Table of Contents
UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kodwa asilulo uxwebhu olumanyeneyo. Ngenkqubo yokulungisa echazwe kwiGatya V, umGaqo-siseko uye waguquka ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno ezitshintshayo zoluntu lwaseMelika. Ekubeni umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa ngo-188, uxwebhu luye lwaguqulwa izihlandlo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. Noko ke, ukubuyiselwa kokubuyiselwa kohambo kukuphela kohambo lwawo kukuphela kobomi bemihla ngemihla. Urhulumente uzalisekisa umGaqo-siseko ukupheliswa kweenzamente ngothungelwano oluntlulo, lolawulo, kunye neenkqubo zogwebo eziguqula imigaqo yemithetho yemithetho eluncedo yezigidi zabantu.
Ukuqonda indlela ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olusuka ngayo kumbhalo ovunyiweyo ukuya kuphila kumava anzima oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente, indima yeenkundla ekutolikeni ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko, kunye namasebe olawulo adala imimiselo yokunyanzelisa imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuzalisekisa kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko kunye neenguqu ezikhutshwayo ezikhutshwe kukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko zingaphezulu kunamagama nje asemaphepheni.
Inkqubo yokuHlaliswa koMgaqo-siseko: Ukusuka ekufunyanisweni ukuya ekutsalweni
Phambi kokuhlolisisa indlela ulungiso olunokwenziwa ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela eziba ngayo yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu kwaye iyalicima ixesha: Isindululo esicetyiweyo kufuneka sidluliselwe ngee-3-3 zezindlu zombini zeBhunga, ngoko sivunywa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu kwezine. Le nkqubo icekisayo ngabom iqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa kuphela kokuvumelana okubanzi kohlanga kuyinxalenye yomthetho wethu ongundoqo.
Isaziso sengqungquthela neSizwe
IBhunga licebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho kuhlobo lwesigqibo esidibeneyo. Ekubeni uMongameli engenayo indima engokomGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, isigqibo esidibeneyo asiyi kwiNdlu emhlophe ukuze sityikityelwe okanye sivunywe. Olu phawu lukhethekileyo luchaza utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko olusuka kumthetho oqhelekileyo kwaye lubalaselisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.
Uxwebhu lokuqala luthunyelwa ngqo kwi-Ofisi ye-NARA ye-Federal Register (OFR) ukuze kuqhubekeke kwaye kuvezwe. I-OR yongeza imbali yowiso-mthetho kwisigqibo selungu kwaye ipapashe ifomu yomthetho etyibilikayo. Emva kwale mpapasho, i-archist ichaza ngokusemthethweni amatyala, ngeleta ebhalisiweyo kumphathi ngamnye wezwe, ukuba ukubuyiselwa kucetyisiwe. Irula ngalinye linikela ngokusemthethweni intengiselwano esemthethweni kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye indibano ye-raving).
Ukhuthuzo lweRome kunye nokuQinisekisa
Imo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango imele indawo enzima apho oorhulumente belizwe besebenzisa indima yabo engokomGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Ukulungisa kuba yinxalenye esebenzayo yomGaqo-siseko xa kuvunywa ngamanani afunekayo, kunokuba kumhla olandelayo xa uqikelelo lwawo luqinisekisiwe. Akukho senzo sinye esithe ngqinisiweyo yiBhunga okanye nabani na ofunekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kuqalisa ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ekufikeleleni komda wesithathu wesine, kwanaphambi komda osemthethweni we-crective.
Xa ufumana inani elifunekayo lemiqathango yombuso, ngumsebenzi wombhishophu ukukhupha isiqinisekiso sokuvakalisa ukulungisiswa okuthile okugunyazisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo kunye nenxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Ulungiso kunye nesiqinisekiso salo sokwandiswa kwerathiswa zipapashwa kwiFederal Register nase United States Sigqeba eKhulu. Oku kusebenza njengesaziso esisemthethweni kwiBhunga kunye nohlanga oluye lwagqitywa ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yokwahlula.
ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko sokuHlaziya
Xa ulungiso luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, umsebenzi wokwenene wokuzalisekisa uqala. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amasebe amaninzi karhulumente namanqanaba ogunya, ngalinye lidlala indima eyahlukileyo kodwa edityanisiweyo ekuguquleni umbhalo womGaqo-siseko ube ngumthetho onyanzelekileyo.
Ukuziphumeza u-v. IziHlayiso-ziqulu-mali Ezingaziphumeleliyo
Izilungiso zoMgaqo-siseko zehlela kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi malunga nokuzalisekiswa komsebenzi. Ukuzikhulula ngokwako akufuni mthetho owongezelelekileyo wokusebenza.
Ukuzilungisa ngokwako, ngokwahlukileyo, kufuna ukuba kwenziwe inyathelo lomthetho ukuze lisebenze ngokupheleleyo. Izindululo ezininzi ziquka izigwebo ezicacileyo zokwandiswa komthetho ezinika iBhunga amandla okuphumeza umthetho ofanelekileyo. IGaqo-siseko seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neSihlanu, kunye neSimendo seshumi elinesihlanu sokuLandlwa kweMimiselo yeNkqubo yokuHlaziywa kweZigwebo (*anke amalungiselelo anjalo, achaza ukuba "Umthetho wokwahlukana uyakuba namandla okunyanzelisa eli nqaku ngomthetho ofanelekileyo" La magama ayaqonda ukuba imigaqo yesiseko idla ngokufuna izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha eziluncedo.
Ukusetyenziswa komthetho weBhunga
Xa kulungiswa imigaqo-nkqubo ebandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwamanani, iBhunga linembopheleleko eyintloko yokwakha izibonelelo eziyimfuneko eziyimfuneko ekuzalisekisweni. Oku kubandakanya ukudlulisa imimiselo echaza umgangatho wamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ukuseka iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, ukumisela izigwebo zokwaphula umthetho, nokugunyazisa amaziko olawulo ukuba amisele imimiselo.
