Ukwazisa: Umbono Wokwanda Okupheleleyo EIndiya

Uhambo lwe-Indiya lokuphuhlisa luye lwachazwa kade luzibopheleleko lokuzibophelela ekukhuleni okuqukayo — icebo eliqinisekisa inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho liguqulela kwinzuzo ephathekayo kummi ngamnye, ingakumbi ezona zibuthathaka. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, urhulumente waseIndiya uye wasungula kwaye wandisa imilinganiselo yeenkqubo zentlalo-ntle elungiselelwe ukudibanisa ingeniso, impilo, imfundo, isakhiwo, kunye nokufikelela kwemali. Ezi zinyathelo azizizo nje ii-etamnatha zokukhusela; zinjongo yokunciphisa ubuhlwempuzeko, ukukhuthaza uluntu, ukukhuthaza uqoqookrwelo, kwaye zenza umgangatho olungeleneyo. Eli nqaku lihlola iinkqubo zentlalo, iinjongo eziphambili, iingxaki, kunye nokufikelela kwikamva lokukhula kwe-India.

Ukuchaza Ulwando Olupheleleyo: Ngaphezu kweGDP

Ulwando oluqulethweyo ludlulela ngaphaya komlinganiselo ongokwesithethe wolwando lwezoqoqosho. Nangona imveliso enkulu yasekhaya (GDP) iyimfuneko, ayikunciphisi ngokuzenzekelayo ukungalingani okanye ukuphucula imigangatho yokuphila kubo bonke. Ulwando oluqukayo lubhekiselela kulwabelo olungenasiphelo lwamathuba[[FLT: 0]], unikezelo olusisiseko, unikezelo kwiinkonzo, kunye nonciphiso lwezikhundla ezingundoqo kwimimandla, amaqela amaqela eentlobo-ntlobo, ubufana, kunye nengeniso. Kumo ye-Indiya, oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba abalimi basemakhaya, abahlala ezidolophini, abafazi, kunye nabantu abakwindawo entle abangenelweyo bangenelwe kuyo utshintsho lwezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zobuntlalo-ntlalo zizixhobo ezingundoqo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente kulo mbono.

Iinkqubo ezinkulu zentlalo-ntle eziqhubela ulwando olupheleleyo

Mahatma Gandhi National Ecribial Employment Act (MGNREGA)

IMGNREGA yenye yezona misebenzi zinkulu ehlabathini iqinisekisa iinkqubo. Inika yonke imizi yasemaphandleni enamalungu akhulileyo ngokuzithandela ukwenza umsebenzi wezandla ongenabuchule ubuncinane [[FLT: 0]] 100 iintsuku ezikhulu zomsebenzi womvuzo [ kunyaka wemali. Inkqubo ayiniki siseko nje kuphela wokuziphilisa kodwa ikwadala izinto zoluntu ezihlala ixesha elide ezinjengendlela, amachibi, nemijelo yokunkcenkcenkceshela. Ngokwee esemthethweni, uMGNREGA iye yangenelela ngokungqalileyo kwiintsapho ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili- 150 ukusuka ekumisweni kwayo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ingeniso yasemaphandleni ngexesha lokuthomalalisa kunye nezopolisholo njenge-CHOVAD. Le nkqubo inika amabhinqa amandla angaphezulu kwamashumi amahlanu eepesenti ee-MGRAN, i-entlalo-mali ekhuthaza uluntu.

2. Inkqubo yokusasaza uwonke-wonke (PDS)

I-PDS yeyona nkonzo inkulu yokhuseleko lokutya eIndiya, isasaza iinkozo zokutya ezincinane zengqolowa, irayisi, kunye nezidlo ezirhabaxa , kwaye zingaphezulu kwama-80 ezigidi abaxhamli phantsi koMthetho weNational Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013. Inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iintsapho ezifanelekileyo zifumana amabele aphezulu kakhulu (njengoba aphantsi kwe 761-3 kg). I-PDS ibiluncedo ekunciphiseni indlala nokungondleki, ingakumbi phakathi kwendlala ehlwempunge. iinguqulelo zakutshanje, kuquka ukusungula kwe Ilizwe elinye, ikhadi le-Roffance[FLD:1] [FLT], ivumela abafuduki ukuba bafikelele imali yabo kumazwe akwilizwe, isitshixo sokudlulisela ingxolo. Inkqubo yokuphatha ingakumbi yandandandanda kakhulu phakathi kokusasazwa kwe-Prad (irGAN, ka-AN.)

