Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela uMongameli neKhabhinethi enza ngayo izigqibo kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kurhulumente waseMerika nakwinkqubo karhulumente. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa elungelelanisiweyo yokubuza, uhlalutyo, kunye nokuqwalasela okulawula ulwalathiso lwesizwe kuyo yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kwinkqubo yasekhaya. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nezinto eziluncedo ekwenzeni izigqibo zegunyaziso eUnited States.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokwenziwa kwesigqibo esinegunya

UmGaqo-siseko weUnited States awuyimisi ngokungqalileyo iKhabhinethi, kodwa indima yeKhabhinethi ithathwe kwiSigqibo sikaClaus (UmGaqo-siseko II, Icandelo 2, uClause 1) wabaphathi-mGaqo-siseko beesebe ukwenzela ukuba banike icebiso kumongameli. Le sithethe sisekelwe kwiQumrhu II, Icandelo 2, Clause 1 loMgaqo-siseko, ethi umongameli "ufune uluvo, ngokubhala, igosa eliyintloko kwisebe ngalinye eliphethe, nakuliphi na iLilo elinxulumene nee-ofisi zabo ezizimeleyo."

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko babenombono wenkqubo apho uMongameli ebeya kufumana icebiso lobuchule loxa egcina igunya elipheleleyo lokwenza izigqibo. Esi sakhiwo siye savela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, sihambelana nobuntsonkotha obukhulayo bukarhulumente ngeli xesha silondoloza umgaqo osisiseko wokuba amandla alawulayo axhomekeke kuMongameli.

Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye qela eliza kuba namandla agqithisileyo. Inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwano ithetha ukuba xa uMongameli enegunya elibalulekileyo, amandla anyanzelwa yiBhunga kunye nejaji, edala igalelo elinamandla phakathi kwamasebe aphembelela indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo neziphunyezwa ngayo.

Indima yoMongameli njengomlawuli oyintloko

Umongameli uyintloko yesizwe, inkokeli yesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nomphathi kwimikhosi eyintloko ye-United States exhobileyo. Le misebenzi ininzi ibeka uMongameli kwisiziko lokwenza izigqibo eziphezulu, kunye neembopheleleko eziqukumbela inkqubo yasekhaya, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, imisebenzi yomkhosi, kunye nolawulo.

UMongameli ujongene nokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ebhalwe yiBhunga, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umisela iintloko zamasebe karhulumente, kuquka iKhabhinethi. Oku kuzalisekisa igunya kunika uMongameli ingqiqo epheleleyo kwindlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho, la masebe afumana ingqalelo ephambili, nendlela oovimba abasetyenziswa ngayo ngaphaya kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Amandla Oomongameli Ekwenzeni Inkqubo

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente wethu noMongameli waseUnited States banendima ekwenzeni inkqubo, nangona bengenawo amandla okumisela imithetho. UMongameli uphembelela ngeendlela eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Igunya loMphathiswa angakhupha ityala elidluliswa yiBhunga, enqanda ukuba ingabi ngumthetho.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: UMongameli angakwadlula iBhunga ngomyalelo wegunya, ongengomthetho kodwa lukhokelo kumasebe kunye namasebe aphetheyo esebe ngendlela yokuqhuba imithetho nemigaqo.
  • IZindululo:[ Umongameli ubeka iintloko zamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nokumiselwa kwenkundla ephezulu.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Imigaqo esesikweni: UMongameli angamisela umthetho kunye nokusebenza neNgqungquthela ukuhambisela phambili inkqubo.

Imida Kwigunya Lomongameli

Ngeli xesha uMongameli esebenzisa amandla angakumbi, imiqobo ebalulekileyo ikhona. Umongameli akanakusebenzisa umyalelo olawulayo ukuphepha ezo ngqikelelo nolungelelwano, kwaye umongameli akanakuwathatha amagunya kwamanye amasebe, njengamandla abekwe kwiBhunga ukudlulisa imimiselo emitsha okanye kwiinkundla ukuphelisa imithetho ethile njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho.

