enkundleni, zinika isixhobo esinamandla sokuguqula inkqubo efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lwabafundi nokuxolelwa kwemali ebolekiweyo.

Isigqibo sikarhulumente sokwenza

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko ephambili kwimiba emininzi echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kuquka imfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umgaqo we-inshorensi yempilo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, indlu yowiso-mthetho, irhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. /_Ngokufuthi imigaqo-mthetho yezomthetho isebenza inxalenye kumazwe amancinci, --iindawo kunye nemithetho yezobugcisa esabela kwiimfuno zengingqi kunye namaxabiso.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zidlulisela imithetho kwimibandela esukela kwimithetho equka isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho (imigaqo yokugunyazisa imigaqo, iinkqubo zamapolisa) ukuya kwimfundo (imigaqo yemfundo, imigaqo yenkxaso-mali yesikolo) kunye nemithetho yempilo (ulwandiso lweMedicaid, imiyalelo ye-inshorensi). Umzekelo, imithetho karhulumente imisela ubuncinane beminyaka yomtshato, iminyaka yokusela esemthethweni (edityaniswe kwinkxaso yemali yendlela yoomatshini abasebenza ngooogqirha, abafundisi-makhwela, nabachebi.

Imiqondiso yeGovers okanye iveto yomthetho wesizwe, icebisa uqingqo-mali, kunye nemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo enokuthi ikhokele amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba enze izenzo ezithile. Kwimeko ezimaxongo-nzima. "ezinje ngeentlekele zemvelo okanye iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke] ngokufuthi zinegunya elibanzi lokuqokelela oovimba, ukunyanzelisa, okanye ukukhupha. Ngexesha lesifo sobundlobongela, irhuluneli kwilizwe lonke yenza izigqibo ezibonakalayo malunga nokuvala isikolo, imiqathango yeshishini, kunye nesigqubuthelo sesigqubuthelo sobuso esiyalela ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yemihla ngemihla yabemi.

Amasebe esizwe (umz., amasebe ezithuthi zemoto, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, impilo kawonke-wonke) azalisekisa imithetho yezombuso kunye nemimiselo. Akhupha amalayisensi, uhlolo, uhlolo, ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yemeko-bume, kunye nokulawula iipaki zikarhulumente. Izigqibo zabo zisoloko zineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kunemithetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, isebe lothutho ligqiba xa lilungisa ibhulorho, indlela yokudibanisa izibane zenqwelo-moya, kunye nendawo yokufaka imijelo yebhayisekile echaphazela amaxesha nokhuseleko.

Uqingqo-mali Lwemali Lwaseburhulumenteni Nezigqibo Zengeniso

Urhulumente unyusa ingeniso ngokuyintloko ngerhafu yengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, kunye nerhafu yoqingqo-mali. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali inikezela ngemali kwimfundo (ngokufuthi inkcitho enkulu), inkcitho yezempilo (iMedicaid), intengiso, intengiso, ezinye iinkonzo. Uqingqo-mali lwemali lukarhulumente luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iklasi, uludwe lwemiqathango, uludwe lwemiqathango yemibutho, kunye nokufumaneka kweenkonzo zempilo yezengqondo.

Ukuncedisana Phakathi Koorhulumente Bomanyano Norhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente luphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwamaMelika. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo yokwahlula-hlula amagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Amanye amagunya axhomekeke kurhulumente worhulumente (umz., evakalisa imfazwe, enika imali), amanye elawula (umz., eqhuba unyulo, emisela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni), kunye namaninzi ayabelana (umz., ukukhokha, ukukhokha).

ulawulo lombutho-zwelonke luyenzeka xa omabini amanqanaba esebenza kunye kwizinto eziza kuqala ezahlulwayo. Umzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe unika inkxaso-mali yeendlela eziphakathi kwendlela yokuthembeka kwiHighway Fund, kodwa uchaza indlela yokuyila, ukwakhiwa, nokugcina ezo ndlela. Ngokufanayo, uMedicaid uxhaswa ngemali edityanisiweyo: urhulumente umisela iimfuno ezibanzi kunye nenkcitho yemali yombuso, kodwa ulawula inzuzo, kunye nolawulo. Eli qumrhuqo lithetha ukuba isigqibo eWashington malunga nemali engqinelanayo sinyanzelela ukuba sifumane imeko yayo okanye umlinganiselo ongasemva.

