Ukwazisa

Ukuqonda indlela yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kulandela ukukrokreleka kokuqala ukuya kwisisombululo sokugqibela kubalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubo yokulawula eMelika. Olu hambo lulawulwa ngemithetho engqongqo elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla amakhulu esizwe nxamnye namalungelo asisiseko omntu. Ingqiqo yenkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye. Iqonga ngalinye, ukusuka kuphando lokuqala ukuya kubheno lokugqibela, lisebenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo kwaye linikela ukhuseleko olucacileyo olusemthethweni. Ngoxa inkqubo ijongeneengxaki eziqhubekayo ezinxulumene nokufaneleka, ukugqibelela, nokulunga, isiseko sayo siqinisekisa ukuba abafundi, abafundisi-mfundo, abaquququzeli. Eli nqaku linika imaphu yendlela ebanzi yokubhenela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukucacisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo iimatshini zomthetho.

Isicatshulwa 1: Uphando

Isakhiwo sonke setyala lolwaphulo-mthetho sihleli kwisiseko esibekwe ngexesha lophando. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuqalisa eli candelo xa berhanela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho. Injongo ephambili kukuqokelela ubungqina obaneleyo, obunokuthenjwa bokuchaza isizathu esilindelekileyo sokubanjwa. Uphando lwangoku luntsonkothile, lusebenzisa uludwe lweendlela zokunikela ubungqina kunye nokuhlola ukuhambela phambili kophando.

Ubungqina kunye nokulondolozwa

Ubungqina bungaqukwa kakhulu bube ziintlobo ezithe ngqo nezilandelanayo. Ubungqina obungqalileyo, obufana nengxelo yamangqina okuzibonela okanye ukuvuma izono, bungqina ngqo inyani. Ubungqina obuyiNtloko, njenge-DNA efunyenwe kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, bufuna umqondiso wokuyidibanisa kwisigqibo. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka uqokelele, ugcine, kunye noxwebhu olubonisa ukuba ingqibelelo yayo isetyenziswa kamva enkundleni. Itsheyina lentolongo kufuneka ibhalwe ngokungqongqo ukuthintela okanye ingcolisekile.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nomthetho Wokuphelisa

I-octive engokwasemthethweni enyanzelekileyo ngexesha lophando nguMphetho-mvakaliso wesine, okhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula. Ukuphendla ikhaya, umntu, okanye impahla, amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngumgwebi ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo. Umthetho wobuGqeba [[FLT:] [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]], omiswe yiNkuNkuhlanu ePhakamileyo [FLT]], omiselwe ngubungqina bokuchasana noshenxiwa kosheko lwezinziso-Dawulayo. Oku kusetyenziswa njengendlela enamandla yokuhlola ihambo esemthethweni, ngaphandle kokwenza umgaqo osemthethweni.

Funda okuninzi malunga nomthetho womthetho weSikolo soMthetho weSikolo somthetho soMgaqo-mthetho.

Isicatshulwa 2: Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kumela ukuphanjwa okusesikweni komkroti kunye nonyuso olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungenza ukubanjwa ngesiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngumgwebi okanye, ngokuqheleke kakhulu, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso xa bebona ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenziwa okanye benosizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ityala lenzekile. Umgangatho we ongenakuthenjwa unobangela wento ebangela ecacileyo, ufuna inkolelo esekelwe kwizibakala, ukuba umntu ubophelele okanye uza kwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkqubo Yokubhala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umkroti usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa ukuze afumane incwadi. Le nkqubo yolawulo iquka ukushicilela ulwazi lomntu orhanelwayo, ukuthatha iminwe kunye nemifanekiso, ukwenza uvavanyo lwesiqalo, noludwe lwempahla yobuqu. Isikrokrela sidla ngokuba sesongelwe kwiseli elindele inkangeleko yaso yokuqala yenkundla.

