Table of Contents
Ukubaluleka Kokhuseleko Lokhetho
Ukhuseleko lokhetho asiloxhalabo nje lobuchule ."yimeko ephantsi kolawulo-mpumlo. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla, yonke inkqubo yabachongi iba sengozini yokusebenzisa kakubi, enoba ngohlaselo lwekhompyutha, ngomqhagazo, okanye ngamaphulo okuguqula. Ingqibelelo yonyulo ixhomekeke kwindlela egqunywe ngomaleko ekhusela iqonga ngalinye, ekubhaliseni ubhaliso lovotiso ukuya kutsho kubude bomva. Oku kuquka ukukhusela iinkqubo zokuvota, ukuphumeza ii-epartum, ukuqeqesha abaphathi bonyulo, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamandla lweendawo zokuvota.
Izisongelo zokhuseleko lonyulo ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo. Ukungenelela kwelizwe lasemzini, njengokugxabhagxampuza kwamaRashiya kunyulo lwase-U.S. kwabonisa amandla emisebenzi ye-intanethi yokuhlwayela ukungavisisani nokuphelisa ukuthembana. Ekhaya, amatyala ahlukeneyo okuqhatha-anqabileyo (nakuba asetyenziswa ukunyusa iingxelo ezithe saa nto iphelisa intembelo. Ngenxa yoko, amagosa onyulo ngoku ajongene nocelomngeni olubini lokukhusela iintshaba ezintlukwano ngoxa egcina ukubonakala nokufumaneka kwabavoti.
- Ukukhusela iisiseko sobhaliso kuchasene nokufikelela okungagunyaziswanga kunye nokwaphulwa kwedata
- Ukukhusela oomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki kunye neeskeni zokuvota ekujikeni
- Ukuvavanywa kokhetho olunamandla kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho
- Ukuqeqesha ngokuqhubekayo abasebenzi bonyulo kwimikhwa engcono yokungakhuseleki
- Ukuseka iprotocol yezenzo zeziganeko zokhuseleko
Ngokwe- i-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infrapublic Security Agency (CISA), ukhuseleko lonyulo luxanduva olwabelweneyo phakathi kolawulo, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nabathengisi bobucala kunye noluntu. Le nkqubo ipapashe imigaqo yokulawula umngcipheko, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kobungqina obuninzi beprojekthi, ukuxinzelela rhoqo, kunye nolwazi olunolwabelana ngako i-Euntrastruction Infragradation Invision Informaformation and Antolian Center Center (E-ISAC).
Indlela Ukhuseleko Oluyichaphazela Ngayo Impembelelo Yezinto Eziziindawo Ezininzi
Ukuthembana okungokwengqondo lulwakhiwo olubunjwe ziimbono zokusesikweni, ukuchana, nokubonakala. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba ivoti yabo iza kubalwa njengephothiweyo kwaye inkqubo ayinakusetyenziswa kakubi, banokuba nenxaxheba. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkxalabo eqhubekayo ngokuqhatha okanye ukuqhekeza isenokucinezela ukubhadula, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela athe aziva edibene.
Uphando olusuka ku Iziko leJaji lubonisa ukuba ukuthemba ingqibelelo yonyulo kunxulumene kakhulu nomlinganiselo wokhuseleko lokwenene endaweni. Umzekelo, luchaza ukuba luye lwamkela imida yomngcipheko wophicotho-zincwadi .Apho isampuli yephepha ibalwa ngesandla ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ze-elektroniki.
Imbono Yokuqhatha
Inkxalabo ngomvoti idla ngokuba ludlondlo kodwa lunamandla. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa amanyathelo okhuseleko lonyulo ebonakala kwaye esuselwe kakuhle, angalunciphisa olu loyiko. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwephepha lokuvota (]-uhlaziyo lwephepha lokuhlola (VVPAT) [ulunika ukuvota okucacileyo kokubhaliweyo ngokuchanekileyo kokubhaliweyo. Uhlaziyo lwe-Picet's [[FLT: 3] uhlaziso lwe-20.S.uhlulo, luchaza ukuba iphepha libona ngokubanzi ukuthemba okuphezulu kunokuthemba nje kuphela kumazwe azimeleyo (DR) ngaphandle koooomatshini bokuxhasa i-elektroni.