Imiyalelo elawulayo ityikitywa ngumongameli, ngokuyintloko ukwalathisa amagosa kwisebe eliphetheyo, kodwa akanawo amandla afanayo omthetho. Umongameli akanakuyalela ukusetyenziswa kwemali engakasetyenziselwa injongo ethile, kwaye ngoxa kungekho miqathango isesikweni engowona mongameli anokuyenza ngomyalelo wesigqeba, kufuneka ibekwe kwisiseko sento enye kwezimbini: umGaqo-siseko okanye kumthetho othile omiselwe.

IKhabhinethi: Isakhiwo Nokwakhiwa

IKhabhinethi engumongameli liqela lamagosa aphezulu acebisa umongameli ngeembambano nangemisebenzi yamasebe awo. Kukho amalungu angama-23: isekela lomongameli, iintloko zesebe ezili-15 namagosa omgangatho weKhabhinethi, onke ngaphandle kwababini afuna ukuqinisekiswa.

ISebe eliLawulayo leMidlalo

Nangona ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, oonobhala beKhabhinethi ziintloko ezili-15 zeziko lolawulo lolawulo lomongameli. La masebe aquka:

  • ISebe likaRhulumente
  • ISebe loNondyebo
  • Isebe lokhuselo
  • ISebe leMithetho eLuntu
  • ISebe leMbali
  • ISebe lezeLimo
  • Isebe lorhwebo
  • ISebe lokuSebenza
  • ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu
  • ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwamaDolophana
  • Isebe lezothutho
  • ISebe lamandla
  • ISebe lezemfundo
  • ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNkcubeko
  • ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya

Amagosa omgangatho weKhabhinethi

Ngaphaya kweentloko zesebe ezili-15, oomongameli bachaza ezinye iindawo ezithile njengomgangatho weKhabhinethi. Ngexesha lesibini, ii-ofisi ezilandelayo zikwayindawo yeKhabhinethi: Indlu emhlophe umphathi wabasebenzi, umlawuli we-Ofisi yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-bumelo, umalathisi we-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, ummeli worhwebo wase-U.S., umalathisi we-Central Intelligence Agencystein, umlawuli weSizwe, umlawuli we-Scinethili, umlawuli we-Scinethilist Bucustom Administration, kunye nomphathi-Mbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.

Inani lamagosa kwiKhabinethi linokwahluka kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomongameli. Oku kutshintsha-tshintsha kuvumela uMongameli ngamnye ukuba amise iqela lakhe lokwalathisa ngokwezinto eziphambili nentanda-bulumko.

Indima kaMongameli onguVimba oPhakamileyo

Isekela elingumongameli likwayinxalenye yeKhabhinethi. UMongameli ngamnye ophethe isebe usondela ngokwahlukileyo — bambi bathatha umgaqo othile okhethekileyo, abanye basebenza nje njengomcebisi ophezulu kuMongameli. Indawo ekhethekileyo yoMongameli onguMongameli njengoko omabini amalungu esebe eliphetheyo noMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimi ekwakheniseni unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwamasebe amabini.

Inkqubo Yokuqinisekisa Ikhabhinethi

Zonke izindululo zomongameli ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi (PAS) kufuneka zilandele inkqubo yokuqinisekisa idinga phambi kokuba zithathe isikhundla. Nangona inani lee-PAS lingafani ngolawulo, liquka bonke oonobhala besebe elilawulayo, abangaphantsi koovimba, nabahloli jikelele. Ezinye iindima kumaziko azimeleyo kunye nooomasebe kufuneka ziqinisekiswe.

Amanyathelo Kwinkqubela Yoqinisekiso

Le nkqubo iqalisa xa umongameli enika isalathisi esibhaliweyo kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, apho sifundwa khona phantsi kwaye sabelwe inani. Oku kuqalisa inkqubo yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi "Inkonzo neSivumelwano" ebekwe kwiGatya II loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ukutyunjwa kwamagosa aphezulu.

