Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo elungiselelwe ngenyameko yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni amanye. Lidalwe ngumGaqo-siseko, eli cebo lahlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uLawulo oluPhezulu (uMphathi), iLegislative (umongameli), kunye neJaji (iQuquzelo loMgaqo-mthetho). Ukudibana kwawo . /"Iiintlanganiso yawo"ngendlela yokusebenzisana, idla ngokuphikisana, qho ukwenza isiseko esinamandla solawulo lwaseMelika. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswa, netolikwayo, nendlela amasebe ngalinye agunyazisa ngayo kwaye athintela amanye.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Amandla Nemida YoMongameli

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko karhulumente, intloko karhulumente, kunye nmphathi-mikhosi kwimikhosi exhobileyo. Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko lisebenza njengempahla yegunya eliphakamileyo kuMongameli” kodwa elo gunya lilawulwa ngabom yiBhunga kunye neenkundla. Amagunya asemthethweni kaMongameli aquka:

  • Amandla e- – uMongameli angakwala nawuphi na umrhumo odluliswa yiBhunga, nangona iBhunga linokuwugqitha umphetho ngesibini sesithathu sobuninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • Igunya lokuMisela – uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, onobhala beKhabhinethi, oothunywa bemikhosi, namanye amagosa aphezulu, onke aphantsi koqinisekiso lweNtsimbi.
  • uMyalelo kwintloko – uMongameli walathisa umkhosi kodwa akanakuvakalisa imfazwe; loo mandla ngawamaBhunga.
  • Imiyalelo esebenzayo kunye nemiyalelo - Ezi zithwala amandla omthetho ngaphandle kokuba zibethelwe phantsi ziinkundla okanye ziphendulwe ngumthetho olandelayo. Umlinganiselo wazo ulinganiselwe yimimiselo ekhoyo kunye nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukhokelo lwenkqubo ye-Expand – uMongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano (efuna imvume yeNdlu yeQela yesithathu) kwaye angangena kwizivumelwano zegunya ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeQela.
  • Amandla e- – uMongameli anganika ii-Repriev kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungakhuthazi.

Ngaphandle kwaba basemagunyeni babanzi, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuvelisa imali efanelekileyo, ayile iiofisi ezintsha zikarhulumente, okanye angawuhoyi umthetho omisiweyo. IBhunga lilawula izihlanu zesikhwakhwa semali, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtengo ziqinisekisa ukubekwa kwezitshixo eziphambili, kwaye iinkundla zinokwenza izenzo ezilawulayo ezingaphaya kwemida yomgaqo-siseko. Amandla phakathi kwezi zinto zihlola ukumila komphathi ngamnye.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ingqungquthela njengoMphathi-mthetho noMzimbi oPhathileyo

IKhomishini yeCandelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimeral eyakhiwe yiNdlu yabameli (435 amalungu) kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanga (i-Cetal), ibophelelekile ngokuyintloko ekwenzeni imithetho. Inqaku Elinguluhlu lwamandla ayo adwelisweyo, kuquka irhafu, ukuboleka, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, nokubhengeza imfazwe. Ngapha koko, ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukwenza iKhungane lenza imisebenzi efuna amathandabuze

  • [[NT.:0] Izambuku kunye nezicelo – iKhomishini ilawula yonke inkcitho karhulumente kwityala locaphulo lonyaka. UMongameli ufaka isicelo soqingqo-mali, kodwa iBhunga alibotshelelwanga yiyo.
  • Ukuphanda kunye nophando – iiKomiti kumacala omabini amagumbi zihlolisisa izenzo zolawulo, ukuva amatyala, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwepoena, kunye nokubiza amangqina ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.
  • Amandla okuququzelela-Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokukhupha (imali) umongameli, ijaji, okanye elinye igosa lezwe elilawulayo ukwenzela “ingqiqo, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye namatyala angekho mthethweni.” Indlu yecawa iqhuba ityala kwaye, ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, ingalisusa igosa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impembelelo kunye nemvumelo – Indlu yeQela iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kwaye ihlambulula izivumelwano. Oku kunika impembelelo enkulu kwigumbi eliphezulu kwabasebenzi abalawulayo.
  • Inkqubo yokwahlula-hlula – iiBhili kufuneka zidlule omabini amaziko akwimo efanayo kwaye zityikitywe nguMongameli (okanye zidluliselwe ngaphezulu kweveto) ukuze zibe ngumthetho. Olu khuhleko lwakhiweyo luqinisekisa uvumelwano olubanzi.

