Ukudibanisa izinto ezingcolisa amanzi kumthombo wamanzi kubangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kwimpilo yoluntu nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Ezi ziquka amayeza, iimveliso zonyango lobuqu, nemichiza yoshishino engakalawulwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ingaqondwa. Ukulungisa ezi ziphumo zisebenzayo zenkqubo yamanzi kufuneka ukulungelelanisa izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo zenzululwazi kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa. Ukuntsonkotha kwezi zinto zidibanisa amayeza, kunye neziphumo zazo ezinokubakho kwixesha elide, kufuna inkqubo esebenzayo nesekelwe kwinzululwazi enokuthi ivele njengoko kuvela ugcino-lwazi olutsha.

Ingxaki Yokusebenzisa Izinto Ezingcolisayo

Izinto ezidibanisa ii-earnacimes, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizinto ezibangela inkxalabo evelayo (i-CEC), ziquka izinto ezininzi ezifunyenwe kwimizimba yamanzi kodwa azikalawulwa ngokwesiqhelo okanye zilungele ukulawulwa kwakhona. Ezi ziquka imichiza edidayo (i-EDC), i-intellimential eninzi kunye ne-polyfluoralkyl (PFAS), imicroplastics, ii-antiums, kunye nemfuno yemizila yegazi elwa namayeza-angcongcongco. Ukubakho kwazo emanzini okusela, amanzi asemhlabeni, kunye namanzi anyusa inkxaso ngeziphumo zempilo yabantu njengeengxaki zokuqhama, ukukhula kotyalo, ukukhula kotyando, kunye nomngcipheko okwanda komhlaza.

Izinto ezininzi eziphumayo zisuka kwimisebenzi yabantu yemihla ngemihla. Izinto zonyango kunye neemveliso zoncedo lobuqu zingena emanzini ngemijelo ekhutshwayo kunye nokulahlwa okungafanelekanga. Imichiza yezoshishino ephuma kwiindawo zokwakha, imveliso yabathengi, kunye nezityalo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka. Ukuhamba kwe-athomo kuthwala izibulali-zinambuzane, amayeza ezilwanyana, kunye neehomoni. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zidla ngokuvela kuxinzelelwa phantsi kakhulu (iiiwaka lezigidi okanye ibhiliyoliyo) iinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi azinakuzisusa ngokunempumelelo. Ukunqongophala kolwazi olubanzi lwetyhefu yetyhefu kubangela ukuba uphando kunye nesigqibo sokwenza inkqubo yolawulo lomthetho lwezo.

Ukuqonda okungokwenzululwazi kokuvela kwezinto ezingcolisayo kuyakhula, kodwa izithuba eziphawulekayo zisekhona. Umzekelo, iziphumo zobungozi bezithambiso ezininzi ezikhoyo ngexesha elinye emanzini aziqondwa kakuhle. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso yokuguqula izinto ezenza xa izinto ezidibanisa amagciwane ziwohloka kwimeko-bume okanye ngexesha lonyango lwamanzi zinokuba nobungozi obungaphezulu kunemichiza yomzali. Oku kwenza ukuba kufuneke indlela yokuzikhusela kwinkqubo yamanzi, igxininise ekunqandeni, ekuhlolweni, nasekuphandeni.

Imikhosi ePhakathi ePhakamileyo eQhubela ukuGxeka

Inkqubo yamanzi esebenzayo kufuneka ibe namandla kwaye isekelwe kubungqina. Iindlela eziliqela ezingundoqo zinokukunceda ekulawuleni izinto ezisebenzisa amasu nokukhusela impilo yoluntu.

Uhlolo nomthamo

Uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo lwemithombo yamanzi yokufumana i-Contamin Monitant Sol ekhawulezileyo kunye nolubeka engozini. Ngoku ulawulo oluninzi lusebenza uvavanyo lweenkqubo zokujoliseka kwiCEC ezisekelwe kwiindlela ezithile zokusebenzisa, kwityhefu, nakwizinziso zemekobume. Umzekelo, i-United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iqhuba inkqubo eNgalawulwayo yokufumana uLawulo lwe-Contaminling Soning Prence (UCMR) ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olumalunga nama-30 amaziko anokuvela e-CEC ekwindlela enokuba netyhefuthekileyo, kunye nokuzinziswa kwemeko-bume zendalo. Uphatho lwalo lunika isiseko sezigqibo zophakaliso zophando kunye noncedo lophando.