Ngamanye amaxesha umthetho owenziwe ngokutshayelela umthetho wombuso , okuthetha ukuba iimeko azinakuyidlulisa imithetho engqubanayo. Umzekelo, umthetho wokufuduka worhulumente worhulumente ukhulula inkoliso yemigudu yokumisela iinkqubo zokwahlukana kokufuduka. Kwezinye iindawo, amazwe anethuba lokulinga. Le “inkcubeko yedemokhrasi” ikhokelele kwimithetho efana nemilinganiselo yokukhupha imoto yaseKhalifoniya (engayamkelwa ngamanye amazwe) kunye ne-inshorensi yempilo kaMassachusetts, esebenza njengemodeli ye-Afford Care Act.

Iingxabano phakathi kwezigqibo zikarhulumente norhulumente ziqhelekile. Amazwe aye amangalela urhulumente wesizwe kwimimiselo yemekobume, imiyalelo yezonyango, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho-mzimbini. Isigqibo somthetho sixhomekeke kulwimi olukhethekileyo lwemimiselo karhulumente kunye nemiqathango yezomthetho-siseko kumandla karhulumente. Abami bavakalelwa ngqo ukuba ezi ngxabano: umzekelo, xa imithetho karhulumente neyamagunya ehlukeneyo ngomyayini, abemi basenokungaqiniseki ngeengozi ezisemthethweni. Ngowama-2025, amazwe amaninzi aye agunyazisa ulonwabo, kodwa ahlala engavumelekanga phantsi komthetho karhulumente, edala ingxabano yamashishini, iibhanki, kunye nabathengi.

IFederalism neGrants-in-Aid

Urhulumente wesizwe usoloko edibanisa iimeko ukuze anike inkxaso-mali ngokomthetho, umzekelo, ufuna ukuba amazwe aphakamise iminyaka yokusela ngokusemthethweni ukuya kuma-21 okanye amkele imigangatho ethile yemfundo ukuze afumane imfundo karhulumente. Le “mitya edityanisiweyo” ivumela urhulumente worhulumente ukuba alungise izigqibo zemeko zesizwe ngaphandle kokumisela imithetho yesizwe.

Ulwalamano lwendawo-bume

Kumazwe, ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente (amalizwe, izixeko, izithili zesikolo) izipili zemisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente. Amazwe anika oorhulumente igunya labo ngomthetho-siseko nangemimiselo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyakwazi ukukhupha imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimibandela efana nomvuzo omncinane, ulawulo, okanye uthintelo lwengxowa-mali yeplastiki. Oku kuthetha ukuba isigqibo sesixeko sokunyusa umvuzo ophantsi sisenokupheliswa ngumthetho wesizwe okwalela izenzo ezinjalo zasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda le migaqo-siseko kunganceda ekuchazeni isizathu sokuba imigaqo ethile yasekuhlaleni yahluka, hayi nje phakathi kwamazwe kodwa ngaphakathi kwawo.

Indima yeeNkundla ekugqityweni kwesigqibo sikaRhulumente

Iinkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni imithetho nasekumiseleni umGaqo-siseko wazo. Iinkundla zoMasipala, kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zingayibetha imithetho karhulumente okanye karhulumente echasene nomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zichaza imiGaqo-siseko karhulumente, ngokufuthi enikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya kweyolawulo lorhulumente.

Izigqibo zenkundla zinokuba neziphumo ezitshayelelayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ezisusiweyo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ngelixesha obergefell v. Hodges [2011] iqinisekisa umtshato osukrungeneyo. Kutshanje, iinkundla ziye zayila imigaqo yokukhupha isisu, amalungelo okuvota, ukufikelela, nokuthintela, kunye nommiselo wobume. Imithetho isenokuvala okanye ibambe imimiselo yomthetho, idala ukungaqiniseki kwezama ishishini nabantu ngabanye.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuphembelela Ngayo Ukwenza Izigqibo

Izigqibo zikarhulumente azenziwa kwindawo engenalutho. Abami banamathuba amaninzi okuphembelela le nkqubo. Ukusebenza kurhulumente, kurhulumente, nakummandla, yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokukhetha abameli abaza kuvumelana nawe kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo `ifowuni, i-imeyili, okanye umntu othembekileyo) iintlanganiso zomthetho-mthetho zinokuphembelela amavoti kwiimali ezithile. Amaxa okugqabaza kawonke-wonke ukwenzela imimiselo karhulumente neyorhulumente avumela abantu kunye nemibutho ukuba ikhuphe ingxelo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngabameli.