Kwakhona iBhunga linamandla okumisela inani lamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, liyila okanye libhangise iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, kwaye (ezinamacala amabini anesithathu azo zombini izindlu) licebisa iinguquko zomGaqo-siseko ezinokubhukuqa imithetho egwebayo. La magunya enza iBhunga libe lelona sebe linetyala elijongene ngqo nabantu, ukanti ukuphumelela kwalo kuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano noMongameli nakuhlonela uhlalutyo lwezomthetho.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: IiNkundla NjengeeNkundla Nabachasi

Ijaji yesizwe, ekhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, ichaza imithetho kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Inqaku III limisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njengeNkundla enokuthi ilwenze (ngoku iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 kunye neenkundla ezili-13 zezibheno). Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial – Eyokuqala yaqinisekiswe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803), eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Luvavanyo oluphambili lwejaji.
  • Ixesha lobomi - Abagwebi boMbutho basebenza “ngendlela yokuziphatha elungileyo,” ithetha ukuba bangasuswa kuphela ngokungekho mthethweni. Oku kubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kuvumela inkululeko yexesha elide.
  • Ukubekwa phambili kwemithetho – Xa imithetho idida, iinkundla zimisa injongo yeBhunga zize zisebenzise umthetho kwiimeko ezithile. Imithetho yazo iyakwazi ukubumba indlela emisiweyo esetyenziswa ngayo.
  • igunya eliphetheyo – Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente kwimiba yomthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo zayo ziba yiyo elandelela umzekelo kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye – IBhili yamaLungelo kunye noLawulo lweshumi elinesine luqinisekisa inkululeko ethile; iinkundla zinyanzelisa le mida nxamnye nobugqwirha bukarhulumente.

Ijaji ayinakuqalisa okanye inyanzelise imithetho yayo; ixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuphumeza imiyalelo yenkundla. Oku kuxhomekeka kubonisa isizathu sokuba intlonelo phakathi kwamasebe ibalulekile. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linokumisela ulawulo lwezolawulo, limisele ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo (nangona ingatshintshanga ukususela ngowe-1869), kwaye licebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukuphelisa ukuchazwa kwemithetho-siseko.

Iindlela Ezibalulekileyo Zokunceda: Indlela Amasebe Ajongana Ngayo Aze Aphembelele Nganye

UMongameli neNgqungquthela: Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

Ulwalamano phakathi kweWhite House neCapitol Hill yeyona ibonakalayo kwaye idla ngokuba yeyona ithanda ukuxabana. Ulawulo lwe-veto loMongameli lumnika iliso elingqalileyo kwiBhunga, kodwa isisongelo sokulawula imposiso sikhuthaza ukuxoxisana. Ngokuchasene noko, ulawulo lweBhunga lungakhanyela imali yeenkqubo zikaMongameli ukuxhasa okanye ukudibanisa iimeko ekuquququzelweni kwemithetho yeBhunga luqinisekisa ukuba oomongameli badibane neenkomfa kumaqela, maxa wambi kukhokelela ekuthengisweni kwamahashe okanye kwi-athom.

IKhomishini iqhuba ulawulo ngokuchophela kunye nophando. Oomongameli bangabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokugodlela ulwazi, kodwa iinkundla zifuna imfuneko engqalileyo yokoyisa elo lungelo, njengoko zibonwa kwi- United States v. Nixon sisigqibo esinyanzelisa uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe ushicilelo lweteyipu. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, iNdlu ithelekele oomongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump kabini), nangona nguJohnson noTrump kuphela ababezanywe yiBrison kwaye akukho bagwetywayo.