Ngokomzekelo, uMthendeleko wamaLungelo ka-1965, wamela ukusetyenziswa kweKhosarente ukuba inyanzelise ulawulo lwayo phantsi koMphetho-mvakaliso weshumi elinesihlanu, othintela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotelweni. Lo mThetho wasungula iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zolawulo lukarhulumente lonyulo, wasungula iimfuno ezicwangcisiweyo zolawulo olulawula imbali ekwahluleni, wanika amayeza abemi ababengenamalungelo okuvota. Lo mthetho waguqula umgaqo-mendo weshumi elinesihlanu womgaqo-siseko waba ngurhulumente osemthethweni obanzi osebenza ngokusebenza ngomthetho wolawulo lwehlabathi.
Ngokufanayo, uMthendeleko weMerika oneMithetho yokuKhubazeka ufumana igunya kwiSibonelelo soMphetho-Mgangatho seshumi elinesine sika-Claus, ukudala iimfuno ezineenkcukacha zokufikelela emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwimisebenzi karhulumente. Le mithetho ibonisa indlela iBhunga eliguqulela ngayo imiyalelo ebanzi yeBhunga loMgaqo-siseko kwiimbopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, ezinyanzelekileyo ezisemthethweni.
Ukuhlaziya Imithetho Yomanyano
Ukusetyenziswa kwale mithetho kukwafuna ukuhlaziywa okucwangcisiweyo kwemithetho ye-United States `ukuqulunqwa kwayo yonke imimiselo karhulumente. Xa kulungiswa umGaqo-siseko, amagqwetha nomthetho-siseko kufuneka ahlole imithetho ekhoyo ukuze kuchongwe iingxabano, iikhefu, okanye utshintsho olufunekayo. Imithetho ephikisana nokulungiswa okutsha mayingabi yemithetho emiselweyo kwaye kufuneka ilungiswe okanye ihlaziswe. Amalungiselelo amatsha eMithethotho kufuneka enziwe alungelelaniswa neenguqu zomgaqo-siseko.
Le nkqubo inokuba nkulu. Xa uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwesiHlaliso seMimiselo yovota lwehlisa ixesha ukuya kwishumi elinesibhozo ngo-1971, imithetho yonyulo karhulumente yayifuna uhlaziyo olubanzi. Iinkqubo zobhaliso, imithetho yokubhalisa, imithetho yokufikelela, kunye nemithetho yokulawula unyulo efunekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe abantu abatsha abaphucukileyo.
Indima yezoPhondo ekuHlakulelwani
Amasebe alawulayo anendima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni utshintsho olungokwenkqubo ngomgaqo - siseko ngokumisela imithetho, ngokumisela iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuthotyelwa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni.
Uphuhliso lolawulo kunye nomthetho
Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano aguqulela uzalisekiso lomthetho-siseko wokulungisa imimiselo edweliswe ngokunenkcukacha kwinkqubo yolawulo. Le nkqubo, elawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo, ifuna amaziko apapashiweyo emithetho ecetyiweyo, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, iqwalasela ingxelo, kunye nemigaqo yokugqibela enolawulo.
IKhomishini ye-Aumelt Yomsebenzi Ophezulu (EOC), umzekelo, iphuhlisa imimiselo ezalisekisa imigaqo yokukhuselwa kweSihlaziyo seshumi elinesine kwimiqathango elinganayo yeSinyuso sezeNkcubeko sezeNtlanganiso yeMigangatho yeSebe. Le migaqo ichaza ukuba luluphi ucalucalulo, ukuseka kweenkqubo zokukhalaza, ukuchaza iimbopheleleko zabaqeshi-ma, kunye nokuyila iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa. ISebe leJaji leMimiselo likwa ngokufanayo likhupha imimiselo ekwazi ukuzalisekisa ukhuseleko lwemiGatho-siseko, ukusuka kumalungelo okuvola inkululeko yonqulo.
Ukuphumeza ulawulo kuvumela ubuchule kunye nobuchule bokungafumaneki komGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wokubhaliweyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika imigaqo ebanzi kunye neNgqungquthela imisela iinkqubo jikelele, abameli badala imithetho eneenkcukacha elawula ukuthobela usuku nosuku. Le mithetho iphendula imibuzo eluncedo: Ziziphi iindawo zokuhlala abaqeshi abamele bazinike abasebenzi? Amagosa onyulo afanele aluphathe njani ulwahlulo? Ziziphi iinkqubo amapolisa amele azilandele xa esenza uphando?
Ukhuthuzo kunye noHlomelo loMsebenzi
Ngaphandle kokumisela imithetho, amasebe asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa ukuba kukhuthazwe ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko ngokukhutheleyo ngokuphengululwa, ngokuhlolwa, nangezenzo zokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho. Ngokomzekelo, iSebe leSivumelwano samaLungu samaLungelo liphengululo ekwaphulweni komGaqo-siseko, lizisa ukumangalelwa kwabo baphula umthetho, kwaye lihlola ukuthobela imithetho yenkundla kunye nezivumelwano zokuhlawulwa.
Imigaqo-nkqubo inika ukhokelo noncedo lobugcisa ekuncedeni amaqumrhu alawulayo aqonde iimbopheleleko zawo zomGaqo-siseko. Apapasha amaxwebhu okhokelo, aqhuba iinkqubo zoqeqesho, anikela iinkonzo zokucebisana. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa unceda ekuthinteleni ukwaphulwa komthetho ngokucacisa oko kulindelweyo nokukhuthaza ukuthobela ngokuzithandela.
Ukulungelelana
Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuneka kulungelelaniswe amasebe amaninzi esizwe. Ulawulo lwemfundo, iSebe lezeMigangatho, neSebe lezeMpilo neSebe loLuntu, ngokomzekelo, zonke zidlala indima ekusebenziseni ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kubafundi abaneziphene. Ukuzalisekisa okunempumelelo kufuna ukuba aba bameli balungelelanise imimiselo yabo, babelane ngenkcazelo, baze balungelelanise izinto eziza kuqala ekugcinwani kwabo.
I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB) yenza ukuba le mimiselo icetyisiweyo ilungelelane nemigaqo yolawulo neyomGaqo-siseko. I-OMB iqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo eyahlukeneyo yabameli isebenza ngokudibana kunokudala iimfuno ezingqubanayo.
Ulawulo noRhulumente wasekuhlaleni
Nangona isenzo sikarhulumente sibalulekile, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banembopheleleko eninzi esebenzisekayo yokuzalisekisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Inkqubo karhulumente isasaza amandla karhulumente phakathi kwamagunya esizwe nawamazwe, yaye olu sasazo lubumba indlela iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko ezifikelela ngayo abemi.