Xa kuqalwa ukutyunjwa nokuqalwa kwentlanganiso yeBhunga leNtlanganiso, inyathelo elilandelayo kwinkqubo kukuba abatyunjwa bafumane iziphumo ezongezelelekileyo, iingqikelelo zemvelaphi kunye namaphepha phambi kweekomiti ezifanelekileyo zolu cwangciso lokuvavanywa komthetho wolawulo. Ngokwesithethe, iKhomishini entsha ihlanganisa iintlanganiso eziququzelelwayo kuJan. 3, kunye nokuva okuqinisekisiweyo koononcili abaqala kwiveki okanye ezimbini emva kokuqala kweseshini entsha.

Ixesha Nendlela Eqhelekileyo Yokuhamba Kwembali

Ixesha elithatyathwa kukuqinisekisa abalawuli kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali likhule kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo. AmaBhiden' namaTrump alinda umlinganiselo weentsuku ezingama-21 nezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe phakathi kwendlebe noqinisekiso, ngokulandelelanayo. Ulibaziseko ngokwenxenye lubangelwa kukunyuka kwemiqobo yeprocedro ebekwe kwiminenga.

Kumazwe angama-30 anenkqubo ephakamileyo ye-GDP neyomongameli, kuphela amathathu athatha ixesha elide kune-U.S. ukugcwalisa iKhabhinethi yawo kwinguqu yakutshanje kwintloko yelizwe: Nigeria (166 iintsuku), Liberia (108) ne-South Korea (96). Lo mgca wexesha elide ungenza ucelomngeni kubaphathi abatsha abazama ukuzalisekisa iingcinga zabo ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuchaswa kweBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi liye lanika oomongameli uthotho olukhulu ekukhetheni amalungu eekhabhathi zabo. Uninzi oluninzi lwezingxube zokurhoxa luye lwaqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwengxoxo encinane kwaye ngokufuthi ngokuvota nje okulula. Sekunjalo, iimfazwe zezobupolitika neziphendu phakathi komongameli kunye namaqumrhu oonogada ziye zavelisa iimfazwe ezikhawulezileyo kwiikhabhathi kwaye zakhokelela ekubeni barhoxe okanye bakhanyele.

Kwizihlandlo ezithathu kwinkulungwane yama-20 iBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi lala ngokusemthethweni icetyiswe ngokusemthethweni. Ezi zinto zinqabileyo zigxininisa indima yeBhunga lomgaqo-siseko ekuhloleni amandla kamongameli lo gama kwakhona zibalaselisa indlela ekungaqhelekanga ngayo ukuba abalawuli bangaphumeleli ukungqinelana.

Indlela Iintlanganiso ZeKhabinethi Ezisebenza Ngayo

IKhabhinethi ayinawo amandla alawulayo okanye imisebenzi egunyazisiweyo, yaye akukho voti kufuneka ithatyathwe. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente apho ookhabhathi benza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo, iKhabhinethi yase-U.S. isebenza ngokuyintloko njengequmrhu elikhuthazayo kuMongameli.

Ngexesha leentlanganiso zeKhabhinethi, amalungu ahlala ngendlela apho isebe lawo lakhiwe khona, nelona lokuqala lisondele kakhulu kumongameli kwaye elisekude kakhulu. Eli lungiselelo lesithethe lokuhlala libonisa inkqubela yembali yesebe eliphetheyo kunye nemithetho enxulumene nomongameli.

Igunya Lobuongameli Kumalungu EKhabhinethi

Isekela lomongameli akanalo igunya kwikhabhathi yomongameli kunye nawo onke amagunya equmrhu axela ngqo kumongameli. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiselwa ngumongameli ukuba asebenze ngokwezilangazelelo zikamongameli. Umongameli angawagxotha kwisikhundla nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso okanye athobe isidima sawo.

Oku kulwalamano lwemisebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eKhabhinethi ahlala elungelelene nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli kwaye angathathelwa indawo ukuba aphulukana nentembelo kaMongameli okanye asilele ukuphumeza iinkqubo ngempumelelo.

Inkqubo yokwenza Isigqibo Eqheliselwayo

Ngelixesha isakhiwo esisesikweni sokwenza isigqibo esilawulayo sichazwe kakuhle, inkqubo esebenzayo ibandakanya ulwaleko oluninzi lokhangelo, uhlalutyo, kunye nocwangciso phambi kokuba uMongameli enze izigqibo zokugqibela kwimiba emikhulu yenkqubo.