Abalawuli bakwaphembelela iKhomishini ngentetho yeSizwe se-Union, ukuvulela ihlomelo, kunye nokhokelo lwamaqumrhu. Oomongameli bale mihla basoloko besebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ukwenza into engakhange iphinde yenzeke xa iBhunga libotshelelwe, kodwa imiyalelo enjalo ingatshintshwa ngulawulo olulandelayo okanye itshatyalaliswe ziinkundla. Ulungiso lwangonyaka ka 2017, umzekelo, ukuvalwa kohambo, phambi kokuba uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo luxhaswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Trump v. Hawaii[FLTL:1]

IiNkundla: Ukusingela phantsi iSikolo Nesigwebo Saso

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenzisa impembelelo yalo ebalulekileyo kwijaji ngokuqinisekisa. Inkundla nganye ePhakamileyo iye yaba sisiganeko esiphambili sezopolitiko, ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi isoloko ijika ibe ziimfazwe ezilwayo ezidityanisiweyo. IBhunga linokungayamkeli ii-nominees, ukulibazisela ukuviwa (njengoko kunjalo ngoMerrick Garland ngo-2016), okanye litshintshe umqobo wokuqinisekisa (ukuphelisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2017). Ngasemva kokumiswa kweNgqungquthela:

  • khetha isakhiwo senkundla zesizwe – Fakela okanye susa abagwebi, guqula imida yesiphaluka, okanye kwanokuphelisa inkundla (njengoko kwakunjalo kwiNkundla yezorhwebo ngo1913).
  • Limitate translate translate translate - Inqaku III linika iKhomishini igunya lokumisela inxaxhile kwimithetho elawula iNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona eli gunya lingafane lisetyenziswe kwaye imida yalo ixakene.
  • O utoliko lwezahlulelo oluphosayo – Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza umthetho wesizwe ngendlela iBhunga elingawuthandiyo, ingenza umthetho utshintshe ukuze ucacise injongo yawo. Ukujika utoliko olusemthethweni kufuna ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, umgaqo-siseko ongaphezulu kakhulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali yolawulo [ – iBhunga lifanele imali yejaji, kuquka imivuzo, izibonelelo, kunye nobugcisa, ukuyinika amandla okuxhathisa kwimisebenzi yenkundla.

Iinkundla, ngokulandelayo, zihlola ukutshintsha komgaqo-siseko wemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Madison umzekelo wenkqubo uthetha ukuba xa umthetho uwiswa phantsi, iKhomishini kufuneka yamkele ulawulo, idlulise umthetho omtsha ohlangabezana nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko, okanye icebise ukulungiswa kwemithetho. Izigqibo ezifana brown v. Board yemfundo (11954]) kunye [[FLT:] Ogbergefell. Hodges[FLD] (20) umthetho ofana nomthetho kunye nenkqubo yoluntu.[2010]

Umongameli Neenkundla: Ukutyunjwa, Ucelomngeni Nokunyanzelwa

Amandla kaMongameli okumisela abagwebi besizwe − kunye nobomi bakho − yiyo enye yezona ndlela zihlala zihleliyo intloko yesigqeba inokubumba umthetho waseMelika. Umongameli omnye angaguqula umlinganiselo wengqiqo yeenkundla kamashumi eminyaka. UMongameli Trump umisele iiJaji ezintathu zeNkundla Ephakamileyo (Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavangaugh, kunye noAmy Coney Barrett) kunye nabagwebi besiphalukane, ngoxa uMongameli uBiden emisele uKetanji Brown Jackson kunye neejaji ezininzi ezingaphantsi kwequluneli. Amadabi eQumrhu eemo eetha eetha i-Rodiant eethi echaza iintanda-bulumko zezomthetho kunye nezigwebo zexesha elidlulileyo.

Abameli bakwasebenzisana neenkundla xa izenzo zabo eziphezulu zivavanywa. ISebe leJaji likhusela izenzo zomongameli enkundleni, kodwa uMongameli kufuneka ngokwemigaqo-siseko ukuba “anyamekele ukuba imithetho iphumelwe ngokuthembeka,” ithetha ukuthobelana nemithetho yenkundla inyanzelekile. Kwiintshatsheli zesikolo i-Step & Tube Co. v. Saveyer [1952], iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yavala ukuphazanyiswa kwemijuku yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamandla emfazweni anemidari ye-ogractive. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli Nixon wayalelwa ukuba ajike kwiikhase, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi zivingcelele imiyalelo emininzi yezolawulo lokufudula, ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezonganiso, ulawulo lwesizwe, nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Igunya lokuxolela yenye indawo apho iinkundla zoManyano zingangeneleli. Iinkundla zoManyano azivumi ukuhlolisisa izizathu ezincinci zokuxolelwa, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezinqabileyo apho zinokuthi ziphazamisane namalungelo omGaqo-siseko (umz., ukuxolelwa kwamalungelo oMmiselo wesihlanu). Noko ke, ukuxolelwa akunakukuthintela ukungalungisi okanye iziphumo zako.