Noko ke, amanyathelo okhuseleko anokubuya neziphumo ukuba aphunyezwe kakubi. Imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, umzekelo, maxa wambi igwetyelwa njengokuthintelwa kobuqhetseba kodwa isenokunciphisa intembelo phakathi kwabavoti abafanelekileyo abangenazo iimvo ezivunyiweyo. Isitshixo kukulinganisa ukhuseleko nofikelelo--------------------------------menu-styrafit ingabonwa njengokukhusela inkqubo, hayi ukukhupha abathathi-nxaxheba abafanelekileyo. Amaphulo mayeza achaza ukuba kutheni, utyikityo, utyikityo olufanelekileyo, i-gosaltalulo-gosa-gosaltalulo-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-gono-aa anokubonwa njengokungalukhuselwayokukhuselwayo, hayi ukukhuselwa komntu, hayi ukukhuselwa komntu, ukukhuselwa komntu o
Iphulo lokulumkisa uluntu
Ukucaca gca akuzenzekeli . Kufuneka kuxoxwe ngokukhutheleyo. Amagosa okhetho kulo lonke ilizwe andulule amaphulo okususa amanyathelo okhuseleko oluzinzileyo. Umzekelo, "Thembela iVote" kwiGeorgia inyathelo lokuqala liquka izaziso zenkonzo kawonke-wonke, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezindlu ezivulekileyo kwii-ofisi zonyulo apho abemi banokubukela ukwenziwa kokhetho. Imigudu enjalo iye yanxulunyaniswa nonyuselo lokhuseleko kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkolelo kwiingcamango zeqhinga elingasekelwanga siseko.
[[NTL:0] Uphando lophando lwamaProt kumaZiko ePult lufumanise ukuba abavoti abakhumbula ukubona ulwazi malunga nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko lonyulo babeyi 15 yeepesenti ezibonakala zizinto zokubonakalisa intembelo ephezulu kucoselelo lobalo. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kweendlela zonxibelelwano olunempumelelo. Amaphulo asebenzayo kufuneka asebenzise ulwimi olucacileyo, idilesi eqhelekileyo yenkxalabo entloko-i, kwaye anikeze ubungqina obucacileyo bobungqinibo benkqubo.
Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Kukhuseleko lokhetho
Ubugcisa likrele elibekwe kabini kukhuseleko lonyulo. Inceda ugcino-lwazi olukhawulezileyo, unikezelo oluphangaleleyo ngobhaliso lwe-intanethi, kunye nolawulo lwabavoti olusebenzayo. Kodwa ikwazisa iivektachola-lwazi zohlaselo lwekhompyutha kunye nolwaphulo-lwazi. Ucelomngeni kukusebenzisa iinzuzo zobugcisa ngeli lixa uqinisekisa ubungozi bazo ngobuchule, uvavanyo, kunye nolawulo.
Oomatshini bombane
Iimatshini zokuvota ezithe ngqo (DRE) beziphikisana iminyaka. Ngaphandle komzila wephepha, zinzima, kwaye abavoti abanakuqinisekisa ukhetho lwabo ngokuzimeleyo. Ulawulo oluninzi luye lwasuka kwi-DEs kukhethelo lweenkqubo zokuvavanya ezisebenzisa ipeyinti yephepha. Noko ke, i-elektroniki yokuchola i-odoli yezixhobo (BMDs) ihlala iqhelekile, ingakumbi ukwenzela iinjongo zokufikelela. I-BDS ivelisa ingxelo yephepha, kodwa i-software yayo isesengozini kwi-injini okanye kwirhintyela elinamandla. Rhydro - ubuchule bokulinganisa ukugqibelela nokulungisa nokulungisa iziphumo zephepha, ziyimfuneko ukufumanisa ii-anoma.