Uphengululo lomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente kunye nommiselo
Xa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko wezwe luqalisa ukusebenza, amazwana kufuneka ahlole umgaqo-siseko wawo kunye nemimiselo yeengxaki. Ulungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente oluphikisana nokulungisa kwesizwe luba luphuthile phantsi kweSupremacy Claus, kodwa ngokufuthi luhlala kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente de lususwe ngokusesikweni kwiinkqubo zokulungisa urhulumente. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho kufuneka ziphinde zihlaziye imimiselo ukuze ivumelane neemfuno ezintsha zomgaqo-siseko.
Le nkqubo inokuba yeyokuphikisana ngokwezobupolitika kwaye ithathe ixesha. Emva kokuba uHlaziyo lweNguqulo lweshumi elinesithoba lunike amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota ngo-1920, amanye amazwe aye alibala ukuhlaziya imithetho yawo yonyulo, edala ukudideka nemiqobo kumabhinqa avotiweyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nezogwebo zenkundla kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuthotyelwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ixesha le nguqulelo libonisa ucelomngeni lokuzalisekisa iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yesizwe.
Ukhuthuzo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni . . . . . . . . . Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlaziywa kweSigqibo soLawulo lweSine soLawulo nokukhutshwa, imigaqo yezikolo zasekuhlaleni isebenzisa imigaqo yokuQhubela uLawulo loQoqo-siseko kwimfundo, kunye neekomiti zasekuhlaleni eziqwalasela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.
Aba basemagunyeni basekuhlaleni badla ngokufuna uqeqesho nokhokelo ukuze baqonde iimbopheleleko zabo zomgaqo-siseko. Amasebe karhulumente norhulumente anikela le nkxaso ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho, iinkqubo zokufuzisela kunye noncedo lobugcisa.
Ukunyanzeliswa Komatshini Besizwe
Amazwe amisela indlela yawo yokuwalawula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi anikela ukhuseleko olungaphaya kobuncinci bomGaqo-siseko worhulumente. Amagqwetha jikelele aseburhulumenteni ahlola ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, azisa izenzo zomthetho-siseko, aze akhusele imithetho karhulumente kwiingxaki zomGaqo-siseko. Iikomishini zamalungelo abantu ziphendula iimbambano ezithe zacalulwa, neenkundla zeli lizwe ezishwankathela umGaqo-siseko.
Lo mgangatho womthetho womthetho ubangela inkqubo ebekwe ngomlinganiselo omninzi yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Abahlali bangafuna amayeza kuzo zombini ii-fomati zorhulumente kunye norhulumente, kwaye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente maxa wambi anika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunezo zinxulumani zabo zikarhulumente. Le "inkqubo zolawulo-mthetho ezintsha" iyaqonda ukuba amazwe anokuba yiekharatori yedemokhrasi, aphuhlisa iindlela zokuyila ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko.
Indima yezeejaji ekuzalisekiseni umGaqo-siseko
Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni utshintsho lomgaqo - siseko ngokutolika umbhalo womGaqo-siseko, ngokucombulula iimbambano ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, nangokumisa iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko nxamnye nabadlali abachasayo bakarhulumente.
Ukucaciswa kwesigwebo nentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko
Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zisoloko zisebenzisa ulwimi olubanzi, olufuna ukucaciswa. Yintoni ebangela "inkqubo esele ikho yomthetho"? Yintoni "ukhuseleko olulinganayo"? Yintoni efunekayo "ukuphengulula ngokungenangqiqo"? Iinkundla ziphendula le mibuzo kwinkqubo yokutolika komgaqo-siseko, ukuphuhlisa iimfundiso kunye novavanyo olunika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwimigaqo engekho ngqiqweni.
Ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoMphetho-mvakalo weshumi elinesine kubonisa le nkqubo. Kukutshintshwa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ucalucalulo, nokusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, iNkundla iye yavelisa iimfundiso ezincumisayo ezichaza ukukhuselwa okulinganayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokuququlunqwa kweBhili yamaLungelo ngokukhuselwa koorhulumente. Le nkcazelo ilawula ingulo yemithetho elawula indlela okusebenza ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwetyala.
Imfundiso Yokwahlukana
Enye yezona minikelo zibalulekileyo zomthetho kuzalisekiso lomgaqo-siseko yimfundiso ebandakanyayo. IBhili yamaLungelo .Nkundla yamaLungelo, idityaniswe nezigqibo zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko, ngqa ekuqaleni yasetyenziswa kurhulumente wezwe. Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Noko ke, ngokucaciswa kweSigqibo soMgqibelo se 144 seMgqibelo ka-Standard, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa uninzi lweBhili-RCelaselo lwamalungelo nxamnye norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.
Oku kubandakanya kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo esebenzayo yokulungisa imigaqo-siseko. Ukukhuselwa koMphetho wokuqala wentetho nonqulo, ukukhuselwa koMphetho-mda wesine ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukhuseleko loMphengululo wesihlanu ekuzikhuseleni ekuzahluleleni okungekho ngqiqweni, namalungelo eSihlanu oMphengululo lokucebisa ngoku imicimbi yesizwe kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni njengoko benyanzelela amagunya orhulumente. Oku kumiswa kwezomthetho kwaguqula umgaqo-siseko, kwenza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anyanzeleka ngqo kungenelwa kubadlali bakarhulumente abasebenzisana kakhulu nabemi.
Iindlela Zonyango Nezinyanzelo
Iinkundla zinyanzelisa ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko ngokunika amanyango okwaphula umthetho. La maxwebhu asetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: imimiselo eyalela amagosa karhulumente ukuba athobele iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko, ingxwabangxwaba ebangela amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, izindululo zokuba imithetho okanye imikhwa ayihambelani nemithetho engekho mgaqweni, kwaye ithintela ukusetyenziswa kobu bungqina obungamiselwanga.
Ukufumaneka konyango logwebo lwezakhono kwenza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anyanzeleke ngokusemthethweni. Abahlali bangabhala iingxelo ezivavanya izenzo zikarhulumente ezicel ’ umngeni, kwaye iinkundla zingayalela ukuba kuthotyelwe imiyalelo yomgaqo-siseko. Olu gunyaziso lunika uhlolo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuneziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi.
