UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Isiseko Sokuthetha Ngenkululeko

IsiHlanzo Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, simi njengenye yezona zinto zinamandla nezihlala zihleliyo zokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ehlabathini. Ulwimi lwaso lulula ngokukhohlisayo: “Umthetho awuyi kwenza kungabikho... uthintelo lwenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yemiba yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Kodwa la mazwi ambalwa aye aguqula idemokhrasi yaseMerika kangangeerika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini, enika ikhusi kwinto yonke echasene nezobupolitika ebangela ukusungula ubuchule. Ukuqonda indlela umGaqo-siseko okhusela ngayo inkululeko yakho yokuthetha nokuthetha nokuthetha okungalungela kuphela ukubhalwa kwabantu kodwa kwaneengxube yenkcuba yenkcuba yenkcube yenkcubelo.

Abaseki baqonda ukuba iriphabliki esebenzayo ifuna impikiswano enzima. Baye bazibonele ngawabo amehlo iingozi zokuhlola nokulawula intetho phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Ngokuzinzisa ukhuseleko lokuthetha olukhululekileyo kumthetho osisiseko welizwe, baqinisekisa ukuba abemi bangazigxeka iinkokeli zabo, bakhuthaze iinguqulelo, baze babe nenxaxheba kwinkxalabo yabo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umgangatho wokuzikhusela koMphengululo wokuqala, imiqathango yabo, indima yemimiselo yezahlulelo ekuzitolikeni kwazo, nendlela le migaqo esebenza ngayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Oko Kukhuselwa Kukuhlaziywa Kokuqala

UHlomelo Lokuqala lulwalela urhulumente ``ifederal, imo-more,' kunye nokudlulisa imithetho ethintela ukuthetha. Isebenza kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente kwaye idlulela ngaphaya kwesenzo sokoqobo sokuthetha. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba “ubugcisa” buquka ihambo eninzi ecacileyo, kuquka ukubhala, ubugcisa, umculo, umngqungqo, iimpahla, izenzo zokomfuziselo ezifana nokutshisa iflegi, kwanentlobo ezithile zokuthula. Oku kupheliswa akusisiqinisekiso esipheleleyo, kodwa kubangela ukuba kubekho intetheliso enamandla ngokuchasene nogxampyutha kukarhulumente.

Ukukhusela Iindidi Zentetho

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi eziliqela zentetho ezifumana eyona nqanaba liphakamileyo lokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko:

  • Intetho ecacileyo: Le yingcambu yoMgqino wokuqala. Iquka ingxubusho malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba, iinkqubo, unyulo, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Intetho yezobupolitika inikwa eyona khuselekileyo likhulu kuba ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi . Kwanentetho yobuxoki ngomdla wamanani ukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba yenziwe “ngobubi obuqhelekileyo”.
  • [[FLT: 0] Intetho yobukhoma: Ihambo edlulisela umyalezo isoloko iphathwa njengentetho. Imizekelo yemifanekiso iquka ukunxiba ikhaba elimnyama kwimfazwe ( Tinker v. Des Moines), ukutshisa iflegi yaseMelika ( TExas v. Johnson), okanye ukuguqa ngexesha lomhobelo wesizwe. Urhulumente akanakuyithintela ihambo enjalo kuba iphikisana nomyalezo.
  • Intetho yobucukubhede neyoncwadi: IiNovel, iifilimu, iimizobo, umculo, kunye nezinye imisebenzi yokudala zikhuselwe phantsi koMphetho-mda wokuqala. Nangona ubunyhukunyhuku bungakhuselwanga, iinkundla zimisele isiqobo sokuchaza into engamanyala, nto leyo efuna ukuba umsebenzi ungabi nancwadi, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.
  • Intetho evakalayo: [ ukubhengeza kunye nezinye iintengiso zorhwebo zifumana ukhuseleko, kodwa zincinane kunentetho yezobupolitika okanye yobugcisa. Urhulumente angalawula ubhengezo lobuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo kwaye angakwazi ukumisela imithetho kwimisebenzi ethile yezorhwebo, efana nokubhengeza icuba.
  • [[NTLA] Ukuthetha kwimicimbi yoxakeko lukawonke-wonke: Olu didi luquka intetho enxulumene nemibandela yomdla kawonke-wonke, njengempilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye isigwebo sentlalo. Iinkundla zidla ngokunikela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kwintetho enjalo, kwanaxa ithanda ukuxa kuthanda ukuxakiswa okanye kucaphukisa.