Ngo-2022, urhulumente weColorado wasebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wemida yophicotho-zincwadi kuzo zonke iivotelo-mgangatho ebanzi, uqheliselo ngoku luthathwa njengomgangatho wegolide ngoochwepheshe bokhuseleko. Ezi ngxelo zinika intembelo yokuba iziphumo zifana nezona ziphumo zidityanisiwe. iKhomishini yoPhuhliso [[FLT:]] amanqaku, uphicotho olunjalo lusebenza kakhulu xa ludityaniswe ngomkhondo wephepha noluvo lukawonkewonke-wonke.
Ubhaliso lwe Voter ye-intanethi
Ubhaliso lwevoti kwi OVR lunyuse unikezelo oluphawulekayo. Ngonyaka wama 2024, ama-42 adibene neSithili saseColumbia sinika i-OVR. Uncedo alunakuphikwa, kodwa lukwanyusa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko logcino-lwazi kunye nobungqina. Amazwe amkele iinqobo, ezifana nokukhangela ulwazi olunqamlezileyo nxamnye nerejistam zelayisensi zomqhubi okanye ukusebenzisa inani lokhuseleko loluntu. Amanye amaqela afuna utyikityo olubonakalayo ukuze athintele ubhaliso olunenkohliso.
Ngaphandle kobungozi, inzuzo yeOVR ininzi: ubalo oluphezulu, amaxabiso olawulo asezantsi, kunye neempazamo ezimbalwa ngenxa yokungeniswa kogcino-lwazi ngezandla. Uhlolisiso lweYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya lwafumanisa ukuba iOVR yandisa amaqondo okubhalisa nge 5-10% phakathi kwabavoti nabasebenzi abaselula kunye noluntu olunombala. Isitshixo kukuqhubekeka kwemithetho elandelwayo yokhuseleko `kuquka ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ulawulo, kunye novavanyo lokungena rhoqo kolwazi lobuqu xa ugcina ulula.
Iblokhchain kunye nobugcisa obudityanisiweyo
Uvota olusekelwe kwiblockchain lucetyiwe njengesisombululo sokukhetha ingqibelelo, ingakumbi kunyulo lwaphesheya nakumkhosi ongekhoyo. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kumazwe anjenge-Estonia kunye nakwamanye ama-U.S. Ubalo (umz., iNtshona Virginia ngo-2018) luvavanye ingcamango. Noko ke, iingcali zihlala zilumkile: ukunqanda iingozi zempazamo zomqobo, i-phishish, okanye i-areware kwizixhobo zokuvota. De kude le mingeni icelwe, uninzi lweengcali zokhuseleko zincomela ukudibana nomatshini bephepha njengengxelo yokuqala. Kodwa ke, ukuqhubeka nophando kwiindlela zokuqinisekisa iinyaniso ezinokunikela imingcekeleleko yokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuncama i-opa.
Impembelelo yokhuseleko ekulinganiseni ijelo lokhuseleko
Ingaba ukhuseleko lonyulo luchaphazela ukujika? Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba ulwalamano olubukhali lunganyuka ngokuzithemba okungakumbi, kodwa ukuba lugqalwa njengomthwalo (umz., imiqobo entsonkothileyo, imida ende ngenxa yezixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha), lungadandatheka. Isiphumo somnatha sixhomekeke kumanyathelo akhethekileyo nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.
Uhlolisiso Lokwanda Komjikelo
Ulawulo oluninzi lunika imizekelo eyakhayo. Colado, eyasebenzisa konke ukuvota ngephepha, imida yomngcipheko, kunye nobungakanani bekhompyutha obuqinileyo, yabona irekhodi ikhutshwa kwi 2020 (ngaphezulu kwama-80% abavoti abafanelekileyo). Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba abavoti baqinisekile ukuba abaxhasi bazakubalwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Ngokufanayo, u-Shyton kunye [FLT:] ne[FLT:]
Ngokwahlukileyo, Georgia yafumana utshintsho oluphawulekayo. Emva konyulo lwama 2020, urhulumente wagqithisa umthetho wonyulo we-omnibus (SB 202) ongezelele iimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID yovoti kunye neebhokisi ezisikelweyo, lo gama kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusebenza yekhompyutha kunye nokuphicotha iinkqubo. I-Retout kunyaka wama-20222 ex yanda ngobodwa, kodwa intembelo yahlala idityanisiwe kwimigca yonyuso. Ezinye izifundo zicebisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwabheno kubavoti ababeyithandabuza ngaphambili, ngoxa imiqathango eyongekileyo isenokuba iye yabadima abathile abavoti. Isiphumo se-fti sisaphikisana.
Izithintelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba
Iimilinganiselo zokhuseleko zingadala imiqobo engaqondakaliyo. Imigca emide ngenxa yokungafumani zixhobo zokonga okanye iinkqubo zokuhlola ezingayilwanga kakuhle zingabadida abavoti, ingakumbi abo banexesha elilinganiselweyo. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, ngexa ijoliswe ekuthinteleni ukuqhatha, ukuchaphazeleka okusezantsi kwemali efunyenweyo, umdala, kunye nabavoti abambalwa abanokuswela iilayisensi zokuqhuba okanye ii-ID ezikhutshiweyo zikarhulumente. Uhlolisiso olusuka ku-MIT'S Ugcino-Evolution kunye ne-Science Lab lufumanisemngciphekweni oqinileyo wokujika kwe-ID ehlawulwa yi-1-2-pesenti, ngesiphumo esikhulu phakathi kwabambalwa abavoti-vociweyo.
Ngokufanayo, ukukhucululwa kweeroli-zihlungwe `zilungelelanisiweyo' njengokhuseleko lokususa amagama angangenisiyo--*kungaphumela ekubeni abavoti abafanelekileyo basuswe ngenxa yeempazamo zobomi okanye ii-database eziphelelwe lixesha. Umlinganiselo weNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka-2018 ufuna ukhuseleko nolwahlulo olululo: imilinganiso kufuneka isekelwe kubungqina, ijongwe, kwaye iphindwe rhoqo ibuye ihlolwe ngenxa yeziphumo ze-FLT.
Ulawulo olucace gca noluzimeleyo
Enye yezona ndlela ziphumelelayo zokwakha intembelo yabavoti kukubonakala kwelinye iqondo lenkqubo yonyulo. Oku kuthetha ukuvumela abakhethi nababukeli ababonise ukubala, ukuqhuba ubuchule boluntu kunye nokuvavanywa ngokuchanekileyo kwezixhobo, nokukhupha iziphumo zophicotho-zincwadi. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, anjengeebhodi zonyulo okanye ama-bipartisan kwisebe lokuchola, asebenza njengokhangelo nakweyiphi na indlela enokwenzeka.
INgqungquthela yesizwe yoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe iinkqubo zophicotho-zincwadi kwiinkqubo ezinqamlezileyo. Intsingiselo ibhekisa kwiindlela ezingqongqo, kuquka ii-Picom-millimeters, ezinyanzelekileyo ngoku kumaphondo amaninzi. Ezi ngxelo zophicotho-zincwadi aziqinisekisi nje kuphela iziphumo kodwa zinika inkqubo ecacileyo enokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke kunye ne-media. Xa zisenziwa kakuhle, zinokunyuswa kukuthembana nakwiintlanga ezisondelele, njengoko kuboniswe kukhetho lwe-20222, i-Genegabrator.
Indima yezosasazo nezokuhlasela
Inkcazelo engeyonyaniso ngokhuseleko lonyulo ingayiphelisa ngokukhawuleza intembelo. Iindlela zokukhupha intelekelelo zorhwebo kunye nemibutho ekhangela inyani idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulahleni iingxelo zobuxoki. Umzekelo, ebudeni bonyulo lwama-2020, izibhengezo "zokutshintsha" ngenxa ye-software ziboniselwe njengempazamo kwigalelo lomsebenzisi, hayi ukuqhatha kolawulo. Imigudu yokuphendula kwe-Rapid yamagosa onyulo kunye neentatheli yanceda ekuqulatheni ukunwenwa kwezi ngxelo, kodwa ezininzi zaqhubeka.