Ukwazi Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nokuzibekela Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo iqala xa uMongameli okanye abalawuli abakhulu bechaza ingxaki efuna ingqalelo okanye ithuba lokuqhubela phambili iinjongo ngokomthetho. Iingxoxo zingavela:

  • Ilifa leMveli leNtshona Koloni linika izithembiso
  • Iingxaki ezimandundu okanye izinto ezisongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe
  • Umthetho weKhomishini ofuna ukuthathwa kwenyathelo lomongameli
  • Icebiso elivela kumasebe eKhabhinethi
  • Ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke okanye ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba
  • Inkqubela eyenzekayo ehlabathini lonke ichaphazela izilangazelelo zeU.S.

UMongameli umisela izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi, ezikhokela indlela amalungu eKhabhinethi anikela ngayo ingqalelo kunye nezibonelelo zawo. Ezi zinto zibalulekileyo zisoloko zichazwa kwiSizwe seedilesi ze-Union, izindululo zoqingqo-mali, kunye neentetho ezingundoqo zenkqubo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkcazelo nohlalutyo

Xa kufunyaniswe umba, amalungu eKhabhinethi afanelekileyo kunye namasebe awo aqhuba uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha. Ukongeza ekuphatheni amaqela awo esebe elilawulayo, amalungu ekhabhinethi amele acebise intloko karhulumente kwimimandla ethile ekwimo yawo.

Uphando olulandelayo lubandakanya:

  • Ukuqokelela ulwazi nobulumko kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo
  • Ukubuza kwiingcaphephe zemibandela kumasebe
  • Ukuhlola amagunya asemthethweni nemiqathango
  • Ukuvavanya iziphumo zoqingqo-mali
  • Ukucinywa kweziphumo ezinokwenzeka
  • Ukuqwalasela ukubonakala kobupolitika kunye neembono zikawonke-wonke

Amasebe azimeleyo eKhabhinethi kunye namasebe karhulumente azimeleyo ajongene nokugcinwa kwemithetho yemihla ngemihla kunye nolawulo lwemithetho karhulumente.

Inkcazo kunye neSindululo

Amalungu eKhabhinethi anikela izinto afunyenwe kuzo kwaye ancomela uMongameli ngemijelo eyahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iintlanganiso ezisesikweni zeKhabhinethi, iintlanganiso zeqela elincinane, kunye neentlanganiso ezikhoyo kunye. Nangona, ngokwengcamango, zonke izigqibo zekhathemin zithathwa njengeqela linye ngekhabhinethi, kuqheliselwa izigqibo ezininzi zinikezelwa kwiikomitana ezahlukeneyo ezisezantsi zekhabhinethi, ezinikela ingxelo kwikhabhathi epheleleyo kwiziphumo zazo nakuncomela kwazo.

Inkqubo yeqhinga ivumela uMongameli ukuba:

  • Ukuva iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo kumasebe awahlukeneyo
  • Ukwahlula iimfazwe okanye imiqobo enokwenzeka phakathi kokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ulawulo lwezibonelelo
  • Iziphumo zezopolitiko nezobudlelane

Isigqibo sobuongameli nonxibelelwano

Emva kokuqwalasela igalelo elivela kumalungu eKhabhinethi nakwabanye abameli, uMongameli wenza isigqibo sokugqibela. Esi sigqibo sisenokuthatha iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwimbambano:

  • Ukusayina okanye ukukhupha umthetho
  • Ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli okanye umongameli we-Isranda
  • Izenzo zolawulo ezihamba ngamasebe
  • Ukumisela amadinga kwiindawo eziphambili
  • Ukugunyazisa izenzo zomkhosi okanye zezobuzwe
  • Ukubeka imali kwindawo yokuqala

Xa kuthe kwenziwa isigqibo, kufuneka kunxibelelane nabagcini-sango abafanelekileyo noluntu. Le ndlela yonxibelelwano isoloko ibandakanya ukucinezela ushwankathelo, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokusebenzisana namahlakani okuncedisana ukuxhasa isikhundla sikaMongameli.