Ngaphezu kokuvota nokugqabaza, amaqela akhuthaza abaphathi-mthetho kunye nengeniso engundoqo adlala indima enkulu kwinkqubo yokubumba. Amaqumrhu ajolise kwimpilo, imfundo, imekobume, amalungelo abantu, kunye nezilangazelelo zeshishini, abenzi bomthetho, abaqhuba uphando, kunye nequququzelela inkxaso kawonke-wonke wonke. [[FLT:]] iziphatho ze-mthetho ze-balths[ kunye [FLT:] kunye ] nee-expressum [FLT: 7] kumaregist amatyala amaninzi] avumela abaquququzeli bomthetho ukuba bavume okanye balahle ngqo okanye balahle imithetho ethoba, ukurhoxisa imithetho erhafuthelweni, intlalo ye-mo yomthetho, kunye nentlalo yentlalo-mthetho.

Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, ukukhonza kwiqumrhu lesikolo, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba ekuvisisweni kwentetho kunokuchaphazela izigqibo ezichaphazela ummandla wakho ngqo.

Ukuqonda Le nkqubo Kukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo `neembopheleleko' kwaye ofanele ukubeka ityala kurhulumente. Ukuba umbutho wasekuhlaleni umisela umthetho ongavumelaniyo nawe, ungawuvavanya ngeenkundla okanye ucebise ilungu leBhunga ukuba liwubhukuqe. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe inciphisa inkxaso-mali yemfundo, ungalungiselela kunye nabanye abazali nootitshala ukuba benze iphulo lokulungisa. Isakhiwo solawulo lwamaMelika sivelisa iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela, kwaye abemi abawaqondayo loo amanqaku bangazisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo.

Imizekelo Yezigqibo Zesizwe Nezaseburhulumenteni Ezichaphazela Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

  • Imali ephezulu : UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act osungulwe yi-inshorensi yempilo kunye nenkxaso-mali. Ama-odolo akhetha ukuba aya kwandisa iMedicaid phantsi komthetho. Ngenxa yoko, umntu omdala ofunyenweyo ephantsi kwimo eyandisiweyo unokuba nenkcaso yempilo, ngeli lixa umntu ofanayo kwimo engekangeni-mandla e-yo. Abameli be-inshorensi ye-inshorensi bakwakho nolawulo kunye neenkqubo ze-mibutho.
  • Imfundo: Urhulumente ngamnye woMfundi Wezifundo Wempumelelo yoMthetho (ESA) ufuna iimeko zokuvavanya abafundi nokuxela i-data, kodwa uchaza izigqibo ngemilinganiselo, iinkqubo zokuphendula, kunye neemfuno zomfundisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yeSiko esiqhelekileyo okanye imigangatho echaseneyo kubumba oko umntwana wakho akufundayo kwizibalo nangesiNgesi.
  • Ingeniso: irhafu yerhafu yeFederal yerhafu phakathi koohola belizwe, ngelinye ixesha irhafu yerhafu kunye nerhafu yelizwe ihlawulwa kwezinye iindlela. Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente agqiba ngesantya, ucwangciso lwendlela, kunye norhwebo loluntu. Isigqibo sokwandisa uhola wendlela okanye ukongeza umzila webhayisekile sisenziwa kumgangatho welizwe okanye wasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi emva kokuvalwa kwasekuhlaleni kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko-bume.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: ukunyanzeliswa komthetho woManyano kusingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphakathi kwelizwe, ubugrogrisi, nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anyanzelisa imithetho yempatho-mvume kwaye aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwelizwe. Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni alawula iipatroli zomhla nosuku. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zimisela izigwebo, kwaye abalawuli bayakwazi ukukhulula izigwebo okanye ukuxolela.
  • Imithetho elawula umhlaba, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokwakha ikhowudi zokucwangcisa zonke izinto ukusuka kwi-paki kummandla wakho ukuya kumgangatho ofanelekileyo wendlela yokusebenza. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya, amkela imithetho engqongqo yokukhupha izithuthi. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente abangoorhulumente abasemagqabini abasebenza bebodwa. Bangamagosa anyuliweyo namiselweyo akhetha izinto ezichaphazela umsebenzi wakho, impilo yakho, imfundo yabantwana bakho, nokhuseleko loluntu lwakho. Ngokuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente. Ngokuqonda iiBhunga ezimisela imithetho, indlela uMongameli namaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza ngayo, indlela iindlu zowiso-mthetho neerhuluneli ezimisela ngayo imigaqo, nendlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo imithetho .

Ukulandelela umthetho nemigaqo yesizwe, sebenzisa iKonreg. Govv's. Ukufumana ingqiqo kwiinkqubo zesizwe zemithetho yowiso-mthetho, . Ukulandelela umthetho nemigaqo yesizwe, sebenzisani i-. Gov[. Ukufumana ingqiqo kwiinkqubo zesizwe, iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yomthetho-Legislatures[ inikezela ngookrwelo. Ekugqibeleni, ingcaciso yeNdlela ye-WBBS ye-SMGeneralism [[FLT:]]