Ukulingana phambi komthetho ngumgaqo oqinileyo webutho lamaqumrhu akhoyo edemokhrasi, ubumba amava emihla ngemihla abantu abasuka enkundleni yenkundla ukuya emsebenzini, kunye nokusuka kwitheko lokuvota ukuya kwisikhululo samapolisa sasekuhlaleni. Ingqina ukuba akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho kwaye wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, isikhundla, ubuhlanga, ubufana, okanye uvumo lwenkolo. Le njongo isekelwe kumgaqo wemithetho nemithetho esemthethweni emhlabeni wonke, ukanti ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphembelela ngokunzulu indlela abantu abasebenzisana ngayo namaziko kunye nangabo. Ukuqonda indlela lo mgaqo osebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kutyhila amandla kunye nokuqhubeka kwayo nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yokusesikweni engobulungisa enikelwa ekusesikweni.

Umgaqo Wokulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu baphantsi kwemigangatho efanayo yomthetho inemvelaphi enzulu yembali, ifumana intetho yakudala kumaxwebhu afana neMagna Carta (1215), eyaqinisekisa ukuba kwanokumkani wayengawudluli umthetho. Kule mihla, iSindululo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (Article 7) sivakalisa ukuba bonke bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo. Lo mgaqo awungomthetho nje okhuthaza imigaqo ebhaliweyo; ngummiselo wokuziphatha nowezobupolitika olawulwa yidemokhrasi.

Iziqalelo Ezisisiseko

  • Isicelo esingalinganiyo : Imithetho kufuneka inyanzeliswe ngokungaguqukiyo, ngaphandle kocalucalulo okanye ikhethe. Ukwaphulwa kwendlela yiCEO etyebileyo kufuneka ibangele iziphumo ezifanayo ezisemthethweni njengokuba omnye ebhaliswe ngumsebenzi ongaphantsi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Equalial Stament: Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuviwa enkundleni, ukunikela ubungqina, nokucel ’ umngeni izityholo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi esemthethweni yingxoxo, hayi i-odomanti enye elawulwa ngamandla.
  • Ukunikwa koxanduva ngeGunya: Amagosa karhulumente, abagwebi, kunye namagosa omthetho anyanzelwe ngemithetho efanayo nabemi.

Xa ezi zinto zisebenza ngokunempumelelo, zibangela ukuba abantu balungelelanise ubomi babo, bachithe imali yabo kumashishini baze bathembe ukuba amalungelo abo aya kukhuselwa.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Nenkululeko Yobuqu

Ukulingana phambi komthetho likhaka elikhusela ukuzimela nokuzibeka. Lichaphazela indlela abemi abafumana ngayo okusesikweni xa besebenzisana nabaqeshi babo, abanini-ndlu, amapolisa kwanamalungu entsapho.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukulingana kokwenyaniso kufuna ukuba wonke umntu afikelele kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni ukunyanzelisa amalungelo akhe. Oku kuthetha ukuba abenako ukuyila isikhalazo, ukufumana umelo olusemthethweni, nokufumana ukuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Noko ke, ukufikelela kuxhomekeke kubuncwane bemali. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwamakhaya, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke, neenkonzo ze-probono ziluncedo ekuvaleni lo mgama. Kumagunya amaninzi, ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa, kodwa imicimbi yamakhaya efana nokugxothwa kwezindlu, ulawulo lwabantwana, kunye nembutho yamatyala isoloko ishiya abantu ngabanye ukuba bahambele imithetho entsonkothile. iZixhobo zoburhulumente zeLiberation Union (ACLL)[FLD:1] isebenza kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo e-procraclust, kodwa amalungelo oluntu aluncedo kubo bonke abo banokukwazi ukuhlawula iigqwetha.