3. UPradhan Mantri Awam Yojana (PMAY)

I-PMY ifuna ukubonelela ‘ Ukuvulela bonke” ngo-2022 (emva ke yandisiwe). Isicwangciso sinikela uncedo lwemali ekwakheni okanye ekuhlaziyiseni izindlu zedolophu kunye nezobugxalab. Phantsi kwe-PMAY-Urban, abaxhasi bafumana ukuya kutsho ku-761.8 lakh ebhankiswe ngetyala ngemali ngemali encinci yemali ebolekiweyo. I-POMY-Gramin (umda) inika uncedo lweyunithi ye-61.20 kummandla othe ntle. Ngophakathi-2020, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 zezindlu ebeziqeshiwe, kunye neemeko ezininzi zokuhlala ezithengwayo, kwaye ibonelelwa phantsi kwemali ezikhoyo.

4. ISwachh Bharat Abhiyan (Umsebenzi Ococekileyo waseIndiya)

I-Santiation lisiseko sempilo nesidima sikawonke-wonke. I-Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, eyaqaliswa ngo-2014, ejolise ekupheliseni ukukhutshwa komonakalo oqinileyo nokuphucula ulawulo lwenkunkuma eqinileyo kwii-laseIndiya ezisemaphandleni nasedolophini. Lo msebenzi ufikelele kwinkqubela yembali ngo-2019 xa uvakalisa ilizwe livula inkululeko yokukhulula (ODF) [emva kokwakha izikhululo lwezigidi ezilikhulu zezindlu zangasese zendlu. Ngaphandle, iphulo libhekise kwintsoko yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha ngoku ngoku ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwemibutho. Iziphumo ezinzulu zibonisa ukuncitshiswa kwezifo zorhudolo, ukuhambela phambili kwesikolo kumabhinqa, nokukhuliswa kokhuseleko lwamabhinqa. Isigaba sesibini (Fl.BrathBroat) ngoku sixhoba sobugraccuka, ulawulo lwamanzi, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi.

5. UPradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

Ukufakwa kwemali kuyimfuneko ukuze ungenelele ngokwezoqoqosho. Kwaqaliswa ngo-2014, i-PMJDY ngumsebenzi wesizwe onika unikezelo lwendawo yonke kwizakhiwo zebhanki . Phantsi kocwangciso, abanikazi betyala bafumana ityala lebhanki elisisiseko nexabiso eliphantsi, i-RPAR debit card, i-inshorences igqume ukuya ku-1962 lakh, kunye nesakhiwo esingaphezulu kwemali ukuya kutsho ku-10 000-10 000. Ngonyaka wama-2024, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500, kuvulwe ii-akhawunti zemali phantsi kwe-PMDY, ezizisa izigidi zabantu abangakhangelwanga, ezizisa izigidi zabantu ngaphambili, ezingenayo ngaphambili, ingakumbi nabemi basemakhaya kunye nabahlali benkqubo yemali ecwangciii. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba kungene ngokungqalileyo, ukurhoxatye.

6. UAyushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Aroshima Yojana (PM-JAY)

Iindleko zonyango zingunobangela ophambili wobuhlwempu kunye nokubolekisana kweentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. I-Ayushman Bharat, ucwangciso olukhulu lwe-inshorensi yempilo yehlabathi, inika ama-lakh ngonyaka angama-65 kwentsapho nganye [[ ukubonelela ngesesibini nangesibhedlele kwizigidi ezingama-500 (malunga nama-40% abemi base-Indiya). Isicwangciso sigubungela iimeko ezikhoyo zemali kwaye sinikela unyango olungenamali kuthungelwano lwezibhedlele zikawonke-wonke-JY, malunga ne-PMS-JA, urhulumente usungule 1.55.5 (HWCC) ukunikela oku kusetyenziswa kwempilo okubanzi.

7. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

I-Endiya ixhasa phantse isiqingatha semisebenzi yabalimi, kodwa abalimi basoloko bejongene nengeniso ekhoyo. I-PM-KISANA licebo eliluncedo lokudlulisa elinika 6,000 ngonyaka [ kubalimi abancinane nabasemacaleni (ngokufunyaniswe ngee-2hekthagrams), elihlawula ngamacandelo amathathu alinganayo. Isicwangciso, esisungulwe ngo-2019, ngoku sigubungela iintsapho zabalimi ezizizigidi eziyi-2019. Ukuthunyeliswa kwemali kunceda ukuhlangabezana neendleko zokulima, ingeniso yefama, kwaye kunciphisa unxunguphalo. Inkqubo isebenzisa inkqubo ye-Aadhaar-ehaar-ehaar yemali ehlawulo kunye ne-PMKSITA-ANTAnal, ukucolanisa ii-ama-mediadia kunye nokulibala.

8. UGqrram Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

I-Entrepreneurship yi-injini enamandla yokukhula okuqulethweyo, ingakumbi kwabo basweleyo imbali yokuthengwa ngetyala. I-MSMY inikezela ngemali yokuboleka ukuya ku-7610 lakh ukuya ku-ongeyo-khorate, engeyofarm encinane/microces ngaphantsi kweendidi ezintathu: i Shishu (ukuya ku-76500,000), iKishor (761/0025 lakh), kunye neTarun (885,00,0011,1610). Ngokwe-2023, i-markeyle i-crolare i-elexwe, ngokugqithisa, ngokuyam kumabhinqa, iShechemedies, iShetemilyvies, kunye nezinye iiklasi. Isicwangciso se-mastin sizil-i-ibhusayithi, i-i-ebhusayithi, i-ekhompare-eter-eter, i-ekhorikey-eak)

Ukulinganisa isiphumo: Inkqubela

Isiphumo solwandiso lweenkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle siyabonakala kwizalathiso zenkqubela-phambili yaseIndiya. Imilinganiselo yobuhlwempu obuyi-Muldimension iye yancipha ngokuphawulekayo: ngokwengxelo yama-2023 NITI Aayog, izigidi ezili- 135 zama-Indiya zasinda kubuhlwempu phakathi ko 2015-16 kunye no-201919-1. Iqondo lobuhlwempu (elisekelwe kwi-Miltdimensional Ubuhlwe) Isalathisi esisuka ku-24.85% ukuya kwi-14.96%. Iminikelo engundoqo yavela kwintlalo-ntle engo, iminyaka yemfundo, ubundlwanyazi, kunye nokufikelela kwiingxelo zeebhanki ezichanelwe ngqo ziinkqubo ezichazwe ngasentla.

IMGNREGA isoloko inika iintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-50 ezigidi imisebenzi nyaka ngamnye, igalelo lamabhinqa linyuka laya kutsho kuma-55% kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukuthathelwa inxaxheba kwePDS kwanwenwa phantsi kweNFS, kwaza kwasetyenziswa ubugcisa (uomatshini ababonisa ibhayoloji, ukuqinisekisa ngebhayoloji) kwanciphisa ukuvuza. IPMAY yazisa izigidi zeentsapho kwizindlu ezikhuselekileyo, nto leyo eyathi ekugqibeleni yaphucula iziphumo zempilo kunye nemfundo yabantwana. Iingxelo zeDhan zabangela ukuba ukuthunyelwa koomatshini abangaphezu kwe-1.5.5.5.5% i-lakhrore, i-oyile i-oyile i-palivel ye-intermedictiontion.