Uphando nokubuyiselwa

Ukuxhasa uphando lwenzululwazi kukhokelela kwiindlela ezingcono zokufumanisa, ubugcisa bonyango, kunye nokuqonda okunetyhefu. Iimali zorhulumente zokuxhasa iiprojekthi zokuvela koomatshini abanokuvelisa i-contamistatory zikhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa obuphambili bobuntlola obuzinzileyo, obufana ne-espectromatics, kunye nokuthotywa kwemichiza yebhayoloji kuyingozi ekususeni izithako-mfa ze-accom. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ukufumanisa ukuba izinto ezifihlakeleyo ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kunye nemveliso yazo zokuguqula izinto. Ngaphezu koko, uphando lophando lwekhabhoni, iinkqubo eziphuhlisa i-odolatenti yonyango, i-octration, kunye nokuthomalation, ukuhla kwemiqhamkelo lwebhayoloji ekhoyo. Unxulumano loluntu kunye nolwanophenguluko lwezifundo-o-ographic.

Uhlaziyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Imilinganiselo kunye nemigaqo yokuhlaziya ukuqukwa kwemiqobo eqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwemiqobo ekhuselayo iyagcinwa. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokumisela amanqanaba aphezulu asetyenziswayo (MCL) asekelwe kuhlolo olubanzi lomngcipheko ingacotha. Abanye abenzi benkqubo baxhasa ezinye iisiseko zenkqubo zenkqubo zempilo, njengakumgangatho wempilo, ukuxhobisa imigangatho yokuhlola, okanye ukulingana kwetyhefu ukwenzela ukuxuba. I-European Union’s Later Framediocword Diredive, umzekelo, isebenzisa uluhlu lwewotshi enika iziphumo ezinokuthi zibangele umngcipheko obalulekileyo kwaye zifune uhlolo olubalulekileyo. Kwi-U.S., njengoKhalifoni neMichigan imisele imidalo yayo yokulungisa i-PFAS ekuseleni amanzi, imodelikelwe inkqubo ye-udiyolawulo lwe-uzwe.

Imfundo Kawonke - wonke Nendlela Oziphethe Ngayo

Ukulungelelanisa abantu ngeengozi ezinokwenzeka kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa nokulahlwa kwemichiza ebangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Amaphulo okufundisa abantu anokujolisa ekulahlweni ngokufanelekileyo amayeza angasetyenziswayo (umz., athathe iinkqubo ezisemva), ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesepha ezilwa namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane nezinye izinto zobuqu ezinezinto ezididayo, nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yezolimo neyogadi. Xa abemi beqonda ukunxibelelana phakathi kwezenzo zabo zemihla ngemihla namanzi, basengozini yokuxhasa imiqathango yomgaqo baze basebenzise iindlela ezinciphisa ukulayisha izinto ezisetyenziswayo ephuma kwimithombo.

Ucelomngeni Ekusebenziseni Umgaqo - siseko Wamanzi

Nangona kubalulekile ukuhlangabezana neziphumo zomqhaphu, imiqobo emininzi ithintela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Inkcazelo Yenzululwazi Elinganiselweyo

Inani elikhulu lemichiza kwezorhwebo .Inani elikhulu lemichiza ebhalisiweyo zwenibanzi, elingaphezulu kwama-350 000 emalini angaphezulu kumandla ovavanyo lwamaqumrhu olawulo lokuzihlola zonke. Kuninzi oluvelayo, alwanelanga kugcino-lwazi olukhoyo, iingcangca zokwambulwa, iziphumo zetyhefu, kunye nokunyanzeleka. Lo msantsa wogcino-lwazi wenza kube nzima ukumisela imida esekelwe kulawulo kunye nezenzo zokubeka iliso phambili. Ngaphezu koko, isantya esithe kokugqibela sobungozi sithetha ukuba ngexesha iprojekthi ilawulwa, isenokuba sele ithe yandekile kwimeko engqongileyo. Abaphathi-miligla bamele balungelene imfuneko yokuqiniseka kwenzululwazi nongxamiseko yokhuseleko loluntu.