Ukuzalisekisa nokulandelela

Emva kokuba uMongameli enze isigqibo, amalungu eKhabhinethi kunye namasebe awo amele azalisekise. Iinkqubo zivelisa imimiselo yokumisela iinkqubo ezimiselwe yiBhunga phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli.

Imigaqo yosungulo lokumisela iinkqubo ezimiselwe yiKhonkxamente phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli. Le mithetho idla ngokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuyila umthetho equka isaziso esiphambili sokuqokelela ingxelo ekhawulezileyo, umthetho ocetyisiweyo wokuqokelela iintetho ezingakumbi ebantwini, nomthetho wokugqibela obandakanya amagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwaye wongezwe kwiMithetho yeMithetho yeQembu.

UMongameli kunye nabasebenzi abaphezulu abamhlophe bendlu bazalisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ziphunyezwe njengoko zifunwa kwaye zicombulule naziphi na iingxaki ezivela ngexesha lokurhoxa kwemigaqo emitsha.

Indima ye-ofisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu kaMongameli

Ngaphaya kweKhabhinethi, uMongameli uxhomekeke kwi-ofisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu kaMongameli (EOP), ehlala iziqu ezahlukeneyo zokwalathisa kunye nabasebenzi abaxhasayo abadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Amalungu eQhosha i-EOP

Iquka amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo okhuseleko lweSizwe kunye neBhunga loLawulo noHlahlo loHlahlo. I-EOP idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuyilweni kwenkqubo nasemisebenzini yolawulo. Inceda ulawulo olusebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.

IBhunga loKhuseleko leSizwe licebisa uMongameli malunga nenkqubo yamanye amazwe, ubukrelekrele, nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Eli qumrhu lihlanganisa onobhala boRhulumente noKhuselo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye namanye amagosa angundoqo ukulungelelanisa ubuchule bokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ukususela ekulawuleni kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, uMongameli waseUnited States uye wenza ngokufuthi ngeofisi yakhe elawulayo okanye ngeBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe kunokuba enze ngomkhabhinethi njengoko kwakunjalo kubaphathi bangaphambili. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kukarhulumente nemfuneko yobuchule obukhethekileyo kufutshane noMongameli.

I-ofisi yolawulo nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) idlala indima ephambili ekuququzeleleni imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zomongameli zibonakala kuqingqo-mali lweziko nemimiselo. I-Ofisi yemicimbi yoLwazi & ye-Regatoriation (OIRA), iyunithi ye-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, ijongene nemithetho yolungiselelo, kunye nokumiswa komthetho kunqumla urhulumente wesizwe.

Ngoqingqo-mali nomthetho wayo, i-OMB inceda uMongameli ahlale elawula isebe elilawulayo elizinzileyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zesebe ziyavisisana nezinto eziza kuqala kulawulo.

Imiyalelo yabalawuli njengesixhobo sokwenza izigqibo

Imiyalelo yegunya imele esinye sezixhobo zoMongameli ezibonakalayo nezinamandla ekwenzeni izigqibo, zivumela isenzo esithe ngqo ngaphandle kwemvume engqukuva kwiimeko ezithile.

Oko Imiyalelo Yegunya Inokukwenza Nangoku

Inqaku II lomGaqo-siseko lifaka umongameli onegunya eliphakamileyo kurhulumente, kuquka imbopheleleko yokuba "yinyamekele imithetho ukuba iphumezwe ngokuthembeka". Umyalelo ogunyazisiweyo ngumyalelo obhaliweyo, otyikitywe ngumongameli, oyalela urhulumente ukuba enze izenzo ezingqalileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ‘ imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka.

Imiyalelo yegunya, ngoko, ayinakuyigqitha imithetho nemithetho karhulumente. Imithetho kufuneka idluliswe yiKhonklathi kwaye ityikitywe ngumongameli. Okanye, ukuba ithe yatyikitywa, iBhunga kufuneka liyiyeke ityala ukuze libe ngumthetho. Imiyalelo enolawulo oluphezulu ayinakuyikhulula le nkqubo.