Ukukhuselwa Kucalucalulo

Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani ikukubonakalisa ngokungqalileyo ukulingana phambi komthetho. Iyakuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okungalinganiyo okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselekileyo. Kwimihla ngemihla, oku kuchaphazela izigqibo zokuqeshwa, amathuba okuhlala, unikezelo lwemfundo, namandla okuthenga izinto neenkonzo. Umzekelo, iFair Howar Act eUnited States inika abantu amandla okuthenga abantu abahlala bengafuni ukuqesha ngenxa yohlanga. Ngokufanayo, ukhuseleko lwasemsebenzini luvumela abaqeshwa ukuba bacel ’ umngeni ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuphindwa. Le mithetho yenza isiseko sobulungisa, nangona ukugcinwa komthetho kusel'ukuhlala kungucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo Nendlela Efanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo lilelombombo lokulingana. Oku kuquka ukubonakala kungenatyala, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, kunye nokwalela isohlwayo senkohlakalo nesothuso esingaqhelekanga. Xa iinkqubo zamapolisa zigqwethekile okanye zigweba, umgaqo uyaphulwa. Amatyala aphezulu etyala aphosakeleyo, abandakanya abamangalelwa abagwebi abasemacaleni abakwini, agxininisa indlela ukungalingani kwesixokelelwano somntu omeleleyo okunokonakalisa ngayo okufanelekileyo. Iintlangano ezinjengeproject [[[FLT: 1]] I-Innocence project zisebenzisa ubungqina beDNAMET] ukuvala ngokuphosakeleyo okungachananga, ebonisa ukuba kwanaxa umthetho uphantsi umilise oko, ukusebenza kwawo kunokwenzakele kakhulu.

Imiphumo Kushishino Norhwebo

Kwimeko yezoqoqosho, ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho ubangele imekobume ezinzileyo nethelekelelwayo ebangela ukuhlaziywa, utyalo-mali, nokhuphiswano. Amashishini axhomekeke kwinkqubo yomthetho ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano, ukukhusela impahla yomntu okrelekrele, nokucombulula iingxabano. Xa umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo, iinkampani zikhuphisana ngokusekelwe kwisidima nomgangatho kunokuba zikhuthazwe lunxulumano lwezopolitiko okanye ngokukhethana.

Umphakamo Udlala Ibala Lokhuphiswano

Imithetho echaseneyo nokuthembeka kunye nemimiselo yezorhwebo yenzelwe ukuthintela ukhuphiswano kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo. Uqalo oluncinci lufanele lukwazi ukumangalela umbutho omkhulu ukwenzela imisebenzi engekho semthethweni yeshishini, kwaye omabini amaqela ayazi ukuba imithetho efanayo iyasebenza. Oku kukhuthaza ushishino kunye nomahluko wezorhwebo. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa imithetho inyanzeliswa ngokukhethayo/umzekelo, xa abalawuli behamba ngokulula kwiifemu ezinxulumene nezobupolitika, isithintela ulwakhiwo oluneze ubutyebi. IBhanki yehlabathi ingumthetho yesalathiso sokuqinisekisa indlela amazwe agcina ngayo ngokungakhethi, ibonisa ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okungagwetyebi phakathi komthetho nokukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuthembana Nezimvo Ezilungileyo Zorhwebo

Abathengi bakulungele kakhulu ukuthengiselana xa bekholelwa ukuba abathengisi bobuqhophololo baza kubekwa ityala. Phambi kokuba umthetho uqinisekise ukuba imithetho yemveliso yetyala, imilinganiselo yenyaniso- esebenzayo kubo bonke, kunye nesivumelwano somnqophiso sisebenza kubo bonke. Umzekelo, ibhanki ayinakunyanzela ukuba iirejista zemali ezibolekisiweyo ezingekho mthethweni kumntu omncinane obolekisayo; imithetho efanayo yokukhusela abathengi ilawula onke amaziko emali. Oku kubalulekile kwintengiso esebenzayo. Xa ugxininiso lubuthathaka okanye lunetyala, abathengi abanakukwazi ukuphaphaza, banciphisa ukuthenga nokuphucutha koncedo.

Ukunciphisa Urhwaphilizo

Ukuzinikela okuqinileyo ekulinganani ngokusemthethweni yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokunyanga ukunganyaniseki. Xa amagosa engohlwaywa ngokunyoba, xa kunikwa iziko, kwaye xa iinkundla zizimele, ixabiso lokwenza ishishini lincipha. Izenzo zobulonakalisayo zisebenza kwiindawo apho umthetho uneendawo zokuzifihla kwaye apho isohlwayo singaqinisekanga. Ngokuxhasa ukulingana, iinkqubo zomthetho zibangela ukunqanda nokukhuthaza isithethe sokuthobela. Iziphumo zokunganyani kwehlabathi jikelele zibonisa ukuba amazwe anomthetho omeleleyo atyekele ekuthini angena kumgangatho ophantsi wokwamkeli-mthetho.

Indima Kurhulumente Nakumgaqo-nkqubo

Oorhulumente bangabadali kunye nabalawulwa bomthetho. Ubungalingani phambi kokuba umthetho ufune loo misebenzi yombuso `ukusuka kwirhafu ukuya kumsebenzi wobupolisa--ukubekwa kwemithetho engaguquguqukiyo. Oku kusemthethweni kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembana nomanyano loluntu.

