Iivotensi ziye zaba lisiseko sedemokhrasi engqalileyo, zinika abemi inkqubo yokuvota kwiimibuzo ezithile zenkqubo kunokuba bakhethe abameli. Ukusuka kwizigqibo eziphawula iziganeko ezingolawulo lwesizwe ukuya kwimithetho yendawo, ezi voti zinika abavoti ilizwi elingqalileyo ekuxokomezeni ulawulo lwabo. Nangona kunjalo ukusetyenziswa kwazo okukhulayo ehlabathini lonke, abalungisi, iinzuzo, nemigibe yokufumana imvume yokusebenza kusoloko kuqondwa kakubi. Eli nqaku linika ukhokelo olucacileyo kwindlela yokuchaza umsebenzi, indima yabo kwizixhobo zolawulo-melo lwangoku, nendlela abemi abanokungena ngayo ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo.

Ukuqonda Iindlela: Isiseko Somthetho Othe Tye

I-athentium yivoti engqalileyo apho uvotelo lonke lumenywa ukuba lwamkele okanye lulamkele isicelo esithile. Esi sindululo sisenokuba ngumthetho omtsha, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, okanye utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo nokhetho, apho abavoti bakhetha abameli abaza kugqiba ngoluhlu lwemibandela, ii-arhentems zijolise kumbuzo omnye. Ezi ndawo zokwahlula zibhekisa ngqo kwi-endlums kummandla [[FLT: 0] idemocracy [, ezixhasa iinkqubo zabameli ezilawula amazwe amaninzi.

Le ngcamango isukela eAthene yamandulo, apho abemi balapho baqokelelwa khona ukuze bavote ngqo kwimithetho. Noko ke, la masebe angoku asungulwe ngakumbi, anemithetho ecacileyo emalunga nokuba ngubani onokuthi achaze i-assendum, ukuba lo mbuzo uphi, kwaye yintoni umqobo ofunekayo ukuze idluliswe. Ingaqaliswe ngurhulumente, liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, okanye .[1] Kumazwe athile asekuhlaleni, okanye ngabemi ngokwabo ngokwabo ngokwenkqubo eyaziwa njengenyathelo lokuqala.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zeziphene

  • [[UMTL:0] ugxininiso lwento eyodwa: Ivota zigqiba kumbuzo omnye okhethekileyo, hayi umqokozo wemigaqo-nkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iinketho ezizizo okanye ezibonelelo ezininzi: ezininzi zinika ewe/engekho ukhetho, kodwa ezinye zivumela ukhetho oluninzi (umz., ukuvota okucetyiweyo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo zokophula okanye iziphumo: Amandla asemthethweni evoti ayahluka ngokwelizwe nangoko kuthethwa.
  • Imfuno zomda ophezulu: Ezinye ii-arhenteum zifuna i-scheme enkulu (umz., 60% imvume) okanye igosa elincinci elivotayo ukuba lisebenze.

Iintlobo Zee-Referendendom

Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-tempendom kubalulekile ekuqondeni izicelo zazo ezahlukeneyo. Ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lusekelwe kwisiphumo somthetho nemvelaphi.

  • Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo: Isiphumo siyanyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni. Urhulumente kufuneka aphumeze iziphumo. Imizekelo iquka i-Escopea denderum yozimeleyo ye-2014 kunye nesivumelwano soxolo se-2016 ye-adenderum.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiphumo sinika abenzi bomthetho isikhokelo kodwa asibanyanzeli ukuba benze. Umzekelo, i-UK i-ashendendum kwinkqubo yeVote echaseneyo yaba yi-dvisory, nangona urhulumente wazukisa isiphumo.
  • I-Constigal Referendentums: Kufuneka ukuvumela utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ezi zisoloko zinemiqobo ephezulu yemvume yokukhusela imithetho engundoqo. I-Ireland isoloko iphethe i-arhente yomgaqo-siseko, njengevoti yokulingana komtshato ka-2015.
  • [[NTLA: 0] I-Citen-Initences ezidityanisiweyo (Ii-intidiations):[[[FTL:1] icebisa ngokomthetho okanye inguquko ngokuqokelela inani elaneleyo lotyikityo. I-Switzerland ngumzekelo obalaseleyo, ngenyathelo lesizwe eliqhelekileyo nelokukhanya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho yokuvota: Imiba ethile, enjengezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe okanye ukuxolisa umgaqo-siseko, izenzekela iphantsi kwevoti. Iimeko ezininzi ze-U.S. zifuna ii-asethi ezinyanzelekileyo zemibandela yeqhina.

Inkqubela ye Referendem: Ukusuka Kwimposiso Ukusombulula

Ukuqhuba i-arhenteum kubandakanya inkqubo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, kucace, nokufaneleka. Nangona iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zingafani ngokwamandla, la manqanaba alandelayo axhaphakile kwiinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi.