Umongameli akanakwenza nantoni na ayifunayo aze ayivakalise ngomyalelo ophezulu. Oku kuza kugqitywa kwiinkundla kuba liphondo leBhunga ukuseka isebe. Umongameli angaseka umbutho, kodwa akanakuzenzela isebe ngomyalelo wesigqeba okanye angakwazi ukuliphelisa isebe.

Ukuphumeza ixesha

Ezinye imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo zisebenza ngokukhawuleza nje xa umongameli etyikitya umyalelo. Kodwa ezinye imiyalelo ezininzi azinalo igalelo de umbutho karhulumente uthathe amanyathelo awongezelelekileyo. Ngokufuthi, umyalelo olawulayo ufuna umbutho wesizwe ukuba ubhale ingxelo, wenze uphando, okanye ukhuphe umgaqo omtsha. La manyathelo adla ngokuthatha iinyanga, yaye maxa wambi iminyaka.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemigaqo Elawulayo Ngokwembali

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oomongameli babene-avareji ye-10-20 yemiyalelo yabalawuli ngexesha lolawulo lwabo; uAbraham Lincoln wayenobuninzi obuphambili be 48. Ukususela ngokoMongameli Nixon, oomongameli baye bafumana i-avareji emalunga nama-200-300. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt waba ne3,700.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo yemiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo equka ukuzimisela kukaHarry Truman ngomyalelo olawulayo wokususa imikhosi exhobileyo `yahlulwa ukutyhubela u-1948] kunye nokuquka kuyo yonke imfazwe yesibini yehlabathi. Endaweni yokufuna iceba lomthetho, waphumeza ulawulo lwemikhosi ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa umgaqo wegunya eliphetheyo.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano kwisigqibo solawulo-sokwenza

Ubuchule besebe ngalinye bokusabela kwizenzo zamasebe alo yinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza isigqibo esilawulayo akwenzeki kwikhamandela kodwa kuxhomekeke ekujongeni nasekutshintsheni amanye amasebe.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lingatshintsha izenzo zamasebe alo: umongameli angawubeka umthetho owenziwe yiBhunga. Ukwabeka izintlola zeentloko zamasebe karhulumente kunye nabamiselwe yinkundla ephakamileyo. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye ligatye oomongameli.

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lweNtlalo-ntle:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo
  • Uphando kumatyala esebe alawulayo
  • Isenzo somthetho sokubhukuqa okanye sokulungisa iinkqubo zegunya
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuba

Impinda yezeejaji

Isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iMithetho eLawulayo, efana nezibhengezo ezilawula umthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingavakalisa ezo zenzo zingekho mgaqweni. AmaJaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo angabhukuqa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho.

Inkundla yoManyano ihlolisisa izenzo zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko kunye negunya lomthetho.

Ucelomngeni ekugqityweni kwesigqibo solawulo lwangoku

Oomongameli bexesha langaphambili bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi olubangela ukuba inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ibe nzima kwaye kufuneka umanyano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi koMongameli neKhabhinethi.

Ukuntsonkotha Nomlinganiselo Karhulumente

Isebe elilawulayo elinabasebenzi abakwiqela leesebe nemibutho emininzi, lineenkonzo ezimalunga ne - 1 200 zePAS.

Ngokutsho kukaDavid Lewis, isazinzulu sezobupolitika kwiVanderbilt University, i-U.S. inabamiselwe bezopolitiko abaninzi kunayo nayiphi na enye idemokhrasi ephucukileyo. Nangona inkqubo yokuqinisekisa yase-U.S. yomeleza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulibazisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba oonobhala beKhabhinethi bangaphembelela abasebenzi kunye namandla azayo olawulo.

Name

Ukwanda kokwanda kobubanzi bentlalo-ntle yelizwe kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba oomongameli bakhe inkxaso ye-bipartisan kwizigqibo zabo kwaye ithoba inyathelo lokuqinisekisa abanyuli abaphambili. Ngokungafaniyo nabo baphambili, uninzi lwababhiden noTrump's kwafuneka badlule kwinkqubo yokufumana ihlwili kwaye yonke iminenga ifuna ivoti yokugqibela ebhaliweyo ukuze iqinisekiswe.