Izinto Ezisikelwe Umqathango: Xa Intetho Ingakhuselekanga

Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yazichaza kakuhle iindidi zentetho ezingekho mgaqweni, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba zibangela umonakalo ongaphezulu lee kwexabiso lale ntetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zingafaniyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenzisa amalungelo akhe ngokunenkathalo.

Ukuvuselela Isenzo Esingenamthetho

Intetho ejoliswe ekuvuseleleni okanye ekuphumeleni umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni okufuphi kwaye iqheleke ukwenza njalo ayikhuselwanga. Lo mgangatho uvela kwimeko yophawu lwendalo Brandenburg v.Ohio [1] [1], eyathatha indawo yengozi endala “ecacileyo nekhoyo”. Urhulumente akanakohlwaya ugonyamelo olungaqhelekanga okanye ukwaphula umthetho; kufuneka ibonise ukuba isithethi sizimisele ukuvuselela isenzo esikhawulezileyo kwaye isenzo esinjalo sasinokwenzeka.

I-obcenity

Izinto zomnyaka azikhuselwa yiNkqutyana yokuHlaziya Yokuqala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Miller v. California (1973) yaseka uvavanyo oluthathu: (a) nokuba umntu oqhelekileyo, usebenzisa imilinganiselo yengingqi yengingqi yoluntu, uya kufumana ukuba umsebenzi ukhuthaza umdla ophezulu; (b) nokuba ubonakalisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela egqwethekileyo; kwaye (c) nokuba ayinayo ingcuthetheza enzulu, yezobugcisa, yezobupolitika, okanye yezenzululwazi. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuhlamba kungabi lula ukungqina, kuba izinto ezixabisekileyo zikhuselekile.

Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki

Iingxelo zobuxoki ezonakalisa igama lomntu zingakhokelela kwityala loburhulumente. Noko ke, uGaqo-mvano lokuqala lusikelwe umda kwizenzo zokunyelisa, ingakumbi xa kuqukiwe amanani kawonke-wonke. Phantsi New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]], inani likawonke-wonke kufuneka libonise ukuba ummangalelwa wenza “ubungendawo obuqhelekileyo” Ulwazi lokuba le ngxelo yayibubuxoki okanye yayingakhathalelwanganyani kuyo. Abantu ngabanye kufuneka babonise ukungakhathali kuphela.

Amazwi Okulwa Nezisongelo Zokwenene

Intetho ebangela ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo okanye uqhekeko loxolo ichazwa njenge “magama alwayo” kwaye ayikhuselekanga. Ngokufanayo,“ izisongelo zokwenene”"""", ichaza ukuba umntu onengqondo ungayichaza njengendlela enzulu yokubonisa ugonyamelo, kwaye ayikhuselekanga kuMphengululo wokuqala. Isitshixo sikukuba isithethi kufuneka sizimisele ukoyikisa okanye ukubangela uloyiko; isichazi okanye ubugcisa bezobupolitika zikhuselekile ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ukukhuthaza Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho

UHlomelo Lokuqala aluyikhuseli intetho eyinxalenye yesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, njengokunikela isinyobo, uzungu lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukucela ukuqulunqwa okungekho mthethweni. Urhulumente usenokulawula iindlela ezithile zokuthetha, njengokuchasa amaphepha asemthethweni, ukubukela amanyala abantwana, nokuqhatha, ngaphandle kokuphula umGaqo-siseko.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezitolika Ngayo Inkululeko Yokuthetha: Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo

Ingcaciso yomGaqo-siseko ifutshane, ngoko intsingiselo yokwenene yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo iye yaveliswa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zokutolikwa kwetyala. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakhupha iimbono ezininzi ezicacisa oko kunokwenziwa nguMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala nangawuqukumbeleyo.

Isiseko Sangaphambili

Scheck v. United States (1919), uMahluleli Oliver Wendell Holmes wasungula “ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo”, echaza ukuba kwaneyona ntetho ikhuselekileyo inokuba yindawo yokubeka ingcwaba nesisongelo esikhawulezileyo. Ityala libandakanya ukuchasa ukunyathela umkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi. Inkundla yaxhasa ukunyanzeleka, kodwa kamva uvavanyo lwavela kumgangatho wentetho owenziwe ngomlinganiselo ongaphezulu Brandenburg v.

