Unyulo oluphakathi kwexesha kunye noTshintsho loRhulumente: IsiKhokelo soMmi

Unyulo lwemipu lumela ixesha elibalulekileyo kwikhalenda yezopolitiko yaseMelika, elibakho malunga nombindi wexesha elikwiminyaka emine. Olu nyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo yokuba abavoti baphinde basebenzise amandla karhulumente karhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle kokunyula ngqo umphathi oyintloko. Ngoxa unyulo lomongameli lulawula ingqalelo kawonke-wonke, amaqondo aphakathi adla ngokuvelisa iinguqu eziphawulekayo kwimiqathango yemithetho, inkqubo, kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente atshintsha ngayo abahlali bemi ukuba bavote ngokufanelekileyo baze bachaze indlela echaphazelekileyo yezopolitiko.

UmGaqo-siseko umisa inkqubo yokhetho edidayo elungele ukuqhubekeka nokusabela. Unyulo lwaphakathi lubonakalisa lo mgaqo ngokuvumela abanyuli ukuba bavavanye umsebenzi wolawulo olunzima kwaye balungise ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ngokufanelekileyo. I-data yembali esuka kwiZiko lophando lwePhondo ibonisa ukuba amaxesha aphakathi asoloko ephumela kwilahleko yeqela lomongameli, edala amathuba okubeka imigca ye-grafti okanye ukulalanisa kuxhomekeke kumo wezobupolitika.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yokhetho?

Unyulo lwexeshana lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ngegama "ixesha eliphakathi kokhuphiswano lomongameli. Olu nyulo luzalisa izihlalo kwiNdlu yabameli, malunga nekota enye yesithathu, kunye nemimandla emininzi kunye neendawo zasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lomongameli olutsala ingqalelo yesizwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu kunye neendleko ezinkulu zephulo, iimini eziphakathi zisoloko zijolise ingqalelo kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, umgangatho wengingqi, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

Abayili besakhiwo abayila unyulo lwengqungquthela ngengcinga ecokisekileyo. Indlu yabameli, ehloselwe ukubonisa imvakalelo ethandwayo, ifuna onke amalungu angama-435 ukujamelana nabavoti rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Lo mjikelo mfutshane uqinisekisa abameli ukuba bahlala besabela kwimibandela edibeneyo. IBhunga, elikhutshwe njengelungu elikhutshwayo, lisebenza kumjikelezo weminyaka emithandathu nonyulo olushukumahlaza, okuthetha ukuba kumalunga nama-33 ukuya kuma-34 kuphela izihlalo akhuphisana ngexesha lonyulo lwaphakathi. Esi sakhiwo sigcina iinkumbulo zombutho ngoxa sisakuba ngabanikezeli bobutyala ngethuba.

Ukucwangcisa nokumisa

Umthetho womanyano umisela uLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba njengomhla wonyulo olufanayo. Amaxa aphakathi asoloko ewa kwiminyaka elinganayo engeyominyaka yonyulo lomongameli. Eli xesha lidala impembelelo ekhethekileyo yezobupolitika: abavoti bavavanya umsebenzi womongameli ngaphandle kokuvota ngqo okanye ngokuchasene nomongameli. Unyulo olubangelwayo lusoloko lusebenza njengee-arhente zolawulo kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala, luphembelela iminyaka emibini eseleyo yegama lomongameli.

Indlela Indlu Yabameli Eguquka Ngayo

Indlu yabameli ifumana utshintsho olupheleleyo phakathi konyulo. Zonke izihlalo ezingama-435 ziyakhuphiswano, ithetha ukuba zonke izithili ezikweli lizwe zinethuba lokutshintsha umelo. Oku kujika okubanzi kwenza iNdlu ibe yeyona ndawo isabelayo ekutshintsheni uluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Ulawulo Olukhulu Namandla Omthetho