Ukuzalana kolwazi notshintsho olukhawulezileyo

Oomongameli bale mihla kufuneka benze izigqibo kwimeko-bume enobunzima bolwazi, imijikelo yeeyure ezingama-24, kwaye icombulule ngokukhawuleza imingeni yomhlaba wonke. Oku kufuna iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuhluza ulwazi, zokwazi izinto eziza kuqala, nokusabela ngokukhawuleza ekuvelini kweemeko ezinzima ngoxa uqwalasela ubuchule kwiinjongo zexesha elide.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nenkxalabo Yezobupolitika

Ukwenza izigqibo ezisebenzayo kufuna ukulungelelanisa ubuchule bobugcisa kubaphathi-misebenzi belizwe namalungu eKhabhinethi kunye neengqwalasela zezobupolitika malunga noluvo lukawonke-wonke, inkxaso yombutho, neziphumo zonyulo. Oomongameli kufuneka bavavanye iingcebiso zobuchule nxamnye nokufaneleka kwezobupolitika kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo yabo olubanzi.

Owona mqheliso ulungileyo ukwenzela ukwenza isigqibo solawulo olunempumelelo

Uphando namava embali abonisa iindlela eziliqela ezingcono ezifak' isandla ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisebenzayo nguMongameli kunye neKhabhinethi.

Ukukhethwa kwabasebenzi kwangoko nobuchule

Imisebenzi yeqela labasebenzi kufuneka iqale kwasekuqaleni ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo yonyulo ngokhetho lomalathisi wabasebenzi, ofanele aqalise ukuqesha abasebenzi ukuqala izinto eziza kuqala nabasebenzi abaphuhlisayo kunye noluhlu. Ehlotyeni okanye ekupheleni konyaka wonyulo, iqela labasebenzi kufuneka liphuhlise uluhlu lwabamele ukuthengwa ukuba babe ziindawo zokhokelo eziphezulu kwaye liqalise inkqubo yokuqala yokuzikhusela kusetyenziswa imithombo kawonke-wonke.

Ngenxa yokuba amadinga enza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni ulawulo kunye nokuphuhlisa ucwangciso lomongameli omtsha, iqela labasebenzi kufuneka limisele amaxesha obushushu kunye neenjongo zozaliso lweqhosha lendlu emhlophe, iKhabhinethi kunye nezikhundla ezisezantsi. Ukumisela usukelo kufuneka kuqale kwasekuqaleni ngoAprili okanye ngoMeyi wonyaka wonyulo.

Iinkqubo zesigqibo esicwangcisiweyo

Oomongameli abaphumelelayo bamisela iinkqubo ezicacileyo zendlela eziya kwenziwa ngayo izigqibo, oza kubuzwa, nendlela inkcazelo eya kukhutshelwa ngayo kwiOval Ofesi. Oku kuquka:

  • Iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi ezithe rhoqo ukuxubusha ngemibandela yokunqumla
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Ukuhlahlela nokunika ingxelo ngolwalamano
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweembono eziphikisayo ukuze kufikelelwe uMongameli
  • Uhlolo lwenkqubo lwenkqubela yokuzalisekisa

Ukulungelelanisa Isantya Nokukhululeka

Ngoxa ezinye izigqibo zifuna ukuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza, inkoliso yazo iyangenelwa kwingcinga enzulu. Oomongameli abaphumelelayo bayazi ukuba kunini na ukukhawuleza ukushukuma nokuba kunini na ukuba bathathe ixesha lokuhlalutya nokuxilonga. Badala iinkqubo eziza kubangela ukuba bafumane intsabelo ekhawulezileyo kwiimeko ezinzima nokuqwalasela iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukuthetha Ngokucacileyo Ngezigqibo

Xa kwenziwe izigqibo, unxibelelwano olucacileyo kubo bonke abangenisi-mali, `kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, iKhonkcothane, i-media, kunye noluntu lonke(ukuphumelela). Oku kufuna ukuba kuququzelelwe imiyalezo elungelelanisiweyo ngaphaya kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemijelo yonxibelelwano eyahlukeneyo.