Amaqumrhu ehlabathi njenge IBhanki yehlabathi kunye UNDP iyazi indlela yokhuseleko lwentlalo yeIndiya njengenye yezona zininzi phakathi kwamazwe asakhasayo. IBhanki yakutshanje nobuhlwempu nengxelo ehambisanayo yeNkcubeko iphawula ukuba ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu kweIndiya kuye kwabhentshuku ngokukhawuleza kunezoqoqosho loontanga, ngenxa yomlinganiselo wongenelelo lwentlalo.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo: Imiqobo Neminwe Yebhotile

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpumelelo, iinkqubo zentlalo - ntle yaseIndiya zijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi olubangela ukuba zingakwazi ukwenza izinto ezininzi:

Urhwaphilizo

Ngeli xesha ukuthunyelwa ngqo kwengeniso (DBT) kuncitshisiwe ukuvuza, urhwaphilizo luhlala lunenkxalabo kumacebo abandakanya izibonelelo ezisemzimbeni okanye iimvume ezizizo. Abaxhamli boMoya, abafumana iirololwana ezinyusiweyo kwi-MGNREGA, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkozo ezincinci kwi-PDS kuchazwe kwamanye amazwe.

Ukungahlawulwa ngokwaneleyo

Iinkqubo ezininzi ziphantsi kwemfuneko. Umzekelo, imfuneko yomsebenzi we-MGNREGA idla ngokudlula kuqingqo-mali olunikiweyo, ikhokelela ekufumaneni umsebenzi. I-PMS-KIS igquma kuphela abo baneehektare ezimbini, ishiya abasebenzi abaninzi abangalinywanga bengaxhaswanga. Ukutshintshela kwi-DBT kubangele iimpazamo zokususwa ukuba i-Aadhaar igateing ayiphelelanga okanye i-biometric ingqina ukungagqibekanga ngenxa yeengxaki zenethwekhi.

Ukwakhiwa kweZibonelelo noNxalabo loBuntu

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kufuna izibonelelo ezomeleleyo ze-intanethi ezinokukwazi ukunxibelelana, amaziko ezempilo axhotyisiweyo, izakhiwo zesikolo ezaneleyo, kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Kwimimandla ekude neneemfazwe, ezi zinto zisisiseko zisoloko zilahlekile. Inani elisikelwe umda labasebenzi abaphambili (ASHE, abasebenzi abasebenza nge-aganwadi) kunye nokuhanjiswa kwabo ngempumelelo ephezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuphantsi kwenkonzo.

Imozulu Nezoqoqosho Ezimaxongo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela ukunqongophala kwemveliso yezolimo, ukusongela ukufumaneka kwamanzi, nokuzinza kwezindlu. Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle ezikhoyo azicelelwanga ukuphendula kwiimfuno zemozulu okanye iimfuno zexesha elide. Ngokufanayo, ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kwandisa imfuneko yokukhuselwa kwentlalo njengentsebenziswano yesithuba sendalo.

Uyilo oluqukuqelayo lwamaqela

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo ezininzi zijolisa kumabhinqa, iShedyulid Castes, neShedyulid Covotions, izahlulo zesini kunye nocalucalulo zihlala zikho kwiziphumo ezizizo. Amabhinqa ahlala phantsi kwiindima ze-MGNREGA zobuphathi kwaye ngokufuthi ajongene nocalucalulo. Iingingqi zoluntu zaseDalit kunye nezi-Adivasi zinokudibana nemiqobo ekufumaneni unyango lwempilo, izindlu, kunye nokubolekisa. Ungenelelo-nxaxheba kunye nolawulo lwentlalo-ntle lunganceda ezi bhulokhwe.