Iqela eliwina izihlalo ubuncinane ezingama-218 likhusela ulawulo lwabaninzi, lifumana iingenelo ezithe kratya. Uninzi lweqela lukhetha uSomlomo weNdlu, olawula ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho, limisela ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezithathwayo, kwaye limisela izihlalo zekomiti. Eli gunya linwebela ukulawula uqingqo-mali lwekomiti, abasebenzi, negunya lokuphanda. Xa i-dekhrasi neNdlundyebo ye-injini ilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, i-ogconf i-drock idla ngokuditya, ifuna ukuqwalaselwa, i-magama kunye nokulalanisa ukumiswa komthetho obalulekileyo.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Kwiminyaka elishumi, emva kobalo-balo, kuchaza ukuba izithili eziphindayo zocalulo ukuze zibonise utshintsho lwabemi. Unyulo oluphakathi ngokukhawuleza emva kwemijikelo yokulungisa imimandla lusoloko lunendawo edibeneyo elungiselelwe ukunceda iqela elinye. Lo mkhwa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-gerrymandering, uyakwazi ukugquma iintsontela zokhuphiswano kwaye unciphise inani lezihlalo zokhuphiswano lokwenene. Brenan Center yeJaji [

Ukhokelo lweKomiti nolwalathiso lwemigaqo-nkqubo

Izihlalo zekomiti yendlu zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwenkqubo. Ezi zihlalo zilawula ucwangciso lokuva, amandla angaphantsi kwepopuena, yaye nguwuphi umthetho oqhubekeka phantsi. Ukutshintsha kolawulo lwamaninzi kuthabathel ’ indawo zonke izihlalo zeekomiti, ukubuyisela ezona zinto ziphambili kwimimandla egxininiswa kakhulu ngabantu abatsha. Umzekelo, ukuguqulwa komnye umbutho ukuya omnye kusenokutshintsha kuxhomekeke ekujongeni kwemekobume zemekobume kuphakamiso lwemali, okanye kwinkqubo yezonyango kumthetho wokunyanzelo lwabathami.

IBhunga Leentlanganiso Neenguqu Zalo

IBhunga leNdlu litshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe kuneNdlu ngenxa yamabinzana ayo anyaka mthandathu ashukumayo. Ngezihlalo ezimalunga nesithathu kuphela ezikhuphiswano ngexesha ngalinye phakathi, iNdlu yeNtsimbi ihlala izinzile kodwa isoloko ifumana utshintsho olunentsingiselo ekuqulunqeni nasekukhokeleleni.

Uhlelo kunye nomqokozo we-Elector

Abaququzeleli bahlulwe baba ziiklasi ezintathu, nganye inezintlola rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Olu khetho luqinisekisa ukuba akukho lunyulo lunye lunokuyiguqula ngokupheleleyo iNtlanganiso ngexa ugcina ityala rhoqo. Izihlalo ezithile zonyulo kuxhomekeke kudidi olunikwe iphondo ngalinye, oluye lwamiselwa ngokwembali xa amazwana engena kwi-Union. Ezinye iziphekepheke zinezihlalo ezithe xhathisayo kuneminye, kuxhomekeka kumaphondo anokuhlala kwimiqathango okanye kwii-senator ezibuthathaka.

Iimfuno zeMidlalo neMidlalo

Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yandisa ukubaluleka kwamanani eendawo ezithe ngqo. Umthetho ojonge kwi-nbnbuster ufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuqhubela phambili, ithetha ukuba iqela elininzi lifuna inkxaso ye-bipartan ukudlulisa amatyala abalulekileyo. Unyulo oluphakathi kweNtlanganiso etshintshela kwimithetho eyahluliweyo okanye kwizinto ezinkulu ezimxinwa lungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo imveliso yemithetho-mthetho. Iqela eliphethe ama-51 ukuya kuma-599 izihlalo lijongeneedegrep ngomnye nomnye kuma-60 okanye ngaphezulu, liphembelela ukuba ngabaphi na oomongameli baqhubele phambili okanye amagumbi.