Umlinganiselo wamalungelo

Ngokwenyani, kweli nqaku, abarhanelwayo kufuneka baxelelwe ngamalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko, aziwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0]] ama-Miranda amalungelo. Ukusebenzisa uMenda v.I-Arizona[[FLT]] [1966], la malungelo aquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, isilumkiso sokuba nantoni na abayithethayo isenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo enkundleni, kwaye ilungelo lokuya kwigqwetha, nokuba abanako ukufikelela enye. Injongo yesilumkiso kukukhusela ilungelo lokuzilungisa ngokwesiHlango sesihlanu. Umthetho kufuneka uyeke ukubuza ukuba ukrokrexezo olu. Nayiphi na into ethethwayo inokwenziwa ngexesha lokuvavanywa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kwe-Mirr.

Isiqhoboshi 3: Ukungcena

Xa kukho ubungqina obuqokelelweyo kunye nokrokrelelwa entolongweni, i-baton idluliswa isuka kumapolisa iye kumtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi uhlola ingxelo yophando ukuze afumanise ukuba bukho kusini na ubungqina obusemthethweni obaneleyo bokuyila izityholo ezisesikweni. Eli liqonga lokuqonda okukhulu nokwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ubulumko Bokutyholwa

Umtshutshisi angagqiba ekubeni afake iifayile zetyala, angavumi ukumangalelwa (njengo iprosequi ), okanye athumele ityala kwilungu elikhulu lejaji ukuze lihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Iimeko eziphembelela esi sigqibo ziquka amandla obungqina, ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholiweyo, ukukhokelwa kwamangqina, nokufumaneka koovimba. Abatshutshisi bakwanobunzima bemiqathango yokulungisa kwaye basenokuqwalasela ezinye iinkqubo njengezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabaphuli-mthetho abaphantsi.

Iinkungu ezikhulu kunye nokuveliswa kwaphambi

Kwizenzo ezinzulu zomthetho karhulumente, uHlaziyo lweFindreFreend lufuna ukubekwa ityala elikhulu. liqela labachopheli-mthetho abanobungangamsha ababuvayo ubungqina bomtshutshisi kwaye bagqibe ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuba kukholelwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye senziwa. Lulodwa oluqhubekayo; ukhuseleko alubuniki ubungqina, kwaye ixhoba lokuhlola aliveli ngasekunene. Okanye, abaninzi bachaza ukuba basebenzisa uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo] ukuva , imvume evulekileyo apho ugwebi afumana ubungqina kuzo zombini (ukufikelela kumlinganiselo olinganiselweyo) ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba umele uqhubeke ukuvavanywa. Ingxelo ephambili inika ithuba lokuzithethelela koluvo lwalo.

Hlola [[NT.: 0] igophe lequmrhu elizukileyo lejaji lengingqi kwiSebe leJaji.

Ukujija kwiSibonda Sokubopha

Ingxoxo yetyala idla ngokuqala kweli nqanaba. Ityala lisenokunika ummangalelwa ithuba lokumangalela ityala elincinane okanye elinye lamatyala aliqela ngenxa yetyala lokumangalelwa ngetyala. Malunga nama-90-95% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States aconjululwa ngokufaka isicelo esicetyiswayo kunokuba agwetywe, oku kwenza ukuba ibe yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo engundoqo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Umlinganiselo 4: Ulungelelwaniso

Umthetho nguwo wokuqala wembonakalo esesikweni yommangalelwa phambi kwenkundla yamatyala. Isigqibo sifutshane kodwa sibaluleke kakhulu. Ijaji ifunda izityholo ezisemthethweni eziqulethwe kwityala okanye kulwazi, iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uyawaqonda amatyala abo. Ummangalelwa ngoko uyacelwa ukuba angene esibongozweni.

Iinketho ze KPlae

  • [[UMTL:0] Akanatyala: Ummangalelwa uxambulisana nezityholo kwaye ufuna ukuvavanywa. Oku kugcina onke amalungelo kunye nokhetho olusekelwe kumthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kudla ngokuyiqhubela ngqo kwisigaba sokugweba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Akukho mngxube-mngxuma (Nolo Ujani): Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuba unetyala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala. Inzuzo ephambili kukuba esi sibongozo asinakusetyenziswa njengemvume yokuvuma ityala kwityala elinxulumene netyala lamakhaya.
  • Asinatyala ngesizathu sobuncina: Isibongozo esiqhelekileyo esibeka imeko yengqondo kwimbambano.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