Iintsebenziswano ezikhoyo kunye noHlaziyo lweZiko
Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla inikela imimiselo efuna utshintsho olubanzi lweziko ukuze kulungiswe ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko. Le miyalelo isenokufuna ukuba kubekho amazwe okuguqula iinkqubo zentolongo, ukuhlaziywa kweesithili zesikolo, okanye iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ezigqithisileyo. Ngoxa imimiselo yempikiswano, izakhiwo zimela izixhobo ezinamandla zokuzalisekisa izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko xa abanye abadlali bakarhulumente bengasasebenzisanga ngokuzithandela.
Amatyala okukhetha alandela iBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo imisela le ndlela. Iinkundla zakhupha imiyalelo eneenkcukacha efuna ukuba izikolo ziphelise imimandla ekhetha ubuhlanga, maxa wambi zichaze izicwangciso zesabelo sabafundi, amalungiselelo ezithuthi, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yeziko. Le mithetho yezomthetho yasebenzisa isiqinisekiso esifanayo sokhuselo lwe 144th Dempmentment kwinkcazo enzima evela kurhulumente nakumagosa asekuhlaleni.
Impembelelo kubomi bemihla ngemihla: Ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko okusebenzayo
Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezininzi, ngokufuthi ezingabonakaliyo kubemi abangenelwayo kwinkxaso yabo. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo ziluncedo kubonisa indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni efana nayo eqinisekile ngayo.
Ukunika Amalungelo Nokuthatha Inxaxheba
Izilungiso ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota, yaye ukuphunyezwa kwazo kuye kwaguqula ulawulo-mkhethe lwaseMelika. UMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesihlanu walwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti, uMphengululo weshumi elinesithoba wanika amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa, uHlomelo-Maphu mabini-Fourth LoMmiselo loPhinda isiphelise irhafu yovolo, kwaza ukuhla koMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-20 weSindululo watho watho wathoba ishumi elinesibhozo wathoba isigaba sokuvota.
Ezi zindululo zichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla xa abemi bethabatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Iinkqubo zokubhalisa, ukwenziwa komvolo, uphando, kunye nolawulo lonyulo zonke ezibonakalisa iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko. Amagosa okhetho kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zokubhalisa azicalula, ukuba iindawo zokuvota zinokufumaneka kubavoti abaneziphene, kwaye uncedo lolwimi lukhona kubavoti abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi. Ezi ndawo zokuhlala zisebenza ziphumeza ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota.
Ukuphunyezwa kokuhlaziywa kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwafuna ulawulo oluxhaswe ngurhulumente kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. UmThetho wokuBonga amalungelo wasungula iindlela zokuhlola urhulumente zonyulo, kwaye iSebe leMithetho yeJaji lihlola iinguqu zomthetho wonyulo kwimicimbi yocalulo. Le nkqubo iqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota ahlala enentsingiselo phezu kwayo nje imigudu ekhutshwayo yokumisela ukufikelela kulowo uvoteli.
Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe
IsiHlanu, isiHlanu, isiThathu nesi-8h IsiHlanziso simisela ukukhusela okubalulekileyo kwabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwabo kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amagosa asepoliseni kufuneka afumane imvume ngaphambi kokuphendla, abatshutshisi bamele bangqine ukuba banetyala ngokungaphaya kobusengqiqweni, abamangalelwa bafumane icebiso elimiselweyo ukuba abanamali, yaye iinkundla azinakukwazi ukukhupha isigwebo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga.
Ezi mfuneko zomgaqo-siseko zichaphazela ukunxibelelana kwabemi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Xa amapolisa efunda izilumkiso zeMiranda, azalisekisa ukhuseleko loMmiselo weSihlanu ekuzichaseni. Xa abagwebi bebukhupha ngokungekho mthethweni ubungqina obufunyenweyo, banyanzelisa umgaqo-siseko wokuHlaziyiswa kweSine ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Xa abakhuseli boluntu bemela abamangalelwayo abangoomthetho, baphumeza isiqinisekiso seSithandathu soMmiselo-Gaqo-siseko.
Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kufuna uqeqesho oluphangaleleyo kumagosa asebenza ngomthetho, abatshutshisi nabagwebi. Izikolo zamapolisa zifundisa imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko yokuphengulula nokuxhuzula, iiofisi zabatshutshisi ziphuhlisa iinkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye iinkqubo zemfundo zezemfundo zithetha ngeemfundiso ezigqwethekileyo zomgaqo-siseko. Olu qeqesho luguqulela imigaqo yemigaqo-siseko kwizenzo zobugcisa.
Amalungelo asekuhlaleni nokhuseleko olulinganayo
IsiHlamlisi se-14 se-Aumedial Protection Claus sibangele imigudu emikhulu yokuzalisekisa imigaqo elawula ucalucalulo kwimfundo, emsebenzini, kwizindlu, nakwizindlu zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba uzalwe okanye ulawulwa ngumthetho wendalo eUnited States, kwaye uphantsi kolawulo lwaso, ungummi. Ama-United States kufuneka anikele inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho, kwaye akanakuwasusa amalungelo angundoqo ngaphandle kokulandela imithetho esemthethweni. Yiyona ndawo ilawula, ilawula amatyala amalunga namalungelo abantu, ikhethe, kwaye asebenzisa uBhili-Rhobe Wamalungelo amaninzi kumazwe.
Abahlali bafumana ukuphunyezwa okulinganayo kokhuseleko xa abaqeshi belandela iinkqubo ezichasene nocalucalulo, xa izikolo zinika amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga okanye ubufanasini, xa abaqeshi bezindlu bengenakulandula abaqeshi abahlala kwizakhiwo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo, naxa iinkonzo zikarhulumente zinikezelwa ngaphandle kocalucalulo. Ezi zikhuselwa mihla le zibonisa ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-siseko ngemithetho, ngomthetho, nangomthetho.
Ukuphunyezwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kuye kwafuna ukuba kuveliswe amaziko olawulo ukuphanda izikhalazo zocalucalulo, ukuseka imigaqo engokwasemthethweni yokungqina ucalulo, ukuphuhlisa unyango lwamaxhoba, nokufundisa uluntu ngamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Oku kuphuhliswa kusebenza ngendlela efanayo kwenza ukhuseleko olungaphezulu komgaqo ongenakuchazwa ngezantsi.
Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho
Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wokuqala wenkululeko yokuthetha luchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwiimeko ezininzi. Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke bangathetha ngemicimbi exhalabisa abantu ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, abafundi banokuvakalisa iimbono zezopolitiko kwizikolo (ngokungeyomida), abaqhankqalazi banokubonakalisa kwimicimbi yoluntu, kwaye abemi banokugxeka amagosa karhulumente ngaphandle kokohlwaywa.
Ukusetyenziswa koMphetho-nkqubo Wokuqala kubandakanya amagosa karhulumente ukuba aqonde imiqathango yegunya lawo. Abalawuli bezikolo kufuneka bazi xa benokwahlula intetho yabafundi, amapolisa kufuneka abangele izikhalazo zoxolo ngoxa egcina ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, kwaye abaqeshi bakarhulumente kufuneka bahlule phakathi kwentetho ekhuselekileyo nokungakhuselwa. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho, ukhokelo olusemthethweni, kunye nezigwebo zokugweba zinika izigqibo zezi zigqibo zemihla ngemihla zokuzalisekisa.
UHlomelo lokuqala lukwachaphazela iinkqubo zikarhulumente malunga nee-fom zoluntu, imiqathango esekelwe kwimiqathango yexesha, nemimiselo yeendawo yeendawo. Izixeko kufuneka zivumele imiboniso kwiipaki zikawonke-wonke, amathala eencwadi kufuneka anikezele ngokulinganayo kumagumbi okuhlangana kungakhathaliseki ukuba anjani na, kwaye iiyunivesithi kufuneka zikhusele inkululeko yemfundo. Ezi nkqubo ziluncedo zisebenzisa imigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kwiindawo apho abemi basebenzisa amalungelo abo achazayo.
Amalungelo Empahla Nenkululeko Yezoqoqosho
Ukuthatha kweSihlaziyo sesihlanu u-Clausspease kufuna ukuba urhulumente anikele imbuyekezo yokuthatha indawo yabucala ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke. Olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko luchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla xa urhulumente eqhuba ummandla ophambili weendlela, izikolo, iipaki, okanye ezinye iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke. Abanini bempahla bafumana imbuyiselo yelahleko yabo, kwaye urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba athathe impahla.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yokukhusela kubandakanya iinkqubo zokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso elifanelekileyo lentengiso, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala ukuze kucelwe ucelomngeni lokuthatyathwa, nokuncitshiswa kwemali yembuyekezo. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisela iinkqubo zokulawula ulawulo oluphambili oluhambelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko, kwaye abanini-mpahla banokucel
Ucelomngeni ekusetyenzisweni komGaqo-siseko
Phezu kwazo nje iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuzalisekisa, utshintsho olusemgceni lujamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi ekusebenzeni ngokupheleleyo ebomini bemihla ngemihla.
Ukuchasa nokunganikezeli
Abadlali bakarhulumente maxa wambi bayakuphepha ukusebenzisa izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi xa kulungiswa ucelomngeni loqheliselo okanye izicwangciso zobupolitika. Ukuchasa isikolo ngokulandela iBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ibonakalisa le nto. Amazwe aseMazantsi asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphepha ukuhambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukuvala izikolo zikawonke wonke, ukwenza iinkqubo zokuxhasa isikolo, nokubandakanyeka kwintlawulo ephambili.
Ukoyisa ukuxhathisa kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukungenelela kwetyala, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Urhulumente wengingqi wathumela imikhosi ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yokuphelisa intlalo-ntle, iinkundla zakhupha imimiselo ecwangcisiweyo, kunye neNkomfa iphumeze imithetho eyomeleza ubuchule bokusebenza komsebenzi. Lo mgudu wokusebenza owenziwa ngamaxesha amaninzi ekugqibeleni waphumelela ukuxhathisa, nangona le nkqubo yathabatha amashumi eminyaka yaye ihlala ingaphelelanga kwiinkalo ezithile.
Izilondolozi Zikavimba
Ukusetyenziswa kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuna oovimba ababalulekileyo, ukhuthazo lweenkqubo zoqeqesho, abasebenzi boomasebe, ubugcisa bokuhlola ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye neenkonzo zomthetho zokunyanzelisa amalungelo. Ukuthintelwa kwezibonelelo kunokuthintela ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo, ingakumbi kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni apho uqingqo-mali luqinileyo kwaye lukhuphisana.
UMthetho-Ngqongqo weSithandathu unelungelo lokunika icebiso, umzekelo, ufuna amagqwetha abamangalelwa abangenalugcwaba. Noko ke, iinkqubo zokukhusela uwonke wonke zisoloko ziphantsi kwemiqathango emininzi, nto leyo ephumela ekuthwaleni kwetyala elininzi, ekuncipheni okungangenekiyo, nasekubekeni imelo eligqwethekileyo. Lo msantsa wemali unciphisa ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-siseko, ubangela ukuqhawuka kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo.
Iimpikiswano Ezinokuqondwa
Ulwimi lomGaqo-siseko lusoloko ludida, kwaye abantu abanolwazelelelo abavumelani ngentsingiselo yalo. Ezi mpikiswano zicacisayo zibangela ukuba kuphunyezwe ukungaqiniseki ngokuyila iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Luluphi umgangatho wokuhlola olusebenza kulwahlulo oluthile? Kunini xa intetho iphulukana nokhuseleko loMmiselo Wokuqala? Yiyiphi inkqubo e "ngexesha" kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo?
Iinkundla zicombulula ezi mpikiswano ngokutolika umGaqo-siseko, kodwa izigqibo zogwebo zinokungacaci, ziphikisana, okanye zibekwe phantsi kokuzihlaziya. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisenokuchaza imizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokwahlukileyo, zidala izahlulo zesiphaluka ezivelisa ukuphunyezwa okungahambelaniyo ngaphaya kwemithetho. Oku kudida abadlali bakarhulumente abazama ukuhambisana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko kunye nabemi bezama ukuqonda amalungelo abo.