Ukuqinisekisa amandla namadinga eejaji

Ulawulo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi lumisela ishwangusha lokumiswa komongameli, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. IBhunga elilawulwa liqela lomongameli liqinisekisa ukuba lizibonelela ngokukhawuleza kwaye linempikiswano encinane. IBhunga elibanjwe liqela elichasanayo lingavala okanye lilibazise izikhalazo, lifune ulawulo ukuba kuxoxwe okanye lususwe abathathi-nxaxheba. Unyulo lwaphakathi ludla ngokubangela ukuba ulawulo lweziko lweBhunga elilawulayo lubangele ukuvuselw ’ umva kweminyaka emibini eseleyo yegama lomongameli.

Iinguqulelo zikarhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Unyulo lwexesha eliphakathi ludlulela ngaphaya kweWashington, D.C. oorhulumente bakarhulumente bajongene nokuguquka okubalulekileyo ebudeni bale mijikelo, kunye neerhuluneli, nezindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neeofisi zasekuhlaleni zonke ezikumaphepha alo khetho. Le nkqubo yokhetho kwimfundo, ezothutho, ezonyango, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye nerhafu yamazwe.

Unyuso lwe-injini

Amashumi amathathu anesithandathu amaphondo akhethayo ebudeni beminyaka ephakathi, enza ezi zizwe zijonge ulawulo lwenkqubo karhulumente. Irhuluneli zinegunya lomthetho, amasebe alawulayo, kunye noqingqo-mali olunempembelelo. Unyulo lwemiba ye-midterm gubernerator lusoloko lusebenza njengeenkcubeko zesizwe zezopolitiko, kunye nokuvota okuvakalisa ulwaneliseko okanye ukunxunguphala kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe ngokhetho lomgangatho karhulumente.

ULawulo loMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zimisela imithetho yokuvota, imida yesithili, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi zenkqubo. Izihlalo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezimalunga ne-5,800 ziyakhuphiswano phakathi konyulo lwexeshana, ezimela ukuba zinokuchaphazeleka ekutshintsheni inkqubo. Ulawulo lweqela lezindlu zowiso-mthetho lukwachaphazela ukuqulunqwa komanyano emva kokuba kubhaliwe inani labantu, kuvezwe iziphumo ezinde zomelo lwamagunya. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho womthetho wesizwe inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kunyulo lwemithetho-Rhulumente kunye nolawulo lwesizwe.

Ukuqalisa Kweziqhushumbisi Nolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Amazwe amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimibuzo yezomthetho ngokhetho lwezindululo zonyulo. Ezi nyathelo zilandelayo zithathwa njengemiba yokwenziwa komjumba kunyuso osemthethweni ukuya kunyuswa, ulwando lonyango, kunye nemigaqo yerhafu. Amanyathelo eMidterm bollot asoloko etsala ingqalelo ebalulekileyo kuba abavoti bangayimisela inkqubo ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwemithetho-siseko somthetho. Inani kunye nomlinganiselo wenyathelo le-colletbatorss uyahluka ngokokwahlukana ngokwemeko, kunye namaphondo asentshona anjengeKhalifoniyani, i-Oregodryan, kunye neColoradoradood abonisa iinkqubo ezithe ngqo zedemokhrasi.

Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo weNguqulo eziphakathi kweXesha

Xa ulawulo lweNgqungquthela lutshintsha phakathi, iziphumo zenkqubo zityhutyha phantse yonke inkqubo karhulumente kunye nommandla ophambili. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kunceda abemi balindele indlela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla obunokutshintsha ngayo kwaye bakhuthaze ukuvota.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Ingqungquthela ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kumgaqo-nkqubo wenkqubo. Utshintsho kulawulo oluninzi lubuyisela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala kukhetho olutsha loninzi. Oku kungathetha ukunyuswa kokusetyenziswa kwemali yokuzikhusela phantsi kombutho omnye okanye iinkqubo zoluntu ezandisiweyo phantsi komnye. Amadabi ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali adla ngokukhula phakathi kwiminyaka yexeshana xa iqela lomongameli liphulukana nezihlalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhubekeni kwesigqibo, ukuvalwa kwemiqathango karhulumente, okanye ukulalanisa iimpahla zokuchitha iindleko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

