Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente olungileyo. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu okanye qela linegunya elikhulu, likhuthaza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana okukhusela amalungelo abemi. Lo mgaqo, ofakwe ngokunzulu kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. kunye nezinye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, asilolungiselelo nje lemveli kodwa luzibophelelelo lwentanda-ntanda-bulumko ukunqanda ubuzwi kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo olunetyala. Ukuqonda indlela nesizathu sokuba igunya lahlulwe lifuna ngayo ukujongwa kwemvelaphi yalo, ukuphunyezwa kwalo okusebenzisekayo, kunye nokusebenza kwalo okuqhubekayo kwixesha lokukhula kwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu nocelomngeni lwehlabathi lonke.

Imvelaphi Yokwahlukana Kwamandla

Imvelaphi yokwahlukana kwamagunya ichazwe kakhulu kwisithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMentesquieu, oziingcamango zakhe zomsebenzi uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ilondolozwe ngcono xa ulawulo, impatho-mandla, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho karhulumente igcinwe ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo. UMontesquieu waphembelela kakhulu iingcamango zamaMelika, ezazingaqiniseki ngamandla apheleleyo emva kolwazi lwawo nolawulo lwamaBritane namarhuluneli. [[FLT:] Firelist] uNo.[4] Firelist. [55], uJames Madison ubhala ukuba “ukukhuthaza onke amagunya, ulawulo oluphezulu, nolwanyana olulawulayongalulukunye olulungileyo, oluthethayo oluqhelekileyo kwisandla esigqeqesho olulungileyo.

Ngokwembali, imizekelo yangaphambili karhulumente, njengomgaqo-siseko oxutyiweyo weRoma yamandulo (nee-console, iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye neendibano), ochazwa kwigunya elahluleleneyo, kodwa inkqubo yale mihla ye-trartite ilifa elingqalileyo lengcamango yezobupolitika yolukhanyiselo. Uvavanyo lwase-U.S. lwaba yisikhokelo kulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi, nangona inkqubo yayo ekhethekileyo yomongameli enokwahlukana okunamandla, kwaye isuka kwiinkqubo zepalamente ezilawula igunya elilawulayo kunye nemithetho-mthetho.

Ukuqonda Amasebe Amathathu

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi naziphi na izithintelo zalo. La masebe ngumthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nekomiti elawulayo. Ngoxa i-U.S. ingumzekelo obalaseleyo, ezinye izizwe ezininzi (ukusuka eJamani ukuya eIndiya/i-adopt ezahlukileyo. Ngezantsi, sihlola isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngobunzulu, kuquka amandla alo, izithintelo, kunye nemisebenzi yeli hlabathi lokwenene.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko eyintloko ekwenzeni imithetho. EUnited States, eli sebe libunjwe yiBhunga, iqumrhu le-baobal eliqulethwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Igumbi ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo alungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ukumelelwa kwabantu (Indlu) kunye nomelo olulinganayo lwesizwe (iSanate). Olu hlelo lwe-baobaral luluhlobo lokwahlula kwangaphakathi kwamandla, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mzimba womthetho wemithetho-mthetho olawula inkqubo.

Imisebenzi engundoqo yesebe lowiso-mthetho iquka:

  • Ukuphonononga nokuvota umthetho: Iibhilibhile kufuneka zidlulise omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli.
  • Ukulawula imali ehlawulwayo nerhafu karhulumente: Amandla esingxowa semali luhlolo oluphambili lomthetho kumphathi ophetheyo; onke amatyala emali afanele avele kwiNdlu.
  • Izivumelwano zoku-engamela: ICamelo kufuneka livume izivumelwano zezizwe ngezivumelwano zezizwe ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli: INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi iqinisekisa oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi, oothunywashe namanye amagosa akwimigangatho ephakamileyo.
  • Ukunyanzelisa nokususwa: Indlu ingawakhupha amagosa karhulumente (kuquka uMongameli), kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi ibambe ityala kwaye inokubasusa ngovotelo oluzii-3 ezimbini.

Kwakhona iqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva, ngophando, nange-ofisi yoManga e-Rhulumente. Eli gunya lophando libalulekile ukuze kubonakale kwaye kuphendulwe ityala. Umzekelo, ukuchotshelwa kweentlanganiso kwingxaki zobuntlola okanye ukuziphatha okubi okuphezulu kusenokukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo zowiso-mthetho okanye kwiimeko ezimaxongo.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho nokusebenzisa urhulumente. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengeNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo kunye nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe. Amandla kaMongameli anamandla kodwa alinganiselwe ngamasebe. Isebe eliphetheyo aliquki iWhite House kuphela kodwa liquka namasebe karhulumente, amasebe (njengeSebe loJaji neSebe loMkhosi), kunye nesebe elikhulu elisebenza inkqubo.

Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yesebe elilawulayo iquka:

  • Ukusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ewiswe ziiKhonkxa: UMongameli unikela imiyalelo kumaziko ukuze aphumeze imimiselo.
  • Ukuqhuba imicimbi yamanye amazwe nolawulo: UMongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano, umisela abameli aze amele iUnited States emhlabeni wonke.
  • Emisela amagosa namajaji: Ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtsimi, uMongameli ugcwalisa izikhundla kwisebe lejaji nakumaqumrhu aphetheyo.
  • Imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo: Le miyalelo ilawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente, kodwa kufuneka isekelwe kumthetho okhoyo okanye kumGaqo-siseko.
  • Umthetho onika igalelo: UMongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswa yiKhonkxane, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwemibini yesithathu kungaliphelisa iveto.

Amandla enkosi egunyaziso aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, amagunya ongxamiseko, kunye namagunya olawulo. Oomongameli bale mihla basoloko bexhomekeke kwimiyalelo yabalawuli ukuqhubekisa imimiselo yenkqubo xa iBhunga libotshelelwe. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhe yahlola umphathi onegunya . umzekelo, [[FLT]] [1] ulutsha olusemgangathweni we-Step / Tube Co. v. Sawyer [[52]] , iNkundleko yetyala ukuba ukuphamba kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe ye Korea ibingaqhubiso, ukuqinisekisa imidalo ye-gcunt-omatilo.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa kakuhle. Liquka inkqubo yeenkundla zelifa lesizwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo njengenkundla ePhakamileyo. Ijaji izimele, iijaji zimiselwe ubomi (ngokulawulwa kwehambo entle) ukuze zikhuseleke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Le nkululeko ibalulekile ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu ngokungakhethi buso.

Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yesebe eligwebayo iquka:

  • Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko nemithetho: Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo ohlolo lwezomthetho, amiselwe ku . Marbury v. Madison (1803]), ayivumela ukuba ibethe imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukusombulula iimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni: Iinkundla zimisa amatyala angokwamakhaya nawamatyala, zilungiselela ukugwetywa.
  • Ukukhusela amalungelo abantu: Ngokumisela imithetho ephathelele inkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukulingana nokuba wedwa, abagwebi balondoloza inkululeko yomgaqo - siseko.
  • Imithetho engqinelanayo iyasetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo: Iqumrhu lezomthetho elilawulayo (ukusukela kwiinkundla zesithili ukuya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo) kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Amandla ejaji awanasiphelo. Iinkundla zixhomekeke kwirula ukunyanzelisa imithetho yayo kunye neNgqungquthela ukuze iqokelele inkundla. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga, benika amasebe ezopolitiko indima ekubumbeni ijaji. Noko ke, nangona kunjalo, abagwebi bequmrhu begunya bagunyaziswe, bayakwazi ukukholisa ubomi babo bonke, bewavumela ukuba alawule ngaphandle kokoyika imbuyekezo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kupheleliswa yinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano, evumela isebe ngalinye lorhulumente ukuba lisike umda amagunya abanye. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni okusesikweni nasekuthinteleni ingcinezelo. Idala amandla apho kungekho sebe linokwenza ngaphandle kokungajongi okanye ukunyathela kwelinye isebe. Ngezantsi yimizekelo engundoqo yendlela iitsheki kunye nolungelelwaniso olusebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • IBhunga lingayisusa iveto engumongameli kunye nenani elizii-3 kwigumbi lazo zombini.
  • INdlu yeeNtlanganiso imele iqinisekise ukumiselwa komongameli, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi noonozakuzaku besizwe.
  • ICandelo kufuneka livume izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali-lwazi--amandla esipaji () kwaye lisenokungakuvumeli ukuqokelela amanyathelo okulawula.
  • IBhunga linokuphanda lize libeke amatyala awongamele amanyathelo abalawuli.
  • IBhunga linokumsusa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yokuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungafezeki.”

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

  • UMongameli angawumisela umthetho owiswe yiNgqungquthela.
  • UMongameli unokubiza iNgqungquthela ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo (nangona inqabileyo ukusetyenziswa).
  • UMongameli unokunikela imiyalelo yegunya engqalileyo elawulayo, ephembelela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho.
  • NjengeNkulumbuso, uMongameli angathumela umkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela, nangona ulawulo lweBhunga luxhasa ngemali kwaye lungavakalisa imfazwe.

Ukuhlolisisa Igunya Nomthetho

  • INkundla Ephakamileyo inokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni ngokucalucalula.
  • Iinkundla zoManyano zinokukhupha imiqathango yokuphelisa izenzo eziphakamileyo ezichasene nomthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko.
  • Iinkundla ziyayitolika imithetho, zisenokuyithintela indlela umntu ophetheyo anokuyinyanzelisa ngayo.