Ukutshintsha imo yentlalo
Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ezifunyenwe ngexesha elinye mazisetyenziswe kwimigaqo eyahlukene kakhulu yentlalo, yezobugcisa, neyezoqoqosho. Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, okwamkelwa ngo-1791, ngoku lusebenza kwizixhobo zamanani, uthungelwano lwe-elektroniki, kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola obuntsonkothileyo abanokungakwazi ukucinga. Ukufakela imigaqo yesiseko yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kwimo-mbini-ntla-phambili efuna utoliko kunye nobuchule.
Iinkundla nabenzi bemithetho kufuneka bamisele indlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha. Ngaba uHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela inkcazelo yendawo yeselfowuni? Ngaba imigaqo yokuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala ilawula amaqonga oluntu? Ngaba uLawulo lweNkqutyana yeMiqathango ye-145 lufuna ukuba kubekho imicimbi efuna ukonakalisa umgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezikude ekukhutshweni kwawo kwasekuqaleni.
Indima Yoluntu Lokuzalisekisa
Nangona amaziko karhulumente enembopheleleko yokusebenzisa iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko, imibutho yoluntu yenza indima ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa. Le mibutho ifundisa abemi ngamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ikhuthaza ukuphunyezwa okuphumelelayo, inikela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni kwabo bafumana amalungelo, kwaye iqwalasela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
Ukhuthuzo lukawonke-wonke
Imibutho yamalungelo abantu, amaqumrhu anikela uncedo ngoluntu, kunye namaqumrhu oncedo lomthetho azisa ukuvavanywa kokuchaswa komgaqo-siseko. Le mibutho ichaza ukwaphulwa kwenkqubo, ukuphuhliswa kwamaqhinga, ukusetyenziswa kwamatyala, nokulandela amatyala kwiinkundla ezichaza imizekelo elungileyo. Inkxalabo yoluntu iye yanyanzela ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko, ukususela esikolweni ukuya kulingana kumalungelo omtshato ukuya kukhuselwa ekuvotelweni.
Imibutho efana neSigqeba seLiberties Union saseMerika, iNaACP Legal Defense, kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo obuchule bokuxhasa umgaqo-siseko aye ayila ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko ngokucaciswa. Imigudu yawo imisele imizekelo ebalulekileyo, imigaqo karhulumente enyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olwandisiweyo. Olu hlomelo lokwandiswa komthetho-siseko luqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ahlala enentsingiselo.
Imfundo kawonke-wonke nokulumkiswa
Imibutho yamakhaya ifundisa abemi ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokuphunyezwa komgaqo-siseko. Ipapasha izikhokelo ezichaza ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko, iqhubele iinkqubo zokuqeqesha amalungu ebutho, ibonelele abantu abafuna ukuqinisa amalungelo abo. Le misebenzi yemfundo inika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ekuzalisekiseni umGaqo-siseko ngokuqonda nangokufuna amalungelo abo.
Ukwazi amalungelo akho, iindawo zokusebenzela zoluntu, kunye nezixhobo zolwazi lukawonke-wonke kunceda uvalelo lwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqonda uluntu. Xa abemi bewazi amalungelo abo, bangawaqonda kakuhle amalungelo abo, bafune amayeza, baze bagcine abadlali bakarhulumente benoxanduva. Oku komeleza ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko ngokudala imfuneko yokuthotyelwa nokuchaswa kwemithetho.
Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo
Imibutho yolawulo isebenza ukuphucula ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko ngokumisela utshintsho lwenkqubo, ukuphembelela utshintsho lwemithetho, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Inikela amagqabaza kwimimiselo ecetyisiweyo, ingqinelana neemvo zowiso-mthetho, iphuhlisa iinkqubo zemodeli zokufumana ulwamkelo lorhulumente. Oku kubumba iinkqubo ezisemthethweni nezilawulayo ezizalisekisa ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko.
Imibutho ijonge ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho karhulumente kunye nokuphunyezwa koxwebhu. Ipapasha ingxelo ebhenca ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, iqhuba uphando olutyhila iingxaki zenkqubo, ize isebenzise ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba ukunyanzela abadlali bakarhulumente ukuba baphucule ukuphunyezwa. Lo msebenzi wokwenza inkcazo yomthetho wokunyanzelisa nokukhuthaza ukuthobela umGaqo-siseko.
Ubuchule Bokusebenza Kwale Mihla
Uphuhliso lobugcisa ludala ucelomngeni olutsha namathuba okusebenzisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ubugcisa bamanani buchaphazela indlela asetyenziswa ngayo amalungelo, indlela ophulwa ngayo, nendlela ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi okujongwa ngayo nokunyanzeliswa ngayo.
Amalungelo amanani nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko
Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ezivunywe ngaphambi kokuba isizukulwana samanani sisetyenziswe ngokwezimo ezibandakanya iicell phone, i-media yentlalo-ntle, ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ubukrelekrele obungeyonyaniso, kunye nezinye iiteknoloji. Iinkundla kunye nabenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo baxambulisana nemibuzo ngendlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko esebenza ngayo kwimo-nkqubo yamanani. Ingaba ukufunda ii-imeyili kufuna isiqinisekiso? Ingaba amapolisa anokufumana i-cell phofums ? Ngaba amaqonga olwazi onxibelelwano olunolwazi olunolwazi olunolwazi olunoGando-Mnyuselo lokuqala?
Ukusebenzisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kumanani kufuneka kuphuhlise iimfundiso ezintsha, ukuhlaziya imimiselo, kunye nokwenza imimiselo ethetha ngezinto zobugcisa. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka kwaye ithanda iingxabano, ikhuthaza iinjongo ezikhuphisanayo, ikhuthaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Abameli bobuqu bafuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lomgaqo-siseko ukuze bafumane ulwazi lwezi nkcukacha, ngoxa abameli bomthetho befuna ukufumana ubungqina bemiqathango. Ukulungelelanisa ezi zilangazelelo ngoxa behlala bethembekile kwimigaqo yesiseko kuphumeza imigudu.