Iingqiniba Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo: Imizekelo Yembali Neyanamhlanje

Ukukwazi ukumelana nale nkqubo kuqondwa kakuhle ngeziganeko ezikonklekileyo:

  • Marbury v. Madison (103) – Inkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa uhlolo lwezomthetho, isithi inamandla okuvakalisa isenzo seBhunga ngaphandle kwemithetho esesikweni. Esi sigqibo sahlola zombini iiKhonkxa-nga kunye noMongameli, simisela umzekelo osaqhubekayo namhlanje.
  • Ixesha elitsha loBugqi – uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt iinkqubo zezoqoqosho zajamelana nenkcaso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ekuphenduleni, wacebisa ukuba “kupakishwe inkundla” (ukufakwa kwizalathiso ezintandathu), ezo iBhunga elalayo. INkundla yandula yayiguqula indlela yayo, iphakamisa umthetho ongundoqo we-New Deal.
  • Watergate (1974) - Ingqungquthela yaphanda uMongameli Nixon-up, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ngamxhelo mnye ukuba kukhutshwe iikhasethi, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukuba iHouse Judiary Committee ivote amanqaku okuvotelwa. Nixon warhola phambi kwevoti yeNdluwa, ebonisa indlela onke amasebe amathathu angadibana ngayo kwingxaki yesiseko.
  • Umthetho weAffordble Care Act (202) - iNgqungquthela igqithe i-ACA, uMongameli i-Obama wayisayina, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ayivavanya enkundleni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa yagawula inxalenye yolwando lweMeteyidi. Kamva, iBhunga lazama ukuphinda lilinganise icandelo leNkusebenza kwakhona, libonisa ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo.
  • ITrump Trump Trival Ban (2017)--Mongameli Trump wakhupha imiyalelo yegunya ethintela uhambo kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zavala imiyalelo; iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo emva kokuba ulawulo lufumene iimpendulo ezithile. IBhunga alizange lingene, lishiye iinkundla njengendlela yokuhlola engundoqo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba amasebe anqabile ukuthatha inyathelo lodwa. Ngokufuthi, ayazixabelana, enze into entsonkothileyo etshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo Yolawulo Olulungeleleneyo

Unxulumano phakathi koMongameli, iBhunga, kunye neeNkundla alumi ngamaxesha onke okanye alusebenzi ngomatshini. Isebe ngalinye lisebenza namagunya ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko kodwa lihlala lixhomekeke kwabanye ngenxa yobusemthethweni, inkxaso-mali, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokutolika. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ngelinye ixesha, ngelixesha ithe yazingqina iqinile kakhulu ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Inyanzelisa, iyanikezela, iyalikhusela, ikhusela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye ikhusela xa uluvo oluqhelekileyo okanye iphulo eliphezulu likhetha ukukhawulezisa.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Kubemi, kukhankanya indlela ezibunjwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo, indlela ekhuselwa ngayo, nendlela ezicombululeka ngayo iimfazwe zobupolitika. Kubafundi borhulumente, kugxininisa ubukrelekrele bendlela asungulwe ngayo: amandla amele asasazwe kwaye adibane, isebe ngalinye liphethe isitshixo sokuphumelela kwabanye. Njengoko i-United States ijongene neengxaki ezintsha . Ukusuka ekuguqukeleni kwezobugcisa ukuya kutsho ekungalungelelani kwehlabathi lonke .

[[UMTL] Izibonelelo zesakhelo zofundo oluthe lwaphela:[[UMTL]

  • UmGaqo-siseko weUnited States – Uvimba weSizwe
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe Lejaji: Malunga neNkundla ePhakamileyo[[FT:1] – Inkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo zenkonzo yophando lonikezelo-lwazi – Uhlaziyo olunzulu lokwahlula amagunya kunye nolwalamano lombindi-phakathi
  • Izambuku zoRhulumente we-U.S. – USA.gov inkcazo esemthethweni