ISigqeba soMgaqo-siseko noMphathiswa

  • IBhunga linokuyila okanye liyiphelise inkundla eziphantsi zelifa lesizwe lize limisele igunya lalo (ngokulawulwa yimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko).
  • IBhunga lingacebisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lokubhukuqa izigwebo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (umz., iSindululo se 13, 14, kunye nese15 seSindululo saguquka [[FLT: 0] red Scott[)).
  • UMongameli umisela abagwebi, yaye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa, ibumba iqumrhu lejaji.
  • IBhunga linokuphazamisa lize lisuse abagwebi belizwe ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi.

La mandla adibanisayo adala inkqubo yokuzibamba. Umzekelo, ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iiteyipu erekhodiweyo (kwi[FLT]] United States v. Nixon[FLT]][[FLT]] [2]), kwaye iKhomishini yasebenzisa amandla ayo okungagunyazi ukunyanzela ukuyeka kwakhe. Kutshanje, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa uphando lokuphanda izenzo zesazulu kwinkcitho yemibangezo yezamkelo. Inkqubo ye-prumpyutha idla ngokuba ngumqondiso, ayiyo isiphene ngenxa yokuba ifuna ukuvumelana kwizenzo ezinkulu.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Ngokwembono Ethelekisayo

Ngeli xesha imodeli yase-U.S. ingumzekelo, eyaziwa kakuhle, ezinye iidemokhrasi ezizalisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngokwahlukileyo. UBukumkani bomZandla woLawulo olumanyeneyo, umzekelo, busebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente apho umphathi onegunya (iNkulumbuso kunye neKabhinethi) ekhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye exhomekeke kuyo. Ukudityaniswa kwamandla kwiNkundla ePhakathi-mandla ePhakamileyo ye-UK kunika uvavanyo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo zePalamente ziyakwazi ukuqhuba umthetho, kodwa zinokunikela amandla amakhulu ngakumbi xa iqela elilawulayo linento elongalonga elinamandla.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe anjengeJamani neFransi axuba iziqalelo. IJamani ineNkundla enamandla yezomGaqo-siseko eqhelisela uhlolo olunamandla lwezomthetho, kunye neBoundestag (ukubulala) ikhetha iCancellator (ukubulala) kodwa ayinakuyisusa lula (ivoti elungelelanisayo yokungathemba). IRiphabliki yeFife 5 inesigqeba esinamandla, kodwa iBhunga lomGaqo-siseko lihlola imithetho yesiseko. Ezi inguqulelo zibonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwamandla akusiso somlinganiselo omnye wesicombululo; kufuneka kulungiswe kwimpucuko yelizwe nembali yezobupolitika.

Noko ke, umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala uvunyiwe ngokubanzi: ulwahlulo lwamandla lukhusela ulawulo lweziqu zamandla. Ngokwe- I-VMRIOUM yeprojekthi yedemokhrasi , amazwe anezihlolo ezinamandla kakhulu kumandla olawulo-lawulo-zulu anqabileyo ukuba angabi nakufumana ulawulo-demokhrasi. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kolwahlulo lwamandla ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ucelomngeni Nezigxeko Zangexesha

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kujongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwixesha langoku. Abagxeki ababalulekileyo baphikisa ngokuthi oku kuphelisa indima yesebe lowiso-mthetho kwaye kudala “ulawulo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli bobabini ukumisela utshintsho olukhulu ekufudukeni, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, kunye nokubolekisana kwabafundi kubangele iimfazwe ezisemthethweni nezityholo zomgqeba. Inkundla ephakamileyo ithe thaba iphazamisa emva (umz., ibetha iinxenye zokuvala ukuvalwa kwesebe lowiso-mthetho.)

Olunye ucelomngeni lulu [[FLT: 0] lokwenza umsebenzi wobujudisi okanye ukuphamba. Abahlalutyi bathi ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla ziyila amalungelo amatsha okanye zibethe imithetho yedemokhrasi esekelwe kwiinkcazelo ezithe ngqo zomGaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo ngendima efanelekileyo yejaji-judiary/ukuba ifanele isebenzise ukuthintelwa okanye isebenzise intsingiselo yasekuqaleni yezomGaqo-siseko. Ngaxesha linye, ukubekwa kwemithetho yephondo esekelwe kwiinkcazelo ezithe kratya ze-ografiki. ngokwandayo imfazwe yokuqinisekisa uluntu isongela ukuthembana kwenkundla. IMerrick Garland inkundla ephakamileyo yeNkuthethelela impikiswano kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweJanyuko, i-Krowansbauettk, i-Barrettks, imodey yendlela yokumiselana iziphumo zezobupolitika.

