Isiseko sembali sokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788 nowaphumelela ngowe-1789, wazalwa kwiintsilelo zamanqaku oBurhulumente kunye namava olawulo lwamarhamncwa phantsi koMlawuli waseBritane. Abalawuli, kuquka uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington, babexhalabele kakhulu ukuthintela ukubekwa kwamandla akhokelela ekulawuleni abantu eYurophu. Bayila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukwahlulwa kwamandla, kwaye babala amalungelo akha isiseko senkululeko yaseMerika. Ukuqonda lo mbandela wembali kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko njengangoko usenzayo. Uxwebhu alwamkelo alunikezi amalungelo abantu abantu; kunoko, luwamkela amalungelo emvelo aphezulu nolawulo lukarhulumente oluphezulu, olunempembelelo kakhulu kwemfundo yemfundo eNtshonanee, njengee-Prence, kunye neN.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Inqanda Ukufikelela Ngokugqithisileyo Kurhulumente

Nangona umGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawunemiqathango elishumi, eyaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, egunyazisiweyo ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iCandelo 9), iAnti-Federalists zafuna isiqinisekiso esicacileyo samalungelo njengemeko yokudityaniswa. Isiphumo yaba yimiqathango yokuqala elishumi, eyaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, egunyazisiweyo ngoDisemba 15, 1791. Le miqathango imisela ngokuthe ngqo amandla orhulumente kwaye, ngeMbutho we-14th Demendementmentation’s Procesment Clausces, iye yafumana imvume yokusebenza kurhulumente ngokufanayo. Umthetho wamaLungelo ayizange ibe luludwe olupheleleyo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ikhorali Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

ISinyuso sokuQala silela ukubeka nawuphi na umthetho “ukumiswa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba lulungise izityholo. [[5] Le mithetho ijonge ukupheliswa kwemiqathango. [[5] Le nkundla imele ukuba ithethe izihlandlo ezihlanu ezithe ncam: unqulo (kunye ukumiswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Free Expression Clauslee), intetho, ingqungqungquthela, kunye nokucenga. Ngokufuzenziswa kakhulu, iNkutsho iNku iNkundla ePhakamileyo isithi ingqina ukuba intetho ethile ivulekele ukuchana kwentetho (Branburg b.Ounia).[4], kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-Elk) izikolo ezininzi ze-Elthorignome.[4]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Umntu Ngamnye Unelungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISiphendu sesibini sisithi: “Isigqibo esilawulwa kakuhle seNkundla enguMilitia, esiyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, asiyi kuphazanyiswa.” Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, intsingiselo yayo yaphikiswa. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iDithention of Columbia v. [[FOLT] [[FOLD]] V, [2001] [2001] [ilungelo lokuthwala iimpuku] [iindawo eninzi esemthethweni], ithetha ukuba inelungelo lokufumana izibhamvolo, njengendlela yokuzimela yeququququ, engekhoyo kwiNkuqela lee. Ngokunganye i-Afukunye iyaqhubeka i-Rhovers, ingumphal i-Rhover i-evoss, inguevidet ye-Roff.[124] kwimin yeming) inguquast proful yemis, ingumphant, ingulogowu

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukuzifihla Nokukhuselwa Kuphando Olungekho ngqiqweni

Ulawulo lwesine Isichibiyeli luchasene “nophando olungenangqiqo kunye nokuxhuzula” kwaye lufuna ukuba imfuneko ixhaswe ngokunokwenzeka yisizathu kwaye ichaze indawo yokukhangelwa kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Embindini wayo, ukupheliswa kukhusela ukulindela ukuba imicimbi yezobuqu abantu abakulungeleyo ukuyiqonda njengesengqiqweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise olu khuselo kumongo wangoku: umzekelo, [[FLT:] kumzekelo, kunyuso lwe-[FLT]] kar.[FLT] v.[FT] [197] [197], iNkuqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla ithetha ukuba incoko yomntu ekwindlu yocingo ikhuselekile, ikhuselekile, ingenawo ulwaphulo-mthetho.[4] Ikho kunikezelo olukhoyo kumphandleko olungekho mthethweni. [[4]

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efunekayo, ukuzithethelela, noNkqongo

IsiHlahlo seNkqutyana siqulethe iindidi ezahlukileyo zokhuseleko: ukugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubini (ngaphandle kwetyala lomkhosi); ukukhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo; ilungelo elichasene nokunyanzelwa ukuba ungabikho; ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubela-phambili phambi kokuhluthwa kobomi, okanye impahla; nemfuneko yokuba impahla yangasese ingathathiswanga indleko yasekunene ngaphandle kokungahlawulwa nje kuphela. I-'unirgrand'unia''''iyaziwa kakuhle kumalungelo akhethekileyo. [[FLT] [12] [196], nto leyo evumela ukuba kuxelwe ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuzimela i-okanye yokukhusela, i-'intergistration', i-ethe , ngexesha elingunyaka-192004], ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwemeko eninzi yemali. [imvume egunyazwe ligunyazwe lilonke, i-Geneempepheka yemeko yoncedo yemali, i-ethe yoncedo elingulonke, i-Fraclast, ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwe

UMthetho Wesithandathu: Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Abo Bamangalelwayo

IsiHlazo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba unelungelo lokufumana amangqina alungileyo; nelungelo lokufumana uncedo lwetyala elingokwasemthethweni lokukhusela uluntu. Ilungelo lokunika ityala elo likhulu linyuswe kakhulu [[FLT: 0] IGideon v. Wainright[[FLT:] [1963]), elimele ukunyanzeleka ukuba kufumane amangqina alungileyo; nelungelo lokufumana amagqwetha asemthethweni kwityala afanelekileyo. Ilungelo lokufumana uncedo lwezigwebo ezimandleni ezinxaxweni ezingalunganga. Ilungelo lokunika uncedo olusemthethweni liqinisekisa ukuba abagqwebi abanqamuki be-ezelele, bangabakhokeli abakhokeli abaphambili, bakhokelela ekulawuleni umthetho obalulekileyo. [[Fog.Fod] [4] kunye nezigwebo ezigunyazi zetyala ezingekho mthethweni]

IziHlayiso Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo

UmGaqo-siseko utshintshiwe kamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, kwaye kamva utshintsho luninzi luye lwanwenwa okanye lwahluzwa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda ezi zilungiso kubalulekile kumfanekiso opheleleyo wezikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko.

I - 13, Ishumi elinesine Ne - 15 Zokuhlaziywa: Uhlaziyo Lokwakhiwa Kwezihlaziyiso

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iSinyuso sokulungisa ngokusisiseko sabuyiselwa komthetho-siseko waseMelika. UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu (1865) lwaphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. UHlaliso lweshumi elinesihlanu (1870) lwachaza ubumi besizwe kwaye lwalela ukuba kungabikho nelungelo okanye ukugawulwa kwabemi, ukuncishwa kwemiqathango, ukunciphiswa komntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho, okanye ukunqanda ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Unyusombululo lweshumi elinesihlanu (1870) lwalela ulawulo lwesizwe norhulumente ukuba angawavumeli ilungelo lokuvota elisekelwe kwibala, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka. Ngokunjalo ulawulo oluphambili phantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphantsi komtshato, u-Rhovisiwe-ocede oluphantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphantsi komthetho womtshato, u-Oficeliwe, u-Fodvoluvoluvoluyeleleka. [12][4][4]

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesi - 19: Umvuzo Wamabhinqa

I-1920, iSinyusi se-199th Amendment salela oorhulumente besizwe nesorhulumente ukuba bangalifuni ilungelo lokuvota ngesizimbo sesondo. Oku kwaba yincopho yomlo othabatha amashumi eminyaka wokulingana kwamabhinqa kwezobupolitika. Inguquko ayizange iqinisekise ukuba onke amabhinqa anemibala anokuvota, kodwa yabeka isiseko esinetyala kumthetho wamalungelo oluntu olandelayo kunye nolwandiso.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko

Ngo-1971, ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwehla iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya ku-18 kulo lonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Isizathu sasisithi abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bamiselwe inkonzo yasemkhosini mababe nesandi ekukhetheni iinkokeli zabo. Oku kulungiswa kwandisa unyulo kwaye kwagxininisa umgaqo wokuba ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika kungumgaqo-siseko ongundoqo.

Indima Yokucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko lungahlala lungekho ngqiqweni ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenza. Ijaji, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, isebenza njengomxhasi wentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko opheleleyo ngamandla ocalucalulo, amiselwe ku ukukhusela kobumngcwabo . [18.1] Xa amatyala abandakanya amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zitolika umbhalo, injongo yantlandlolo, uqheliso lwembali, kunye neemfuno ze-cocial. Le nkqubo yokutolika iguquke kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ikhokelela ekuzingeni ngamandla okuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngaphandle kokuzinziswa kwemithetho.