Isiqhobosho 1: Sigunyaziswa kwaye sivunywa

Le nkqubo iqala ngokuphuhliswa kwesicelo. Oku kungavela kwisebe eliphetheyo, kwikomiti yemithetho, okanye kwizicelo zommi. Esi sicelo kufuneka sichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye sifunyaniswe rhoqo ziingcali ezingokwasemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba singumGaqo-siseko yaye asiyonto idida. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkundla okanye ikhomishini echongiweyo ihlola umbuzo wokuthintela ukulahlekiswa kolwimi.

Isiqhobosho 2: Ukubhaka-bhaka noHlaziyo loLwazi

Xa izicelo zivunyiwe, ixesha lephulo liqala. Amaqela ahlukeneyo axhasa okanye achasene nomlinganiselo, anikela iimpikiswano ngezibhengezo, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kunye namajelo eendaba. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo olunolwazi olusemthethweni olunolwazi olusemthethweni lunika iincwadana ezichaza iimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini. Umzekelo, iUK Electoral Commission [[[FLT: 1]] ivelisa izikhokelo ezingakhethi khethelo zezixhobo ezinkulu zokuhlola.

Isiqhoboshi 3: Ukujinga

Ukuvota kuyenzeka ngosuku olumiselweyo, kusetyenziswa izitishi zokuvota kunye nenkqubo ezifanayo njengonyulo jikelele. Amanye amagunya avumela ukuvota kwangethuba, ukuvota, okanye ukuvota nge-elektroniki. Indlela yokuvota kufuneka ikhuseleke kwaye ifikeleleke. Kwimimandla ekude, izitishi zokuvota ezihambayo okanye kwanovota okusekelwe kwi-Internet zingasetyenziswa, nangona inkxalabo yokhuseleko isoloko imisela uhlengahlengiso olunjalo.

Isiqhobosho 4: Ukubala nokuqinisekisa

Emva kokuvala, amavoti ayabalwa, ngokufuthi phambi kwababukeli abasuka kumacala omabini ephulo. Iziphumo zibhengezwa ligunya lonyulo. Ukuba kufuneka ithambeka elincinane okanye ukujika okugqithisileyo, elo bham kufuneka lihlangatyelwe iziphumo zokuma. Ukuba ngaba kukho iqhina okanye iimbambano, ingxubusho okanye iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni zingenzeka.

Isiqendu 5: Isenzo

Ukuba i-arhenteendum iyabophelela, urhulumente kufuneka amisele isiphumo. Oku kungabandakanya ukudlulisa umthetho, ukugqwetha umgaqo-siseko, okanye ukwenza inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. Kwi-advisory shendendiums, indlu yowiso-mthetho igqiba ukuba ingasilandela na isiphumo. Inkqubo yonke, ukusuka ekuzalisekiseni izicelo, ingathabatha iinyanga eziliqela ukuya kunyaka.

Ukubaluleka KweeReferendendum Kwiinkqubo Zanamhlanje

Izixhobo zokuvota zingaphezulu nje kokuba yinkqubo yokuvota; ziyichaphazela kakhulu indlela abemi abalawula ngayo. Intsingiselo yazo inokuqondwa ngokwezigaba eziliqela ezingundoqo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla

IiReferendendum zinika abemi ulawulo olungqalileyo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Oku kuxhotyiswa kunokunyusa umdla wezopolitiko nokuthabatha inxaxheba, ingakumbi kumaqela aziva engahlaliswanga kwezobupolitika ezimeleyo. Xa abavoti bebona ukuba ivoti yabo inokuyitshintsha ngokungqalileyo inkqubo ethile, bafaka imali engakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Umthetho kunye nokwakhiwa kweSizwe

Izigqibo ezenziwe ngoncedo lwe-arhentelum zisoloko zisemthethweni kakhulu kuwonke-wonke kuba zijongwa njengokuthanda kwabantu. Oku kunokuphelisa iingxwabangxwaba zezobupolitika, ingakumbi kwimibandela eyahlukanisayo. Umzekelo, i-arhentemu yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-Aleight (umthetho wokukhupha iMpande-mda) ka-2018 yajongwa ngokubanzi njengesombulula imfazwe ekudala ikho.

Ukuphendula kwabameli

Ii-arhentem zinokuba ngumzekelo kumagosa anyuliweyo. Ukuba abameli baphambuka kakhulu kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke, abemi banokusebenzisa inyathelo lokuqala ukuphelisa izigqibo zowiso-mthetho. ESwitzerland, amasebe arhoxisile imithetho yepalamente emalunga nemibandela esusela ekufudukeni kwabantu ukuya kwirhafu.

Imfundo Nengxoxo Kawonke - wonke

Iphulo lexesha lephulo linyanzela uluntu ukuba lujamelane nemibandela entsonkothileyo. Inkcazo yamajelo eendaba, iifomati zikawonke-wonke, kunye namaphulo olwazi afundisa abavoti ngemibandela abangayihoyi. Oku kungakhokelela kuluntu olunolwazi olungakumbi nolungenalunyulu, nangona ubunjani bengxoxo bunokuhluka kakhulu.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwezigwebo

Nangona zithandwa yidemokhrasi, iipasendendum azinaziphazamiso.