Inkundla ikwathetha ngetyala elilihlaziyiweyo okanye ukukhululwa kwezomthetho. Ijaji iqwalasela ubungozi bokubhabha nengozi yommangalelwa eyenzekayo kuluntu. ISindululo seNkqutyana sokuLawula i-Eighth soMdalelo sikwalela "ibheyile," kodwa abamangalelwa ngetyala elinzulu okanye elinogonyamelo bangabekwa ngaphandle kwebheyile (ibhayisekile yokuvalelwa kwetyala eliphakathi). Umbutho wale mihla wotshintsho ucuthetheza ukusetyenziswa kwemali, uphikisa ngelithi ukhokelela ekuvalweni kwemiqathango engaphantsi kwemigwebi yabamangalelwayo, kungengenxa yokuba bayingozi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abanako ukuhlawula inkululeko yabo.

Isiqhobosho 5: Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Ixesha eliphakathi kokubekwa kwetyala nokuchotshelwa kwetyala lixesha elixakekileyo lamaqela achaseneyo asemthethweni. Eli nyathelo libandakanya iinkqubo eziziintloko ezimbini: ukufunyanwa nokuqheliswa kwentshukumo. Lixesha elibalulekileyo lokuzikhusela, njengoko libumba ubungqina obuza kufumaneka xa kuvavanywa.

Inkqubo Yokufumana

[[FLT: 0] Imfihlelo yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho ukutshutshisa kunye nokuzikhusela kulwazi kunye nobungqina. Ingtshutshiso ingumsebenzi womGaqo-siseko, omiselwe kwi Brady v. Maryland, ukutyhila nabuphina ubungqina obubhaliweyo obuvumela ummangalelwa kunye nezinto zokuzikhusela kwityala okanye isohlwayo. Ukhuseleko lumele lunikezele jikelele kwisaziso sokhuseleko oluthile, njengesibongozo esithile okanye isicelo esibuhlungu. Ukungaphumeleli nokufumana imithetho kungakhokelela ekunikezeleni isiqinisekiso, kuquka ukususwa kobungqina okanye ukugxothwa kwetyala.

Intshukumo zangaphambili eziqhelekileyo

Iintshukumo zangaphambili zetyala zizicelo zokuba ijaji yenze umthetho okhethekileyo phambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa. Ezi zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

  • Ukucinezela: Intshukumo enzima. Ingxalabo iphikisa ngelithi ubungqina obuthile, obufana nokuvuma izono, ukuphawula kwaboni, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo, bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye bumele bukhutshwe ekuvavanyweni. Ukushukuma okunempumelelo kungenza buthathaka kwimeko yetyala labatshutshisi.
  • Umbutho woTshintsho lweVenue: Ingqwalaselo iphikisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kakhulu kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano okanye ikhethe loluntu kwenza kube nzima ukufumana ukuvavanywa ngokulungileyo kulawulo lwangoku.
  • [[FLT: 0] Motion kwi Limine: Isicelo sokuba inkundla ilawule kukungabikho kobungqina obukhethekileyo phambi kokuba ikhankanywe phambi kwabachopheli-tyala. Oku kuthintela ulwazi lwekhethe ukuba lungakhutshelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Ingqiniso iphikisa ngelithi ingtshutshiso ihlulekile ukuchaza ityala, ukuba kukho isiphene esisisiseko esisemthethweni kule meko, okanye amalungelo akhawulezayo ommangalelwa aphulwe.

Isicatshulwa 6: Ukuvavanywa

Ityala lelona qondo libonakalayo letyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iqonga lomgaqo-siseko apho urhulumente kufuneka angqine ityala lakhe " ngapha kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni" kwinto ekhoyo yobundilele---ethenti--awungel ijaji (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) okanye inkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Ityala liyinkqubo ephambili eyenzelwe ukuvavanya amandla engtshutshiso.

Ukhetho

Inkqubo yokukhetha iavaleji iyaziwa njenge i-oxinane . Ijaji kunye namagqwetha babuza ukuba abagwebi banokukwazi ukubhenca ucalucalulo. Icala ngalinye linamanani angenasiphelo ocelomngeni "ngesizathu" (umz., ijoni liyavuma ukuba abanako ukuba ngabangakhethi macala okanye abazi ubungqina) kunye nenani elisikelweyo leengxaki zokucinezela, ezingafuni sizathu esichaziweyo (ngokuba azinakusetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kuhlanga okanye ubufana obumiswe [[FLT.2] Bhatson v.). Injongo yawo omabini amacala ayikukhetha ukuba azakukholelwa kwimeko yawo.