Ubuchule bempilo busoloko buphakathi kwenkxalabo ephambili yabavoti phakathi konyulo. Ukutshintsha kolawulo lwequmrhu lolawulo lwezonyango kuchaphazela iinkqubo zesizwe eziquka iMedicare, iMedicaid, iAffordhable Care Act, kunye ne-iglagiagement. Indlu elawulwa liqela elahlukileyo kunomongameli ingafuna ukuvalwa ngokusetyenziswa konyango okanye ukuzama utshintsho lomthetho lokuba umongameli atyikitye okanye azame ukutyobela okanye asebenzise i-veto.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla

Iikomiti zeKhomishini ezilawula ulawulo lwemekobume kunye nokutshintshwa kolawulo lwemveliso yamandla kuxhomekeke kwiliphi iqela elinegunya. Unyulo oluphakathi oluthi lutshintshe ukhokelo lwekomiti lusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye lujonge amasebe ahlukeneyo olawulo kunye nenkqubo eya kusondela. Umthetho wokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuvuselelwa kwemvume, iintshukumisa ezinokuhlaziywa, kunye nemigangatho yongcoliso lonke umgangatho ohlukeneyo wenkxaso yonyulo.

Imfundo Nezakhiwo

Inkqubo yokufundisa yomanyano kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwezibonelelo luxhomekeke kakhulu kwimibutho kunye nogunyaziso. Utshintsho lwaphakathi luchaphazela ukuxhasa ngemali izikolo zeSihloko se-I, uPell Grants, iinkqubo zokoniwa ngabafundi, kunye nezibonelelo zezithuthi. Amazwe akwafumana inkxaso-mali yemali karhulumente yeendlela, yeebhulorho, kunye nothutho lukawonke wonke, kunye nemigangatho yemali ephantsi kwengqungquthela.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba kwejezi kunye noxinzelelo lwexesha eliphakathi

Unyulo lwaphakathi ngokwembali lutsala umvoti ophantsi kunonyulo lomongameli, ukwandisa impembelelo yabavoti ababotshelelweyo. Ukuqonda imigaqo kunye namaqhinga okuthabatha inxaxheba kunceda abemi balapho bakhulise iziphumo zabo zonyulo.

Imilinganiselo yokukhupha kunye nomahluko wokoma ngokumanyuswa

Unyulo lweVoter phakathi kwexesha lonyulo lusuka kuma-40 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini abavoti abafanelekileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nama-55 ukuya kuma-65 ekhulwini kwiminyaka yobungameli. Oku kujika okusezantsi kuthetha ukuba amaqela abemi anempembelelo ephezulu yokungaguquguquki kovotelwa. Abavoti abadala, abanini-makhaya, kunye nabantu abafikelwayo abaphezulu badla ngokuvota kwiqondo eliphezulu phakathi, ngoxa abatsha abatsha nabangenayo abambalwa bathatha inxaxheba encinci ngokungaguquki.

Imigudu yokuphuma ngaphandle kweVeki

Amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nemibutho yobukhakhazi ifaka imali eninzi ekuqokeleleni abavoti ngexesha lonyulo. Le migudu iquka ukuvalwa kweminyango ukuya kwindlu ngendlu, ukugcinwa kweminxeba, iposi engqalileyo, kunye nokubhengezwa kwamanani okujoliswe kumaxhoba exesha elithile. Ukufumana iziphumo zonyulo ngelinye ixesha kungaguqula abaxhasi abanokukwazi ukuqhuba ikhaya. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi imibutho eqhuba le migudu kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni bavavanye amacebo nenkcazelo yezixhobo zokubhengeza.