Inkohliso yeStartics kunye neMyutho-nkqubo ye-Evolution

Iinkundla zilandela umzekelo ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kwemfundiso yokukhangela, kodwa zikwalahla imithetho ephelelwe lixesha xa kukho izizathu ezinyanzelisayo. Umzekelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ilawula ```````' kodwa ilingana'' imfundiso ye Prebsy v. Ferguson [1866]]. Ngokunjalo, uLawnce v. Texas (2003]) kumthetho olawulayo.[FLT] BBBB [12:6] v[FLT] [FLD] [FLT]

Imfundiso Engokwamkeleka: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo EUnited States

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yalunqumla kuphela urhulumente wesizwe. Emva koMphetho-mda we-14, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ngokukhetha amalungiselelo akhethekileyo ngokuchasene namagunya ngenkqubo kaCelas. Kule mihla, phantse zonke iingkhuselo zeBhili yamaLungelo ziye zafakwa, ngaphandle nje kweqaqobana (umz., uMphetho wesiThathu wokuLandli-Mqulu-Mbelo onxamnye namajoni angenawo, imfuneko ezukileyo yeNkqululo yeNtlanu). Le mfundiso iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente, abasondelene kubemi, abanawo amalungelo asisiseko.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kumalungelo OmGaqo-siseko

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko unika ulwakhiwo olunamandla, ubugcisa obutsha kunye neenguqu zentlalo zivavanya imida yawo. Ingxaki enjengeziqu zamanani, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, imithetho yemipu, amalungelo okuzala, nokuvota iyaqhubeka ivelisa ingxubusho kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202]) ukulawulwa . [iiiiindlela] i-Roev. [iiiii] [iiiiiiiiiiinkcukacha] kunye [[FLT] ne-PLT] i-Vaniceltiav], ukubuyisela ukususwa koku kuhla kwemiqathango.

Amalungelo Okufihla Icala Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mva wesine wokhuseleko lwezobuqu lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha kubugcisa bokuhlola, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ngamaqumrhu, kunye nokufumana kukarhulumente ulwazi olukwizimvo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-. Ililey v. California (2014] ikholelwa ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula okuqulethwe yicell phone ebhaqwe ukubamba, ukuvuma ukuba iimfono zale zenza ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu. Ukungapheli ukuphengulula ngokufihlakeleyo, ukuqwala kwe-melwa kobuso, kunye nokujongwa kwezelelwa kwezentlalo-ndaba yasekuhlaleni kuya kuqhubeka ukuguqula intsingiselo ye-ethekie - 21 yenkulungwane ye-21.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yemfundo Yesityalo

Ukufundisa abafundi ngeendlela zokhuseleko zomgaqo-siseko kudlulela ngaphaya kokuphenduliswa kweziko lomgaqo-siseko. Imfundo ephumelelayo yezentlalo-ntle kufuneka ikhuthaze ukucingela ngokunzulu indlela ezi zicwangciso ezisebenza ngayo kwiimeko zeli hlabathi lokwenene. Umzekelo, abafundi bangaqwalasela iimeko ezibandakanya ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ezisezikolweni, ukuphengulula kwamapolisa, okanye ukhetho lwabachopheli-chongi. Ukuqonda umbhalo woMgaqo-siseko osuka kwiNational Archive [[FLT] [FLT: 1] kunye nokuhlolisisa [[FLT]] amatyala aPhakamileyo eencwadi eencwadi e-Congresspolars [[FLT]]

Ukunikela Abafundi Kwimithombo Esisiseko

Ukufunda ngqo umGaqo-siseko kunye neeMaphesenti zoManyano-maqumrhu kunganceda abafundi baqonde iinjongo zabasebenzi besakhelo. Ukudityaniswa kwamaxwebhu embali kunye neembono zale nkundla zibonisa indlela ukutolika komGaqo-siseko okuguquka ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, kuthelekisa indlela uJames Madison aqala ngayo ukuchaza iBhili yamaLungelo nenguqulelo yokugqibela egunyazisiweyo kutyhila ulalaniso kunye neengxoxo ezimalunga nomgangatho wokhuseleko.

Isiphelo

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngenkqubo karhulumente eqingqiweyo elungiselelwe ngenyameko, ebala inkululeko, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho ezimeleyo. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwiSigqibo soLawulo oluNgqongqo lweNkqulu kunye nangaphaya, la malungiselelo aye akhusela izizukulwana zabantu baseMerika ekucinezeleni nasekucinezelweni. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko awululo oluzimeleyo; ukhuseleko lwawo luxhomekeke kubemi abaphaphileyo, abahlonisiweyo, abafundisi-bafundisi, kunye nomthetho wejajikozomthetho ozibophelele ekulondolozeni umthetho. Ngokuqonda amalungiselelo angundoqo anjengewoQoQo lokuqala, wesihlanu, noweSihlanu, kunye noMgalelo-Sithandathu, ngokufanayo nabafundi kunye nabafundisi-bafundisi-lwazi abanokulixabisa bhetele ilifa lomGaqo-siseko, kunye nendima wabo ekulondolozeniseni kwawo iziqinisekiso. Ukuqhubeka kwemfundo kunye nengxoxo yemithetho yoluntu nokuqinisekisa oko kuhlala kwixandukugcinwa kwimi