Unyanzeliso lobuxhakaxhaka olunyanzelweyo
Ubugcisa bukwanikezela ngezixhobo ezintsha zokusebenzisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zokungacalucalulo, iikhamera zomzimba zingachaza indlela amapolisa asebenza ngayo, iinkqubo zokugcina izithuba ze-elektroniki zinokuphucula ukufikelela kwiinkundla, kwaye imigangatho ye-intanethi inokwenza abantu bangenelele ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinokuqinisa ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko ngokuphucula uphando, ukunyanzelisa nokufikelela konyango.
Noko ke, ukunyanzeliswa kobuchule bokwandiswa komthetho-siseko kunyusa inkxalabo yayo. Ubugcisa bokusebenza ngokusuk-ethekileyo bungaphazamisa amalungelo obuqu, ukwenza izigqibo zemithetho-siseko kusenokukhuthaza ucalucalulo, kwaye ukwahlulwa kwamanani kungenza ufikelelo olungafaniyo kumalungelo. Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko olungelelanisiweyo kwixesha lamanani kufuna ukusingatha onke amathuba nomngcipheko obuwunikayo ubugcisa.
Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuhlaziywa Okungqalileyo Kwezigwebo
Ukuhlolisisa utshintsho olungqalileyo kubonisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko eziguqula umbhalo ube yinto yokwenene.
IsiHlayiso Seshumi Elinantathu: Ubukhoboka Obukhuthazayo
Ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo abukho mthethweni eUnited States, ngaphandle kokuba kusisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuqinisekiswa. Ukuphunyezwa koMthetho ohlaziyiweyo we-13 kwakufuna kungekuphela nje ukuphelisa ulungiselelo lobukhoboka kodwa kwanokuluphelisa ulawulo lwalo nokuthintela iindlela ezintsha zobukhoboka obungenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yangaphambili yamalungelo abantu, ukudluliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu, ukutshutshiswa kwabantu abazama ukulondoloza iimeko ezifana nezobukhoboka, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokulungisa imisebenzi yokusebenza entolongweni. Ukungasohlwaywa kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwadala iingxoxo zale mihla malunga nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentolongo, ezibonisa indlela ukuvelisa imingeni okuqhubekeka ngayo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe- 150 emva kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa
Isiqinisekiso seSinyuso seshumi elinesithoba sesiqinisekiso sokuba amalungelo okuvota akanakukhanyelwa ngenxa yemigudu yokuzalisekisa iintlobano zesini. Ama-odolo kwakufuneka ahlaziye imithetho yonyulo, inkqubo yokuvota, amagosa onyulo, kunye nokuchasa kwamagosa achaseneyo nomthetho wamabhinqa. Ukufakelwa bekungalungelelani, namanye amazwe ayevumelana ngokukhawuleza xa amanye elibala okanye edala imiqobo.
Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sokulungisa kwakhona kwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobungakanani bayo. Ingaba iyakuthintela kuphela imiqathango ecacileyo esekelwe kwisondo ekuvoteni, okanye ngaba ikwayimiqathango ekwakusetyenziswa kuyo into yokuba irhoxiswe ngokungenakulinganiswa namabhinqa? Iinkundla kunye namaqumrhu okunyanzela aphendule le mibuzo kumashumi eminyaka okutolikwa nokunyanzeliswa, ngokuthe ngcembe yandisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zokulungisa.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu:
Xa uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwesiHlaliso se-Squath lwehlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya kumashumi asibhozo ngowe-1971, ukuphunyezwa kwafuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, olubanzi kwiinkqubo zonyulo. Ama-odoli kwafuneka ahlaziye iziseko zobhaliso zovoti, izinto zokuhlaziya unyulo, abasebenzi bokhetho, kwaye baqhubele phambili abavoti abatsha abafanelekileyo. Oku kuzalisekiswa kugudileyo kwabonakalisa zombini ululwimi olucacileyo kunye nenkqubela yezopolitiko esemva kwamalungelo olutsha okuvota.
Noko ke, kwavela imingeni yokuzalisekisa imibandela ephathelele ukuvota kwabafundi. Amanye amagunya adala imiqobo kubafundi basekholeji abavota kuluntu lwasekholeji, kuphakanyiswa imibuzo malunga neemfuno zokuhlala kunye nokuchonga. Imigudu eqhubekayo yokunyanzelisa ithetha ngezi ngxaki zokuzalisekisa, iqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso sovota solutsha siyinto eyenzekayo.
Imbono yehlabathi ngokuzalisekiswa komGaqo-siseko
Ukuhlolisisa indlela amanye amazwe asebenzisa ngayo utshintsho lomgaqo - siseko kunceda ekuqondeni imisebenzi yaseMerika. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo - siseko zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa, zinikela izifundo zokuphucula ukwenziwa komgaqo - siseko waseUnited States.
Amanye amazwe amisela iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zomGaqo-siseko ezinegunya elipheleleyo kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko, ezinokuthi zinikeze ingcaciso egqwethekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwenkqubo yezolawulo jikelele eUnited States kunenkqubo yeenkundla ezilawulayo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuzalisekisa umthetho phambi kokuba amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko asebenze, abangele iinkqubo ezitsha zobuchule obungakumbi. Sekunjalo amanye asebenzisa imibutho exhasa umGaqo-siseko ehlola umthetho wokuthobelana komgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokumiswa, ethintela ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko kunokuba awulungise emva kokuba kusenzeke.
Le mbono ithelekisa ichaza utshintsho olunokwenzeka ekuphunyezweni komgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ubuchule obukhethekileyo bomGaqo-siseko, uhlolo-nkqubo olusebenza ngokulandelelana, kunye nocwangciso lokusebenza olucwangcisiweyo lungaqinisa indlela iUnited States eguqulela ngayo utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kwizinto zemihla ngemihla. Noko ke, naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lubangele iinkalo ezahlukileyo zomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, kuquka urhulumente, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, kunye nezithethe zokuhlola ikomiti.
Ikamva lokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko
Njengoko ibutho lamaMerika liqhubeka licotha, ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko kuza kujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba. Iinguqu zobugcisa, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, iinguqulelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nentlalo ezifuna iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa imiqathango.
Ukudibanisa amalungelo nophuhliso lomGaqo-siseko
Utshintsho oluzayo lomgaqo-siseko lungathetha ngamalungelo namathuba akhoyo. Ukulungisa inkxaso-mali yephulo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, amalungelo obuqu okanye ukwakhiwa korhulumente kuya kufuna ukuba kuveliswe izakhiwo ezintsha zokuzalisekisa. Ukufunda kumava angaphambili okulungisa ikamva kungenziwa njani kwaye kuphunyezwe.