Isiseko Setyala

  1. IiNgxelo ezivulayo: omabini amacala achaza izibakala aceba ukuzingqina. Oku asibobungqina kodwa yimapu yendlela yabachopheli.
  2. Ucalulo locaka- olukwi-Chief: Ingxwabangxwaba inika ubungqina bayo kwaye imemezele amangqina. Ukhuselo lunelungelo lokufumana i-equastamine[[FLT:] onke amangqina, ilungelo elingundoqo elibalulekileyo lokuvavanya ukuthembeka kobungqina.
  3. Ityala lokhuselo linika ubungqina kunye namangqina alo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqini, kwaye abagwebi bayalelwa ukuba bangakwazi ukukubamba oko kuthula nxamnye nabo.
  4. Iimpikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba ijaji ifumane ummangalelwa enetyala okanye engenatyala.
  5. Imiyalelo ecacileyo idla ngokuncitshiswa ngamagqwetha.

Imithetho Yobungqina

Ityala lilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo yobungqina, njengeMithetho ePhakathi yeMithetho yoBufakazi. Le mithetho ilawula ukuba buphi ubungqina kunye nemiboniso enokunikelwa kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Ingcamango esemgangathweni nguMthetho 403, ovumela ijaji ukuba ingabufaki ubungqina obufanelekileyo ukuba ixabiso layo lokulinganisa lingaphezulu kakhulu kwengozi yekhethe elingekho sesikweni, ukudidanisa imibandela, okanye ukulahlekisa abagwebi. Eli lisenzo esiceketheneyo esilawula umgwebi ovavanyayo ngexesha lokwenene.

Hlola inkqubo yokuvavanya ekwimeko ephezulu ukusuka kwiUnited States Courts.

ISteji 7: Isifungo

Emva kokwamkela imiyalelo evela kumgwebi, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labachopheli-tyala ukuze bagqibe ngasese. Kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo kwityala ngalinye sokubuyisa isigqibo. Ukuba abachopheli betyala abanakusifikelela isigqibo esimntwiswayo, ibizwa ngokuba " i-hung counts," ijaji isenokuyichaza ityala eliphosakeleyo. Kwimeko enjalo, ityala linokukhetha ukuphinda lizame ukuba bakholelwa ukuba inkundla eyahlukileyo inokufikelela kwisiphumo esahlukileyo.

Ukuba isigqibo asingomntu onetyala," ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngoko nangoko kwizityholo, kwaye urhulumente akanakuziphindela ngenxa yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko nxamnye [ne-[FLT: 0] ubungozi obuphindwe kabini[. Ukufunyanwa kwe "ityala" kuqhubela umcimbi kwinqanaba elilandelayo: ukugwetywa.

Ityala:

Ukugwetywa yinkqubo emisela ngayo isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kumntu ogwetywe ityala. Oku kudla ngokuba lityala elahlukeneyo, elivumela inkundla ukuba iqwalasele uninzi lwenkcazelo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba abachopheli betyala abangazange bayive.

Ukuva Kwetyala

Phambi kokubeka isigwebo, ijaji iqwalasela ingxelo yophando lwangaphambili () nengxelo yophando lokugunyazisa i-PSI elungiselelwe ligosa elilungisa ityala. Le ngxelo ichaza impembelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kumaxhoba (iziphumo zeziphumo zevictim), imvelaphi yomntu oxolelweyo, imbali yentsapho, imfundo, umsebenzi, nayiphi na ingxelo yangaphambili yezaphuli-mthetho. Ukuzikhusela kunye nokutshutshisa kunethuba lokuphikisa isigwebo esithe ngqo esisekelwe kwiziphumo ze-PSI.

Ukuhamba Nezinto Ezikhulayo

Ijaji iza kulinganisela [ izinto ezidibanisayo (izinto ezenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lube lukhulu, njengexhoba elinokuba ngamaxhoba, indima yokhokelo kulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuthatha ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze uqeshe) nxamnye imiba ebangela ukuba izinto ezibangela ukuba i- (izinto ezinciphisa ukukhubazeka kommangalelwa, njengokuswe kwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusebenza phantsi kweminxeba, okanye ukubonisa ukuzisola).