Umthetho noKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka isiqinisekiso esilinganayo sokukhusela, esithintela oorhulumente ekwenzeni imithetho ekhethekayo. Umzekelo, ukuHlaziswa kweMigaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine kufuna ukuba kubekho amagunya okunikezela "ukukhusela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho" eli binzana lisetyenziselwa ukubetha ikhethe lobuhlanga, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana komtshato, nokukhusela amalungelo okuvota. Ukhetho lwemigaqo-mthetho kufuneka lugwetyelwe ngesiseko esiqinileyo, kwaye iinkalo ezisekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubuso bobufana. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abenzi bomthetho abanakukwazi ukuhlasela amaqela angenazikhuseli ngaphandle kwesizathu esigunyazisayo.

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunye neNkcubeko

Ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho uphembelele ukufikelela kwinzuzo engokwempilo, imfundo, nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni. Imilinganiselo yokungaxhomekeki kumele isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo. Umzekelo, urhulumente akanakuzikhaba iingenelo zentlalo-ntle kubemi bobuzwe obunye obusemthethweni kodwa abanike abanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo ecacileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungalingani kwemali yesikolo sikawonke wonke esekelwe kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kuye kwacelwwa njengokwaphula imigaqo yokulingana ngenxa yokuba badala amathuba angenakulingani kwimfundo engokwemfundo yabantwana kwimimandla ephakamileyo enxulumene noobutyebi. Iinkundla zisoloko ziphikisana nezi zizinto ezisekelwe kwimibani.

Ukuthembana Nomanyano Loluntu

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba umthetho ukhusela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo, basengozini yokuthobela ngokuzithandela imimiselo, bahlawule irhafu, baze bathabathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ikhethe elibonakalayo (ngomzekelo, ekubopheleleni amatyala eziyobisi ajoliswe ngokungenakulinganiswa kwimimandla emincinane (ukuthembana nokungalawuleki kwengingqi yabemi) kwaye kusenokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-nxaxheba. Amanyathelo amapolisa asekuhlaleni kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa imigaqo yokugweba azama ukuphinda kuphinde kubekwe ityala ngokubonisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kufanelekile nokusesikweni. Ngaphandle kwesi siseko, ulawulo luba nesko olunoxanduva olunelo olunelo oluzinzileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Nakuba isiseko salo sisesona sisisiseko, ukulingana ngokwenene ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kusemlonyeni.

Izantlukwano zentlalo

Ubutyebi busoloko bufuna iziphumo ezisemthethweni. Ubuchule bokuposa ibheyile, ukuqesha amangqina ochwepheshe, ukubhenela, okanye ukulungisa amatyala abemi ngokukhawuleza kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yemali. Ummangalelwa osisityebi unokukwazi ukunikezela ngeqela elinegunya eliphezulu elisemthethweni elinokukhusela isibongozo okanye isigqibo esilungileyo, lo gama ummangalelwa olihlwempu enokuthi anyanzelelwe kwisicelo setyala ngenxa yokungabi nazinto. Iinkqubo zokukhusela uwonke wonke zisoloko zikho phantsi kwemiqathangokwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthwaleni kwemingxube ephezulu kunye nokungamela okunganelanga. Oku kubangela inkqubo yokugweba elungileyo okanye yokugweba, apho ummangalelwa ongekho mthethweni ngephepha.

Uhlanga Neentlobo

Ucalucalulo olulawulwa ziinkqubo luhlala lulucelomngeni olukhulu. Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga kumlinganiselo wababanjwa, ukugwebi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa. Ukungavumelani ngokupheleleyo nabagwebi kunye namajaji kungaphembelela izigqibo, kwanaxa kungekho buhlanga. Ilifa lemithetho eyacalula ngokucacileyo `njengemithetho eUnited States' okanye umthetho wocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika'. Ukulungisa ezi mpawu kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo asebenzayo afana nokuqeqesha ugcino-data, ukuqokelelwa kwemithetho kunye nokuguqula imiqathango encinane efuna ukugcinwa.

Ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo ezingokwasemthethweni

Abantu abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo asemthethweni okanye indlela yokuwasebenzisa. Imiqobo yolwimi, amanqanaba aphantsi okufunda, kunye nomahluko wenkcubeko zingadibanisa oku kungazi. Kwanaxa abantu bewazi amalungelo abo, basenokuzama ukufumana uncedo olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, "umahluko wemithetho" uthetha ukuba izigidi zabantu zijamelene neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphandle komelo. Izisombululo zobugcisa, ezifana ne-intanethi-mzibonelelo-luvolk-luvo lobuqu kunye nohlobo lwenkundla olulula, zivela ukuvala lo msantsa, kodwa azinakukwazi ukuthabathela indawo yesiluleko esisemthethweni esinobuchule. IZiko lobugqwenga lokulungisa icandelo kunye nokulungisa ezi ntlobo zeenkundla. [[FLT]

Ukukhuthaza Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukuqinisa umgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho kufuna imigudu yamabhongo, ephicothiweyo kubantu, kuluntu nakumaziko. Ngelixesha ukulingana okugqibeleleyo kungenakufumaneka, inkqubela-phambili eqhubekayo inokwenzeka.

Iphulo lokufundisa nokulumkisa

Ukwanelisa abantu ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo asemthethweni linyathelo elisisiseko. Izikolo zingadibanisa imfundo equka imigaqo esisiseko yomthetho, kuquka indlela yokubhala izikhalazo, into ebangela ucalulo, nendlela inkqubo yenkundla esebenza ngayo. Iindawo ezingeyongeniso namaziko karhulumente anokuxhasa iinkampani zoluntu kunye nezinto zolwimi oluninzi. Ulwazi lunamandla: umntu oqonda ilungelo lakhe lokuhlala ethe cwaka okanye ukukhuphisana nokugxothwa uyakwazi ukuzikhusela.

Ukusetyenziswa kweMigaqo neMibutho

Amaqela obuchule adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili iinguqu zenkqubo. Oku kuquka amaphulo okuphelisa ibheyile yemali, utshintsho lwezikhokelo zokugweba, ukwandisa imali kubakhuseli boluntu, nokwandisa uncedo olusemthethweni. Ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezicacileyo kunye nokungamela okuzimeleyo kwamapolisa kunganciphisa ikhethe. Amaqumrhu anjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo akhuthaza imigangatho yehlabathi lonke ngeendibano kunye nohlalutyo lwexesha, agcina amaziko exanduva ngenkqubela yawo kwizalathiso zomthetho.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nokusesikweni Okuzinzileyo

Amanyathelo asekuhlaleni adibanisa amapolisa, abatshutshisi, amagqwetha, kunye namalungu oluntu angakha ukuqondana nokuchaza iingxaki ezithile. Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo, ezijolise ekulungiseni umonakalo nokuxolelanisa amaqela kunokuba zifake amanyathelo okuwalungisa, anokuba yenye indlela engaphaya kwenkqubo esemthethweni esemthethweni. Ngokufuthi bathetha ngemibandela yokungalingani ngokunika amaxhoba nabaphuli-mthetho ilizwi elingqalileyo. Iinkundla zoluntu ezisingatha iimpazamo ezisemgangathweni ophantsi zigxininisa kwiinkonzo zentlalo kunokuba zinikele ingqalelo kwindlela yokusebenza esemthethweni yexesha lokuvalelwa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

Izixhobo zamanani zingaphucula ukufikelela kubulungisa. kwi-intanethi ukuphikisana ngemiba yesigqibo, indibano yoxwebhu ezenzekelayo yendlela yomthetho, kunye nee-gnubot ezinamandla e-Al eziphendula imibuzo engokwasemthethweni ezinokubanceda abantu baqhube inkqubo ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Iinkundla zinika abantu ithuba lokuva, zinciphisa umthwalo wokuhamba nexesha lokungasebenzi. Noko ke, kufuneka kuthatyathwe ukhathalelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa abuyileli imiqobo emitsha kwabo bangangeni yolwazi lwe-intanethi okanye engasebenzisi manani.

Isiphelo

Ukulingana phambi komthetho akuyonjongo engekho ngqiqweni engokomthetho; ngumgaqo ophilayo obumba ukhuseleko, amathuba, nesidima samntu ngamnye kwibutho labantu. Kuphembelela indlela esiphathwa ngayo ngamapolisa, enoba singanyanzelisa isivumelwano, nokuba ngaba ivoti yethu ithetha into enye naye na omnye umntu. Nangona iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zingapheli . /ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nokungalingani kwenkqubo − umgaqo unika umqondiso obalulekileyo wokusesikweni. Ngokukhuthaza imfundo, ukukhuthaza utshintsho, nokusebenza njengabemi abakhutheleyo, singasondela kwihlabathi apho umthetho usebenzela wonke umntu ngokulinganayo. Ukusukela okusesikweni okulinganayo akusoze kuphele, kodwa kuhlala kuthembekile kwindlela yokukhetha okusesikweni.