Nangaphandle kokutshintshwa okutsha, ukuchazwa okugqwethiweyo kwamalungiselelo akhoyo omgaqo-siseko kuza kufuna utshintsho. Njengoko iinkundla ziqaphela ukusetyenziswa okutsha kwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko okanye ukuhlaziywa kweemfundiso ezikhoyo, abadlali bakarhulumente kufuneka balungise imisebenzi yabo ngokuhambelana noko. Le nkqubo yokuzalisekisa iyaqhubeka iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lusafuneka kwiingxaki zangoku.
Ukuphucula Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Izixhobo
Ukuqinisa ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko kufuna ukuhlangabezana nokungabi nangqiqo kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuphucula okusenokuba kubandakanya ukuxhaswa kwemali kwabameli abanyanzelisayo, uqeqesho olungakumbi kumagosa aseburhulumenteni, ukulungelelaniswa okungcono phakathi kwamaziko, unyango olunamandla lokwaphula umthetho, kunye nemfundo yoluntu ephumelelayo ngamalungelo omGaqo-siseko.
Ubugcisa bunika amathuba okuphucula uphunyezo ngokuqokelela ulwazi olungcono, ukunyanzelisa ukuphunyezwa komthetho, ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kwabadlali. Kodwa ke, izicombululo zobugcisa kufuneka zenzelwe ubuchule ukuze kupheliswe iingxaki ezintsha zomgaqo-siseko ngoxa kucocwa ezikhoyo.
Ubandakanyeko lwe-CPF neNkcubeko yoMgaqo-siseko
Ekugqibeleni, ukuphunyezwa komGaqo-siseko okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko eqinileyo yenkcubeko ngezantsi ngokubhekiselele kwimigaqo-siseko, ukuqondwa okusasazekileyo kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, nokukulungela ukuphendula kwabadlali boburhulumente beqela. Ukuqinisa le nkcubeko yezomGaqo-siseko kufuna imfundo yesoluntu, ukuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi, nemikhwa ekhuthaza imigaqo-siseko.
Izikolo, imibutho yamajelo eendaba, imibutho yamaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente konke oku kunegalelo kwinkcubeko yezomGaqo-siseko. Xa la maziko efundisa ngokunempumelelo ngemigaqo-siseko, enceda abemi ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle, nokuthobela umGaqo-siseko, oko kuqinisa isiseko sokuzalisekisa okuphumelelayo. Ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kuba nentsingiselo kungekuphela nje ngesenzo sikarhulumente kodwa ngokuzibophelela ngokumanyana kwimigaqo-siseko.
Isiphelo: Ukusuka Kwisikhumba Ukuya Kwindlela Yokuqhelisela
Uhambo olusuka ekulungisweni komgaqo-siseko ukuya ekuphunyezweni kwemihla ngemihla lunzima, lubandakanya amaziko amaninzi karhulumente, abadlali abahlukeneyo, kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo oqhubekayo. Abantu baseMerika baye basebenzisa le nkqubo yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko ngokudibanisa iBhili yamaLungelo, ukuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukuthembisa inkululeko nokulingana, kunye nokwandisa ilungelo lokuvota amabhinqa namaMerika aseAfrika. Noko ke, ukuqhatha kumele isiqalo senkqubo yokuguqula.
Ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kufuna umthetho wombutho oguqulela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziziinkcukacha, imibutho elawulayo ephuhlisa imimiselo kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa, iinkundla zitolika ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko zize zinike iingxelo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bevumela imithetho nemisebenzi yabo ivumelane nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, nemibutho yoluntu exhasa amalungelo nokuthotyelwa kweliso. Le nkqubo yokuphunyezwa okuzinziswayo okuzinzileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ukulungisa komGaqo-siseko kulungiseka ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngendlela enenjongo.
Imingeni yokuzalisekisa ibalulekile-------ukungavumelani nabadlali boburhulumente, imiqathango yoovimba, iimbambano ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokulungisa imeko-bume yentlalo yonke yenza kube nzima ukwenza imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ibe yeyona nto iluncedo. Kodwa phezu kwale mingeni, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika iphumele ngokunempumelelo ukuphunyezwa kokuguquka okungaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ngokusisiseko ukuguqula ulawulo nokwandisa amalungelo.
Ukuqonda ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-siseko kukhanyisa indlela esebenzayo yomthetho-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko asilulo uxwebhu nje olungokwembali kodwa luyinkqubo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba ubomi bamaMelika ngemigudu eqhubekayo yokuzalisekisa. Njengoko ibutho liguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, inkqubo yokuzalisekisa iyavumelana, iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ihlala ifanelekile kwaye inyanzelekile.
Kubemi, iinkqubo zokuzalisekisa ulwakhiwo lwengqiqo zinika amandla angakumbi okuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Ukwazi indlela eziphunyezwa ngayo izilungiso, ezo zithwalisa iimbopheleleko, nendlela yokuqinisekisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwenza abemi bafumane ityala likarhulumente kwaye baqinisekise ukuba izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko ziluncedo. Izindululo zomGaqo-siseko zibalulekile kungekhona nje njengemigaqo engekho ngqiqweni kodwa njengemigaqo enyanzelekileyo ebumba amava emihla ngemihla, ukusukela ekuvotelweni kokhetho ukuze bafumane ngokukhululekileyo kwiinkundla ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufumana unyango olufanelekileyo kwintlanganiso.
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzalisekisa umGaqo-siseko usikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko ifuna umgudu oqhubekayo, ukuphaphazela, nokuzibophelela. IziHlanziso azizizalisekisi; zifuna amagosa karhulumente azinikeleyo, abemi abazahlulele, abameli abalumkileyo, kunye namaqumrhu asebenzayo. Ngokuqonda nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuzalisekisa, amaMerika anokuba nceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kuzalisekisa amandla awo okuguqula, okwenza izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko zibe zokwenene kubo bonke abantu.
Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nenkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, tyelela ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe . Ukufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yawo esebenzayo, ubuchule bobugosa bobugosa besizwe .