Iindleko Eziphezulu Zonyango Oluhambele Phambili

Ukususa izinto ezisetyenziswayo kusoloko kufuna ubugcisa obuphambili bonyango lwamanzi obuxabisa kakhulu kuneenkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuhlahlela kwekharbon, ukubuyisela i-osmosis, ukukhupha i-ozonis kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha i-UV eziphambili zinemali ephezulu kunye neendleko ezisebenzayo. Uluntu oluncinane nolusemaphandleni, ngokufuthi olungenazo ii-asethi zemali kunye nobugcisa, lungazama ukufikelela ezi zinto zinyusiweyo. Oku kubangela ukuhla komgangatho wamanzi nokhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu.

Ukulungelelanisa Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kwizoqoqosho Nasempilweni Yoluntu

Amachiza asetyenziswa ekukhuseleni amanzi kunye nooshishino-mveliso kufuneka balinganisele iindleko zokuthobela iinzuzo zokunciphisa iingozi zempilo. Kwabanye abachaphazeli, umthwalo wezoqoqosho wonyango ungalingana neenzuzo eziqikelelwayo zempilo, ingakumbi xa umgangatho wokonakaliswa uphantsi. Noko ke, unyuselo kunye neziphumo zexesha elide zeziphumo ze-octiminferity ezininzi ezitshayo azibanjwanga kakuhle kwixabiso lesithethe lexabiso lovavanyo lwemali. Abenzi bomthetho mabacinge ukuba kulungile, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, kunye nokunokwenzeka kokwenza umonakalo ongalungisekiyo. Izenzo ezicacileyo ezibandakanya abagcini-mathi-mathi-metars, iingcali zempilo kawonke, amaqela entlalonke, kunye noluntu oluchaphaze olunoncedo lunxibelela olu ngquzulwano.

Iindlela Ezibalaseleyo Zokuncokola Namabali Anempumelelo

Ukuthetha nezingcolisi ezivelayo kufuna intsebenziswano kwiicandelo ezininzi kunye namanqanaba karhulumente.

Imicimbi yoorhulumente neziko lophando

Umanyano phakathi kwamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni, amasebe empilo, kunye nabaphandi bemfundo lunceda ugcino-lwazi olwabelana, ulwahlulo, kunye nophuhliso lwezisombululo eziziindleko. Umzekelo, i-Geaological Survey (US) ye-U.S. isebenzisana ne-EPA ukuqwalasela ukuvela kwezinto ezingcolisayo emilanjeni nasemijelweni. Uphando olunjalo lutyhile ukuba amayeza athile akhoyo kumanzi amaninzi aphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutyekeleni ingqalelo kwizityalo ezisebenzisa amanzi amdaka kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula imithombo.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zoshishino nokuhlaziywa

Oomatshini bokwakha kunye neenkampani zobugcisa bamanzi benza indima ebalulekileyo. Abanye abavelisi bemichiza baye baluphucula ngokuzithandela ulungiso oluthile lwe-PFAS ngenxa yoxinzelelo lolawulo kunye nenkxalabo kawonke-wonke. Ushishino lonyango lwamanzi luphuhlisa ubugcisa obunempumelelo nobunokufumaneka, obufana nenkqubo yenwebu kunye nobuchule bokusetyenziswa kwemichiza. Iinkampani zezoshishino, njengeWater Environment Federation, zikhuthaza izenzo ezingcono kunye nophando ekuvezeni abaququzeli-Pthamin. Ukukhuthaza uxanduva lwenkampani ngemithetho engundoqo womvelisi (EPR) njengeeprojective sycro syl.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu neNkqutyana

Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni oluchaphazelekayo ludla ngokutshintsha inkqubo yokuqhuba. Umzekelo, abemi baseHoosick Falls, New York, naseBennett, eColorado, baxhasa ngempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe norhulumente emva kokufumana ungcoliso lwePFAS emanzini abo okusela. Uvavanyo loluntu, ii-odoms, kunye nezenzo zomthetho ziye zanyanzela abalawuli ukuba bamisele imida engqongqo kunye nokunika imali yokulungisa.