Amaphulo osasazo-ndaba achaza amanyathelo okhuseleko ngolwimi olucacileyo anokucima iingxelo eziphosakeleyo. "Abachazi bokhetho" abapapashiweyo ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuvota baboniswe ekunciphiseni ukukholelwa kwiingcamango zozungu. Ulwahlulo phakathi kwamasebe onyulo kunye namabala asekuhlaleni okukhupha iindaba luqheliso oluthembisayo oluye lwamkelwa ngamaqela amaninzi olawulo.
Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe
Xa ujonga ngaphaya kwe-United States, ezinye idemokhrasi zinika izifundo zokulinganisela ukhuseleko ngokuthabatha inxaxheba. Canada isebenzisa inkqubo yephepha elifanayo kwilizwe lonke, enolawulo olungqongqo ekuzifumaneni kwevoti kunye noluhlu lovoti. Ukhuseleko lwayo aluphikisani kakhulu ngenxa yokuthemba kakhulu kumaqumrhu karhulumente. [[FLT:] Estonia[ i- e-efont esebenzayo kwikhompyutha (ivota-opera---exvereace, kodwa ubungakanani bayo obuncinane nobuchule bokufunda amanani obuphezulu benza ukuba ibe ngumzekelo okhethekileyo. [[FLT:]] Australia [FLT]]] i-octive, ejikayo i-froctive, ebangela ukuqinisekisa ukurhoxakeka kwabantu abagxoxileyo bendlela yokuqinisekisa i-otootookisa i-otootootoote inkqubo ephezulu.
Oku kuthelekisa kungqina ukuba umongo ubalulekile. Umlinganiselo wokuthembana kwabantu, ukukhula kwenkqubo ye-elektroniki, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika konke kuchaphazela indlela ukhuseleko oluqondwa ngayo. Kodwa ke, into eqhelekileyo kukuba ukujongwa ngokwahlukileyo nokuphindwa kwezixhobo kuxatyiswe ehlabathini lonke.
Icala Lexesha Elizayo Lokhuseleko Lokhetho
Umgangatho wokhuseleko lonyulo usoloko ujikeleza. Njengokuba ubugcisa buhambela phambili, kufuneka amanyathelo akhoyo ukukhusela inkqubo yokunyulwa. Izisongelo zokudibanisa ziquka isandi esinzulu/ivideo ejolise kubaphathi bonyulo, uhlaselo lwe-fauwere kwiisiseko sobhaliso sovoti, kunye namaphulo adityanisiweyo. Imiyalelo yexesha elizayo ingaquka:
- Imithetho elandelwayo ye-computer eyandisiweyo, kuquka ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezingathembaniyo kunye nokujongwa kwexesha lomhla wesisongelo
- Uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lokhuseleko lwezixhobo zokuvota ngeelabhu
- Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali engakumbi kulawulo lonyulo, ingakumbi kulawulo oluncinane olunemiqathango elinganiselweyo
- Umanyano phakathi kwabameli bakarhulumente, abaphandi, nabathengisi bamacandelo azimeleyo ukuze baxhase iingqondo ezisisisongelo
- Ukwamkela i-optography yasemva kwe-quantam yogcino-lwazi oluneemvakalelo lokhetho njengolwabantu abaqolileyo
- Uphuhliso lwe-apps ezikhuselekileyo zendawo yokuvota ulwazi kwaye ulinde amaxesha, ngaphandle kokugcina nayiphi na idata yokuvota
Isiphelo
Ukhuseleko lokhetho lubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthembeka kovoti kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Xa luyilwe kakuhle kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokucace gca, luqinisekisa abemi ukuba amavoti abo asebenza ngokulula kwaye inkqubo yedemokhrasi iyakwazi ukumelana nenkcitho yokufumaneka. Noko ke, ukhuseleko alunakufumaneka ngendleko yokufumana ufikelelo. Olona lawulo lunempumelelo lolo luthi lujonge ukhuseleko kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba njengeenjongo ezixhasanayo, hayi ukurhweba-odwa. Ngokuzixhasa ngokuzigcina sisombululo, ii-pali zephepha ezidityanisweyo, ukuqinisekisa okunamandla, nokungena ekufikeleleni koomatilo-omatilo-omatilo-mthetho wokulawula.