Ixesha Lanamhlanje Lokhuseleko Olubanzi

Amatyala aliqela phakathi kwama-3535centur andisa ngokuphawulekayo ukhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo:

  • iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba uLawulo Lokuqala lukhusela ukupapashwa kweengxelo zobuxoki ngamagosa kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe ngezona zenzo zobubi. Esi sigqibo sasibalulekile kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, ukuvumela amaphephandaba ukuba agqume izikhalazo kunye nokugxekwa kwamagosa olawulo ngaphandle kokoyika iisuti ezonakalisayo.
  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969]]: INkundla yathi abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo.” Ityala libandakanya abafundi abanxibe iintambo ezimnyama ukuze baqhathe imfazwe yaseVietnam. Umthetho waseka ukuba amagosa esikolo kufuneka abe nesizathu esifanelekileyo sokusohlwaya intetho engaphazamisani nemfundo.
  • Brandenburg v.O. [1969]: INkundla yalurhoxisa ulweyiseko lwenkokeli yeKu Klux Klan yokwenza iintetho ezikrazulayo. Olu vavanyo lutsha lufuna ubungqina bokuba intetho “yayalathiselwa okanye ivelise inyathelo elisondeleyo lokungathobeli mthetho kwaye isenokukhuthaza okanye ivelise isenzo esinjalo.” Olu mgangatho luthintela kakhulu ukukwazi kukarhulumente ukohlwaya intitha okanye uthetha ngenkohlakalo.
  • ISigqibo seKhomishini yoNnyulo [[Federal Instruction:1] (2010): Kwisigqibo esiphikisayo, iNkundla yathi imali exhasweyo yezasasazo ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika ayinakulinganiselwa phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Isigqibo sandisa ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha kwiinkampani nakwiziqumrhu, ivumela ukuchithwa okungenasiphelo kwezopolitiko logama lingadityaniswanga nabaququzeleli.

Iimbambano Ezimandundu: Intetho Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

I-Internet inenkululeko yokuthetha ngendlela engathethekiyo, kodwa iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa uLawulo lokuqala lusebenza kwintetho ye-intanethi (urhulumente akanakuyihlola iposi ye-log okanye i-tweet ngendlela anokuyihlola ngayo iphephandaba), amaqonga azimeleyo afana ne-Facebook, iTwitter, neYouTube angevaniswanga yimiba efana nokuba iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle zingowabotshelelwanga “abadlali abaphezulu” xa bebona ukuba bafanelekile, bafanelekela kuphela kwiimeko zabo zenkonzo kwaye mhlawumbi nemithetho efana neCandelo lika-30 loNklothothotho-Mthetho-Mthetho woXondo, nto leyo ekhusela amaqonga kwimiqatha eentweni abasebenzi. Iinkundla zisebenza kwimibandela enje enoba iinkampani zezentlalo-ndaba zithetha ngokulinganiselayo, nendlela yokusebenzisa imithetho yesithethe nengcuka ka-intanethi.

Enye indawo engalungiswanga ngumthetho wokungaphicothi ulwazi kunye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe kunyulo. Ngelixesha urhulumente esenokuba nomdla onyanzelekileyo ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yabanyuli, nawuphi na umthetho othintelayo ukuthetha kufuneka ulungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye uphephe ukujoliswe kwiimbono ezithile. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokulwa ulwazi lobuxoki nokugcina ingxoxo yomeleleyo ihlala yenye yezona zinto zicinezelayo ezikhululekileyo zonyulo lwexesha lethu.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuthetha Ngenkululeko Yolawulo - melo

Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha asingomthetho nje osemthethweni; ngumgaqo osisiseko oxhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa abemi benako ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, bangabhenca ukunganyaniseki, bakhuthaze utshintsho, baze bagcine amagosa ephendula. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo-lawulo olunegunya lusoloko lukucinezela ukuchasana, ngoxa ulawulo-melo luphumelela kwingxoxo esobala.

Ukunxibelelana Nendawo Yentengiso

Ulungiso oluqhelekileyo lwenkululeko yokuthetha “isifaniso sentengiso sengqiqo”, esidume ngeJaji Holmes ekungavumelani kwayo Abrams v. United States [1919]. Le ngcamango ithi inyaniso isenokuvela kwimpikiswano yeembono eziphikisanayo kunasebugqweni obuqhelekileyo. Kwanolwimi oluphosakeleyo lungavunyelwa kuba lungachatshazelwa ngentetho eninzi, hayi ngentsomi. Lo mgaqo ukhuthaza umahluko wolwazi kwaye uthintela urhulumente ekubeni abe ngumphikisi wenyaniso.