Ingqikelelo lwehlabathi kunye neMisebenzi yeFrame yeNkqubo

Izinto ezidibanisayo ziyingxaki yehlabathi lonke, yaye intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ibalulekile ukuze ulawulo luphumelele.

Imithetho yesakhelo esisetyenziswayo se-European Union

I-EU ibiyinkokeli ekuthetheni namalungu aqukunjelweyo ngokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi ngezamanzi ayo eFrameodward Directive (WFD). I-WFD isebenzisa “uluhlu lokuhlola” inkqubo yokuchonga izinto ezifunekayo zokufuna uhlolo. Ukuhla koluhlu, njengamayeza athile amayeza kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane, kujongwa ukuba kuqokelelwe ugcino-lwazi lweziganeko. Ukuba umngcipheko uqinisekisiwe, into ingadityaniswa kuluhlu lwezinto eziphambili kunye nolawulo lokukhupha. Le ndlela yokulungisa ivumela ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yesithethe. I-EUR imisele nemigangatho yemekobume yezonyango yezonyango yezonyango kwizinto ezininzi eziphambili kwaye ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa kongcoliso.

Inyathelo eliphambili leLizwe laseUnited States

Kukungabikho kwemigaqo karhulumente ebanzi yemiqathango emininzi ephumayo, urhulumente wase-U.S. uthathe imigangatho yokwazisa emiselweyo kunye nemigangatho yokusabela kwento ezithile ezifana ne-1,4-dioxane kunye ne-hexievantian chromium. Michigan wamkela eminye yemiqathango engqongqo yesizwe yokusela amanzi e-PFAS, egqume imichiza esixhenxe eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew Jersey, New York, kunye neVermont, amise imida yawo okanye aqalise iinkqubo zokuhlola. Ezi zenzo zesizwe zidala umsebenzi osisigxilo kodwa zikhuthaza ingqalelo yesizwe kwaye zinika imizekelo yenkqubo yexesha elizayo.

Imigudu Yomhlaba Wonke Nentlangano Yezempilo Yehlabathi

I-WHO yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeNkcubeko yempilo (U.M.) iye yapapasha imigaqo-nkqubo yomgangatho wokusela amanzi aquke iingcebiso zezithambiso eziliqela eziqhambukayo. IWHO ikwasebenza namazwe ukuvelisa iinkqubo zokuhlola kunye namaqhinga okulawula umngcipheko. INkqubo yokusingqongileyo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNEP) ibandakanyekile ekuhloleni ukuvela kwendalo nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwemichiza yesandi. Intsebenziswano yezenzululwazi yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengenethwethwekhi ye-NORMAN eYurophu, ukwabelana nolwazi kunye neendlela zokuvelisa iindlela ezingqinelanayo.

Indima Yokuhlaziya Unyango Lwamanzi

Ubugcisa bonyango obuqhubela phambili bubalulekile ekususeni izinto ezisebenzisa ungcoliseko kodwa kufuneka zibe nenkcitho kwaye zisebenziseke.

Ukusebenza Kwekharbon Nokukhutshwa Kwezinto Ezisexesheni

Ikharbhon exhotyiswe ngemisonto engaphezulu ne-oknethi esetyenziswayo (PAC/GAC) iyasebenza ekuhambiseni izibhengezo ezininzi ze-oksijini, kuquka amayeza kunye ne-PFAS. Noko ke, i-PAC kunye ne-GAC ifuna ukuphinda ivuselelwa okanye ukubuyiselwa, iindleko ezinyukayo. Iinkqubo zokuhlahlela okuqhubela phambili (iii-AOP), ezifana ne-ozone/hydrogen peroxide kunye ne-UV ukukhanya okudityanisiweyo, kungathoba izithambi ezichasa unyango lwebhayoloji. Ezi techni ziyasetyenziswa kwizityalo ezinkulu zonyango lwamanzi, kodwa amandla nezifunekayo kuwo nemichiza zihlala zikho imingeni.