Ikamva Lokwenziwa Kwesigqibo Esilawulayo

Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka eguquka, iinkqubo ezenziwa ngazo nguMongameli neKhabhinethi ziya kuqhelana nocelomngeni namathuba amatsha.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi-ukwenziwa kwesigqibo

Inkqubela kugcino-lwazi, ubuntlola obungeyonkqubo, kunye nobugcisa bolwazi bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokuqokelela nokuhlalutya ulwazi ukuze kwaziwe izigqibo zegunya. Ulawulo lwexesha elizayo lungabuphucula ubuxhakaxhaka besantya nomgangatho wokwenza izigqibo ngeli lixa kulawulwa ubungozi bokuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kwiinkqubo ezizenzekelayo.

Izisongelo Neengxaki Ezicokisekayo

Imingeni emitsha enjengezisongelo zekhompyutha, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuxhotyiswa kwezifo, nokuvela kobugcisa kuya kufuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezinokuphendula kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezinqamleza imida yesebe elilawulayo. Oku kungakhokelela kwimimiselo emitsha yentlangano kunye nokwenziwa kweenkqubo zesigqibo kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Utshintsho Kwinkqubo Yokutyunjwa

IKhomishini kunye neNdlu emhlophe kufuneka ziqwalasele iindlela zokwenza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa igqibelele. Ngexa umGaqo-siseko udala inkqubo yomongameli kunye necebiso leNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala kunye nendima yayo, kwaye lo gama ukuphatha kwemithetho yomongameli kungumgaqo wedemokhrasi obalulekileyo, inkqubo yanamhlanje ingaphezulu phantse nakuyiphi na enye indawo ehlabathini. Amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe ukukhawulezisa inkqubo ukwenzela ukuba iinkokeli ezizayo zibe neenkokeli eziphambili kwindawo okanye kancinci emva kosuku lokumiselwa kwemithetho yolawulo-mthetho, ukuphendula imingeni yohlanga.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Ukwenza kwesigqibo esinegunya

Inkqubo eyenziwa ngayo nguMongameli neKhabhinethi ekwenzeni izigqibo phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ukuya kumgangatho wempilo, imfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze ube ngummi onolwazi kunye nokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Le nkqubo ilinganisela imfuneko yokusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwegunya elilawulayo kunye nokuhlola nokulinganisela komGaqo-siseko, ingcebiso yengcali ethetha ngetyala lezobupolitika, nokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngokuqhinga. Nangona ingafezekanga, eli lungiselelo liye langqineka linamandla ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, lilungelelanisa iimeko ezitshintshayo ngoxa lilondoloza imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko.

Kwabo bafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo, ukuqonda indlela uMongameli neKhabhinethi azenza ngayo izigqibo kunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo ngendawo nendlela yokudibanisa isebe elilawulayo. Kubafundi bakarhulumente, olu lwazi lukhanyisa iinyani ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Kwaye kubo bonke abemi, ukuzazi ezi nkqubo kubenza baqonde ngakumbi ukhokelo lomongameli kunye nendlela elisebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo.

Xa iingxaki ezijamelene nohlanga ziqhubeka ziguquka, inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zikaMongameli neKhabhinethi ziza kuhlala zisemgangathweni wokulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo, sinokuzigcina zinetyala ngakumbi iinkokeli zethu, sibe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwintetho yedemokhrasi, kwaye sibe negalelo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokwakha umanyano olufezekile ngakumbi.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngorhulumente wase-U.S. nangendlela esebenza ngayo, tyelela USUSA.gov, isikhokelo esisemthethweni kwinkcazelo neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngesebe eliphetheyo, i-webhsayithi ye-[ yeWhite House inika iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo malunga noMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Abo banomdla kwinkqubo yoqinisekiso kunye neemfuno zangoku, [[FLT] u-U].S. Iwebhsayithi ye-S.[ epheleleyo] inikela iinkcukacha malunga nokungaqiniseki miyalelo. [FLT:] [FT] [5], kunye nomthetho-omatilike]