Iintlobo zezigwebo

  • Iprojekthi: Ummangalelwa ukhutshelwa kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezinjengovavanyo lweziyobisi okanye amaxesha okufika kwexesha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso zomnatha zihlawulwa kurhulumente (iimpahla) okanye ngqo kwixhoba (umbutho) ngenxa yelahleko yalo.
  • Ukudityaniswa: A isigwebo sentolongo (ngokoqobo setyala) okanye intolongo (ukuphosa amaqhinga).
  • Intengiso ezi-Altern Sences:[ ubanjwa kwendlu, ukugadwa kwe-elektroniki, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yonyango.

IGatya-sikhokelo soManyano-mthetho sinika isiseko sobalo lwesivakalisi, nangona ngoku zithetha ngoku, kunokuba zibe yiyo enyanzelekileyo ukulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- United States v. Incwadi yesandla[ (2005).

Khangela iKhomishini yeSevenenziso yeUnited States ukwenzela izikhokelo ezisemthethweni kunye nogcino-lwazi.

Isiqhoboshi 9: Isibheno

Iqonga lokuthatha inxaxheba lithuba lommangalelwa lokuvavanya isigqibo okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephezulu. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuphinda kuhlolwe iingxelo zetyala zezobutyala ezisenokuba zachaphazela iziphumo ngokungekho sikweni.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Ummangalelwa (ngoku eyi-] appantant) kufuneka achaze impazamo ethile engokwasemthethweni eyenzekayo. Izicwangciso eziqhelekileyo ziquka imithetho ephosakeleyo yejaji egwetywayo kwimiyalelo yabachobi, ubungqina obunganele ukuxhasa isigqibo, uncedo olungancediyo lwesiluleko, okanye ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi. Umgangatho wokubhena ngempumelelo kufuneka uphakame; umgwebi kufuneka abonise ukuba nayiphi na impazamo ayibanga "yiyo mpazamo" kwaye mhlawumbi ichaphazele isigqibo.

Imigangatho yempinda

Iinkundla zezibheno zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola ixhomekeke kwimbambano. Iziphelo ezingokwasemthethweni zihlaziywa " devo" (ntsha), ithetha inkundla yenkcazelo yetyala ayiniki lukhululo lwamatyala lokucaciswa lokucaciswa komthetho. Le milinganiselo ihlolwa ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yetyala nenkundla zetyala. [[FLT:]]

Habeas Corpus

Emva kokuba isibheno esingqalileyo sikarhulumente sigqibile, ummangalelwa wezwe angafaka isicelo se-' se-corpus kwinkundla yesizwe, ephikisa ukuba amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko worhulumente aphulwe. Oku kukuhlasela okuntsonkothileyo nokuthintelwayo. Iinkundla zesizwe aziyi kuphulaphula ngokuqhelekileyo izibhengezo ezinganikelwanga ngokufanelekileyo kwinkundla yesizwe, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa abonise unobangela nekhethe, okanye ukuphulwa kwetyala okungundoqo.

Understand the writ of habeas corpus at Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute.

Isiphelo

Indlela yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho yeyokwakha ngenyameko inkqubo yomthetho eyenziwe ngokukhusela abamsulwa ngeli lixa kuqinisekwa ukuba abanetyala banokubekwa ityala ngeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Ukusuka kwiSiphendu sesine sokuLandlwa koMphetho-mva kusekuphengululweni ukuya ekugqibeleni kwesicelo se-habeas corpus, iqonga ngalinye lisebenza njengenkuselo ebhaliweyo ekukhuseleni izenzo zobugqhinga bukarhulumente. Ngoxa inkqubo ingefezekanga kwaye ijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezinxulumene nokusesikweni nokusebenza, ukuqonda esi siseko sibonakalisa umgaqo ongundoqo wokusesikweni kwaseMelika: urhulumente kufuneka usoloko ungqinelane tyala lawo abekwe elona tyala likhulu limele likhusele, kwanabo bamangalelwe kwizenzo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho abafanelekele.