Ukuhlahlela nokuzinza

Udityaniso (NF) kunye nokubuya umva kwe-osmosis (RO) kungasusa umahluko omkhulu wezinto eziphumayo, kuquka iimolekyuli ezincinane kunye nee-as. RO isebenza kakhulu ekususweni kwe-PFAS, kodwa ivelisa inkunkuma eninzi emele ilahleke. Ubugcisa bokudibanisa njengentlupheko kunye nokukhula kwe-osmosis bubonisa isithembiso sonyango lweziqu ezinabileyo. Ii-astriscoverorbont nee-alumitics, ezifana ne-graphene oxide ne-ficium dioxide, zisenziwa uphando lokususwa nokuhlahlela nokuhla kwe-ntengiswa. Ngoxa zisekhokelele kakhulu kwisikali se-albibia, ezi zinto zinokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni nasekusetyenzisweni okunexabiso nakungabiziweyo.

Unyango Lwebhayoloji Nemimandla Yayo Yakhiwa

Ezinye izinto eziphumayo ezinokusetyenziswa kwimichiza encinane. Iinkqubo zonyango lwemichiza ephuculiweyo, njenge-biorecters (MR) zenze ulwelo lwe-slve nge-conicietic ethile ye-binobicies, zibonise ukususwa kwe-efficiencies kwimichiza ethile. Izixhobo ezikhiweyo, ezisebenzisa izityalo neentsholongwane ukucoca nokuthoba izinto ezingcolisayo, zinika ukhetho olusezantsi, oluxhaphakileyo lonyango lwamanzi amdakaliswa kwezinye iimeko. Kodwa ke, ukuphumelela kwazo kuyahluka kakhulu kwi-contamiliant nemozulu, kwaye azifanelekanga zisetyenziswa zonke izicelo.

Icala Lexesha Elizayo Lomgaqo-nkqubo Wamanzi Ngokudibanisa

Ukuze kuphumelele kwidilesi ephumayo, inkqubo yamanzi mayiqhubeke iguqula kwaye idibanise iindlela ezininzi.

  • [[NTLA:0]] Uvavanyo lobungozi lwezicwangciso zovavanyo oluqwalasela ukunyuka komchako ohamba kwindlela ezininzi (ukusela amanzi, ukutya, umoya) nakwiindawo ezisemngciphekweni (abantwana, amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abakhulileyo).
  • Umgaqo weProcaion apho, phezu kokungaqiniseki, izenzo zithathwa ukukhusela umonakalo onokwenzeka nokuba inzululwazi ayimiselwanga ngokupheleleyo.
  • Imigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemichiza ekhuselekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa ezithintela ukuqhubekeka kwezinto okanye ezinetyhefu.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukubonakala ngaphaya kolwazi kunye nokufikelela kukawonke-wonke kwiziphumo zokuhlola ubunjani bamanzi, ukuvumela uluntu ukuba lwenze izigqibo kwaye lugcine izinto eziluncedo zinoxanduva.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo lwamanzi ogcino-mali oludityanisiweyo olulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, uqheliselo lokulima, unyango lwamanzi amdaka, nokusela amanzi okunciphisa ukulayisha kwisikali esimanzi.
  • [[UMTHO: 0] Ukufakwa kwezibonelelo kunye nophuhliso lwabasebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezisemgangathweni zamanzi zinezibonelelo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bokuzalisekisa unyango oluphambili apho kufuneka khona.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yamanzi esebenzayo ibalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvela kwezixhobo ezisebenzisa umbane nokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke. Ngokufaka uhlaziyo kuphando, imigaqo ehlaziyayo, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano, ibutho labantu lingazilungisa kakuhle ezi zisongelo zijikelezayo kwaye liqinisekise ukuba amanzi acocekileyo, acocekileyo kubo bonke. Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukudityaniswa kwenzululwazi, ubuchule bokutshintsha uluntu, kunye nokudibana koluntu. Akukho nkqubo okanye ubugcisa obunye obuza kuyicombulula ingxaki, i-(instead), indlela ebanzi nelungeleleneyo. Njengoko abaquququzeli bayaqhubeka bephuma kwaye besiya kukhula, inkqubo yamanzi kufuneka ihlale ilungele, i-ubungqina-dminived, kwaye ibotshele kumgaqo wokuba ukufikelela emanzini acocekileyo kuyinto esisiseko, kodwa ngesenzo sekonsadali, siyakwazi ukukhusela ubunjani banamhlanje nangokwexesha elizayo.