Inkqubela Eqhubekayo Entlalweni

Umbutho ophambili wezentlalo kwimbali yaseMerika ."susela ekupheliseni nasekusebenziseni amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokulingana komtshato) uye waxhomekeka kuMphetho-mvakalo wokuqala ukulungiselela, ukungcenga kunye nokucel ’ umngeni isikhundla esikhoyo. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokuqhankqalaza, yokupapasha, nokubongoza, abaxhasi bemfazwe ngebebengenako ukwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke efunekayo ukuze kufumaneke utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Inkululeko yokuthetha inika amaqela alungelelanisekileyo amandla nokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo awo.

Ukukhuthaza Ubuchule Bobuqu

Ukuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kusemgangathweni wokuzifica. Ukukwazi ukuthetha ingqondo yakho, ukwenza ubugcisa, ukunqula, okanye ukubeka nokuchaza iinkolelo ezingangqinelaniyo kuyimfuneko kwisidima somntu. UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela kungekuphela nje oko kuqulethwe yintetho kodwa kwanelungelo lokukhetha ukungathethi umzekelo, ilungelo lokungavumi ukusho iSifungo sobuGqibo-zonke okanye ukubonakalisa isiqu esigunyaziswe ngurhulumente.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Okusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okuthetha

Ukuqonda indlela ozikhusela ngayo umGaqo-siseko kunokukunceda uthethe ngokuzithemba ngoxa uphepha imigibe. Nazi iingongoma ezibalulekileyo ofanele uzikhumbule:

  • Amalungelo akho okuthetha anamandla kakhulu xa ukwindawo kawonke-wonke, njengendlela, iipaki, kunye nee-profile zikawonke-wonke. Urhulumente ungayimisela “ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela” esengqiqweni imiqathango, ngokomzekelo, ufuna imvume yokuqhankqalaza okukhulu, kodwa akanakuvala ukuthetha ngokusekelwe kwimbono yayo.
  • Abanini-mpahla abazimeleyo, kuquka iivenkile ezinkulu kunye neeplatifomu zezezentlalo-ntle, banokuyivala intetho esemthethweni. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala alukuniki lungelo lokuthetha kwindawo yabucala evulelwe uwonke-wonke (njengevenkile okanye umphako weTwitter) ukuba kukho izinto ezithile kumniniyo.
  • Ukuba ungumsebenzi kawonke wonke, intetho yakho ngemibandela exhalatyiswe nguwonke wonke isenokukhuselwa, kodwa kuphela ukuba uthetha njengommi, kungekhona njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wakho. Urhulumente unokukuqeqesha ngenxa yentetho ephazamisa umsebenzi wakho okanye etyhila inkcazelo eyimfihlo.
  • Ukuba ungumfundi kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke, amalungelo akho okuthetha avulekileyo kodwa angenamida. Izikolo zinokuyithintela intetho engamanyala, zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni, okanye ziphazamisa kakhulu imeko-bume yokufunda. Impahla ethwala umyalezo wezobupolitika idla ngokukhuselwa.
  • Ngokuqhelekileyo intetho yentiyo ikhuselwa phantsi koMphetho - melo Wokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ungena kudidi olungakhuselekanga olufana nokuphembelela okanye izisongelo zokwenene. Amazwe amaninzi ayenza intetho yentiyo ibe yeyolwaphulo - mthetho, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States isoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukucalula akukwanelanga ukuphengululwa.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala wenkululeko yokuthetha nentetho luyinkuselo ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa ukuya kwixesha lamanani, iinkundla ziye zasebenza ukuchaza imida yalo lungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuba lihlala linamandla ngoxa livuma ukungacalucalulwa. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha neengxaki zentlalo zivela, umgaqo osisiseko uyaqhubeka: urhulumente akanakuvele nje angayivaleli indlela yokuthetha. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho oQhulumentelo lokuqala oluHlanisa ulawulo lwezinziso kukunika amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi boluntu, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokuhlonela inkululeko efanayo kwabanye. Ngexesha lengxoxo edibeneyo kunye nemigaqo ehlukeneyo, ukuzinikela komGaqo-siseko ukuvakalisa ngenkululeko kuhlala kufanelekile.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, tyelela uMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMhla , hlola iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko ezingundoqo ezifana [ iNew York Times v. Sullivan, kwaye uhlole [[FLT:]] ACLU] izibonelo zoncedo lokuthetha zamahhala .[FLT]]