Ukongeza, ucingo oluphezulu lukhalazo olusoloko lukho malunga nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Xa elinye iqela lilawula iWhite House kwaye elinye lilawula elinye okanye zombini iigumbi zeBhunga, imveliso yemithetho inokuthintela ukumisa. Oku kungakhokelela ekuvaleni ulawulo, uqingqo-mali olulibazisiweyo, kunye nokungakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zobugqhinga. Ezinye izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziphikisa ngelithi inkqubo ye-U.S. i-veto yenkqubo ye-odookalkthi yenze kube nzima kakhulu ukudlulisela umthetho omkhulu, okunokuba yingxaki kwingxamiseko. Noko ke, abaxhasi bokwahlulo lwahlula baphendula ngokuthi imigca yenqanawa ingumqondiso ekhusela iingxaki zenkqubela-mcimbini eqhutywayo yexeshana.

Ekugqibeleni, ukumiswa kwamasebe olawulo okudibanisa uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba (umz., iKhomishini yoNxulumano loManyano ingenza imithetho, inyanzelise, kunye neempikiswano ezizinzileyo) kubangele ukuba kungacaca migca ecacileyo yokwahlukana. Eli “sebe lesine” likarhulumente, ngelisebenzayo, liphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuphendula nokusemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha oku ngemfundiso engeyoyayayayayayayayayayo kunye nemfundiso enkulu, ifuna ukuba iBhungane ukuba inike ukhokelo olucacileyo xa kunikwa amagosa igunya, kodwa umba uhlala uxanduvane.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokwahlukana Kwamandla

Phezu kwako nje ukungafezeki kwawo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuyimfuneko kurhulumente olungileyo ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Okokuqala, iveza uxinzeleleko lwamandla [ nakweliphi na icandelo, ikwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumlawuli onegunya okanye ulawulo olungqongqo ukuba afumane ulawulo. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi oluwenza buthathaka ukwahlukana [“olwahlula okungakhiyo" olufana ne-Hungary kunye nePoland phantsi koorhulumente bakutshanje."

Okwesibini, ikhuthaza intsebenziswano kunye nokulalanisa phakathi kwamasebe. Ngenxa yokuba kungekho sebe linokulawula yedwa, abadlali bezobupolitika kufuneka badibane, bathelekisane, baphinde bakhe isivumelwano. Oku kungacotha ekwenzeni isigqibo, kodwa kukwaqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ibonakalisa igalelo elibanzi kwaye ayinakuba yeyona ingxamlo okanye enobuzwilakhe.

Okwesithathu, [[NT.0] ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko . Ijaji ezimeleyo ingabetha imithetho echasene nenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho ingakhupha imithetho yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. IBhili yamaLungelo inyanzeliswa ngokunempumelelo xa iinkundla zingajongwa kwigunya okanye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Okwesine, i-applications ukuqulunqwa nokubonakala ngaphaya . Isebe ngalinye linendlela yokuhlola abanye, ukubhenca ububi nokunyanzela amagosa ukuba athethelele izenzo zawo. Iimvo zombutho, iimbono zolawulo, kunye ne-veto zomongameli zonke zifak' isandla kwingxelo kawonke-wonke yolawulo abemi abanokuyihlola.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngeziseko zembali kunye nezicelo zala maxesha zokwahlula amagunya, abafundi bangajonga [[FLT]] uxwebhu olusungulweyo lweNkundla yesizwe, oluquka umGaqo-siseko kunye neePalathi zoluHlu lwamagunya. Ngaphezu koko, [FLT] [5] [indawo yeNkubonelelo yeNkubonelelo olusemthethweni lweNkukowama komhlaba [FLT]] inika izimvo ezibonisa uvavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo wemisebenzi. Ulwahlulo, [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]

Isiphelo

Ekuqukumbeleni, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngumgaqo obalulekileyo osisiseko sobume bukarhulumente wethu. Ngokwahlula-hlula iimbopheleleko phakathi komthetho, kwegunya, namasebe olawulo, kunye nokusebenzisa iitsheki kunye nolungelelwaniso, singaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wethu uhlala elungile kwaye engowodwa kubo bonke abemi. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye ingcinezelo yanamhlanje icelw'ucelo olusisiseko, isiseko esisungulwe ngabaseki siyaqhubeka silungiselela isiseko esiqinileyo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Njengobahlali besazi indlela ezi zenzo zokwenza umsebenzi kunye nolungelelwano lwezopolitistiki ezisebenza ngayo ukuze bakhusele abantu, kwaye bathintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ukwahlulo lwamandla akuyo asiyo ingcamango engaziwayo; kuqheliswa yonke imihla le nto ukuba imithetho ilungele ukulawulwa, ukusetyenziswa, nokuchazwa.