Ikamva: Ukomeleza Isivumelwano Sentlalo

Urhulumente wase-Indiya ubonakalise injongo yakhe yokuguqula iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantu zibe yimpumelelo edityanisiweyo, iziphumo kunye nenkqubo egunyazisiweyo yobugcisa. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo ziquka:

Ukusetyenziswa Kakhulu Kogcino - lwazi Neentlobo - ntlobo

Izandulela ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Socio-Economic Caste Censure (SEC) kunye ne-Aadhaar zinika ulwahlulelo olujongiweyo lokufumana nokuhlola okuyinyaniso komsebenzi wenkqubo. Imigudu yexesha elizayo izakwandisa usetyenziso lwe-Deversafefeyi (DATALT) iqonga sele igciniwe ngaphezulu kwe- 0.7 crrore ngok-ok ngokususa iimpinda kunye nenkohliso. Imigudu yexesha elizayo iya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa koqikelelo lokufuna nokukhusela iimfuno.

Imisebenzi

Ingcamango ye yenkonzo ezisisiseko ezipheleleyo [UBS] [UBS]] (UBS)-igunyazisa ukufikelela kumgangatho wonyango, imfundo, indawo, isondlo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwamanani . Amanye amazwe aqhuba ukudluliswa kwemali kunye nemifanekiso yokufikelela jikelele. Kumgangatho wesizwe, ulwandiso lwe-Ayushman Bharat kunye nokutyhala kwe-100%, amanzi afakwe kwimibhobho, kunye nobubanzi bani kwidolophana nganye ibonisa olu khetho.

Ukuhlalisana Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha Kohlaza

Ukudibanisa intlalo-ntle nokulondolozwa kwemekobume kuyinto ephambili ekhulayo. IMGNREGA sele iquka imisebenzi yolawulo lwendalo (ukuvunwa kwamanzi, ukukhutshwa kwamahlathi). Iindlela zexesha elizayo zingabandakanya izinto ezixhasa imozulu, ezifana nokunkcenkceshela ngelanga, ukukhusela imbalela, kunye nobuchule bokuqeqesha imisebenzi eluhlaza. [NQM YHY] Jan kunye [FLT]PMAY

Ukubekwa kweliso nokuxelelwa

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kuxhomekeke ekubandakanyekeni kwamaziko asekuhlaleni ngezantsi, ii-panchayat, iziqu zasekuhlaleni, nemibutho esekelwe kuluntu. Ukuqinisa umbilini wazo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshelwa kwemali ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokunceda abemi ukuba baphicothe (uphicotho-zincwadi loluntu) baza kukhulisa ukusetyenziswa kophicotho-zincwadi lwezentlalo phantsi kwe-MGREGA kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe bandisa lo mkhwa kwiinkqubo.

Isiphelo: Ukuya KwiIndiya Enokuthethelelwa

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle efuna amabhongo eIndiya azingozo nje iinetha zokukhusela uluntu, zizinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuze zikhule ngokuphandle. Ngokudibanisa inkxaso yengeniso ecacileyo, indalo exabisekileyo, ukhuseleko lokutya, i-inshorensi yempilo, indawo yokuhlala, ukufakwa kwemali, kunye nesizukulwana sokuziphilisa, urhulumente useka isiseko sebutho labantu apho wonke umntu anokunikela nempumelelo khona. Inkqubela engaphaya kweminyaka elishumi edluleyo iye yabalasele iphawuleka: amakhulu ezigidi zabantu abahlwempuzekileyo, amabhinqa anikwe amandla aqiniswe, kwaye iinkonzo ezisisiseko zifikelele kwiimbombo ezikude zelizwe.

Kodwa uhambo lukude lugqibeke. Isigaba esilandelayo sokukhula okuqukayo sifuna ukujamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo ngotshintsho, ukuthembeka, kunye notyalo. Ngobugcisa bokuxhathisa, ukudibanisa izisombululo zemozulu, kunye nokubeka ezona zibuthathaka kumbindi woyilo lwenkqubo, i-Indiya ingaqhubeka imisela umzekelo wehlabathi lonke wendlela uhlanga olukhulu, olwahlukeneyo olunokufumana ngayo uphuhliso olungashiyanga namnye ngasemva. Utshintsho oluqhubekayo kunye nenyathelo elitsha, elixhaswe kukuthanda okunamandla kwezobupolitika nemfuno kawonke-wonke, linika indlela ethembisayo ukuya kumgangatho oya kwikamva elipheleleyo.