Ukuhombisa Kwangaphambili Neebhola Ezinesandi Esibi

Amaphondo amaninzi anika ukhetho lovota kwangoko okanye lokurhoxa kokhetho oluthi lwandise amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba. Unyulo lwaphakathi lubonisa ngakumbi amaxesha okuvota angaphambili kwaye akukho nanye isalathiso sovota esingekhoyo, nangona iindlela ezithile zahluka ngokwesizwe. Abavongi kufuneka bahlolisise imithetho yokuvota kwabo phambi kosuku lonyulo ukuceba ukubamba kwabo. iqonga elinolwazi lokuvota kunye noncedo lobhaliso.

Imizekelo Nezifundo Zembali

Uhlolisiso lwembali yonyulo phakathi kwexesha lomhla utyhila imilinganiselo engaguqukiyo eyazisa amathemba emijikelo yexesha elizayo. Iqela lomongameli lidla ngokuphulukana nezihlalo eNdlu phakathi kwexesha, nelahleko ephakathi kwezihlalo ezingama-26. Ukulahleka kweNtlanganiso akungqinelani ngokulinganayo ngenxa yomjikelo wonyulo oshukumayo nezihlalo ezithile ezikhuphiswaneni kunyulo ngalunye.

Unyulo lwexeshana loMbindi we-2010

Isigaba sexesha eliphakathi sowama-2010 savelisa utshintsho oluyimbali xa iiRiphabliki zafumana izihlalo zendlu ezingama-63, olona nyulo lukhulu lwaphakathi konyaka ukususela ngowe-1938. Olu nyulo lwalandela indlela yokuhamba ye-Afford Cance Act kunye nempahla yoncedo lwezoqoqosho yowama-2009. Urhulumente owahlulweyo wakhokelela ekubeni i-projekthi yowiso-mthetho ibangele amanyathelo amakhulu, iinkxwaleko zoqingqo-mali, kunye nokutshintshela ekujongeni ulawulo lwe-Obama.

Unyulo lwexeshana eliphakathi konyaka ka-2018

Isigaba sexesha lonyaka wama-2018 sabalaselisa olu nyulo luphezulu kakhulu kunyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ukususela ngowe-1914, kunye nama-50,3 ekhulwini abavoti abafanelekileyo abathabatha inxaxheba. AmaDemocrates afumana izihlalo zezindlu ezingama-40, aphinda asebenzisa ulawulo lwabaninzi, ngoxa iiRiphabliki zandisa uninzi lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Le Congress yahlula yavelisa umsebenzi wobuveleli onzima, kuquka uphando olunzulu kubaphathi beTrump, kunye neziphumo zemithetho-mthetho ezisikelwezi

2022 Unyulo lwexeshana

Iminyaka engama-2022 ephakathi kwexesha lonyaka apho amaRiphabliki abona khona azuza uninzi lwendlu enciphileyo ngeli xesha amaDemocrates ebebambe iNdlu yeeNdlu. Ngokungafaniyo neepateni ezininzi zembali, iqela lomongameli laphepha ukoyiswa okukhulu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokubhukuqa iRoe v. Wade, eyakhuthaza ukuvota kwedemokhrasi. IMbutho eyahlulwayo yavelisa izigqibo eziqhubekayo, iimpumelelo zemithetho-mthetho ezisikelwe umda, kunye nengxubusho yoqingqo-mali eqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lweMidter olusisiseko lwexesha lonyulo lwezinyuko zobumongameli baseMerika ngamandla akhoyo ngaphakathi kweBhunga, kwizindlu zikarhulumente, nakwiiofisi zasekuhlaleni. Olu nyulo lusebenza njengamathuba okuba abemi bavavanye iinkqubo ezikhoyo, balungelelanise ulungelelwano lwamandla, baze baphembelele ulawulo ngeminyaka emibini eseleyo yexesha lobumongameli. Abasebenzi abaqonda indlela utshintsho lukarhulumente phakathi kwemiphakathi baxhotyiswe ngayo ngcono ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwaye bachaze inkqubela yezopolitiko ephambili. Ngokubandakanye nenkqubo yokhetho, abaqulunqi, abahlohliweyo, kunye novota kwimi nganye, befeza indima yabo engokomgaqo-siseko ekulondolozeni urhulumente osabela nokuphendula.