Ubuntsonkotha Beembambano

Imiba emininzi ye-arhentelum ibandakanya iziphumo ezicacileyo ezingokwasemthethweni okanye zezoqoqosho ekunzima ukunxibelelana ngohlobo olulula luka-ewe-okanye-no. Iincwadi zisenokungabi naxesha okanye ubuchule bokuqonda iziphumo ezipheleleyo. Umzekelo, iBrexitsum efuna abemi abaninzi ukuba balinganise intengiso, imiba engokwasemthethweni, kunye nezobupolitika.

Ukuvuleka nokungakhathali

Ukuba ujikelezo lusezantsi, isiphumo singangameleli inani elibanzi labemi. Amanye amazwe afuna unyuko oluncinci ukwenzela iziphumo zibe semthethweni. Ngo-2005 i-arhenteum yamaFrentshi kumGaqo-siseko waseYurophu, ukujika kwama-69% kwathathwa njengokufanelekileyo, kodwa ii-asendendum ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zibona ukujika ngaphantsi kwama-30%, ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokufaneleka.

Uphando oluphosakeleyo nomgaqo-nkqubo

Amaphulo anokulawulwa ngamabango aphosakeleyo, izibheno ezingokweemvakalelo, kunye nokungavumelani. Ukuvela kwe-media yezentlalo kuye kwazinyusa ezi ngxaki. Amaqela anomdla angaphandle angachitha kakhulu ekuthomalaliseni uluvo lukawonke-wonke, enze ibala lokudlala elingalungelelaniyo. Ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wama-2019 we-Thai endlum wagxekwa ngengxoxo kawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente olulinganiselweyo kumajelo eendaba.

Ulawulo Olukhulu Namalungelo Amancinane

Ngokuyila, ii-assendums zibonisa uluvo oluninzi, olunokuwagqitha amalungelo abantu abambalwa. Olu mngcipheko ubaluleke kakhulu kwimibandela engokwentlalo efana nokulingana komtshato okanye amalungelo amancinane eelwimi. Ukuhlisa oku, imimiselo emininzi ifuna imikhosi emikhulu okanye iqulathe ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko angenakupheliswa yivoti ethandwayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Izifundo Ezivela Kuphawu LwaseLandferendems

Xa sihlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene sifumanisa indlela iinkalo ezichaphazeleka ngayo kwezobupolitika nezizathu ezibangela impumelelo okanye impikiswano.

Breut Referendem (2016)

I-arhendesum ye-United Kingdom ejongene nobulungu be-European Union yayiyivoti ebotshelelweyo eyabona u 51.9% yabavoti bekhetha ukuhamba. Eli phulo laphawulwa yingxoxo enzulu, izityholo ezingeyonyaniso ngeminikelo yoqingqo-mali ye-EU nokufuduka, kunye nokurhoxa okusezantsi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula. Umphumo wabhenca amacandelo anzulu oluntu kwaye waphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokungagunyaziswa kolawulo lwepalamente. Eli tyala libonisa amandla okuchaza ukuqulungela ukufikelela kweziphumo zemali kunye nokubaluleka kokuceba i-post - templame.

Inkululeko yaseScopish (2014)

Uvoti lwaseSkotlani lokuba nokuba ingaba ingaba lilizwe elizimeleyo lwabona ukuhambela phambili okuphezulu kwamashumi asibhozo, ama-6% kunye nomphumo wama-55.3% ngokuchasene nozimele. I-astendum yandulelwa yiminyaka yengxoxo ecacileyo, nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Yabonisa indlela i-asendrendum enokuzisingatha ngayo iimfuno zengingqi ngaphandle kokukhokelela kwiingxabano. Isiphumo samkelwe okwexeshana, nangona izicelo zokufumana i-ander enterrum yesibini iye yaphinda yafumaneka.

Ukulingana komtshato wase-Ireland (2015)

I-Ireland yaba lelokuqala ukubhalisa umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni ngovoti ethandwayo. I-arhentendam yafumana ithuba elimalunga no-65% yaza yagqithisa ngenkxaso yama-62.1%. Izixhobo ezinika inkxaso yengca, inkxaso kawonke-wonke evela kubantu abadumileyo, kunye nengxoxo ehloniphekileyo yafak'unegalelo kwisiphumo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba i-arhentendums ingenza iziphumo eziqhubekayo xa uvota orratete evakalelwa kukuba ithembisiwe kwaye iyazi.

IReferendendum yomGaqo-siseko waseChile (2022)

I-Chile yayine-parendum yokwamkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha owabhaliswa yindibano. Esi sicelo salahlwa ngama-62% abavoti emva kokugxekwa okusasazekileyo kobude bayo kunye neengcamango zayo. Le nkqubo yabonisa ubungozi bokuyila amaxwebhu entsonkothileyo ngendibano enyuliweyo yaza yagxininisa imfuneko yokwakha umanyano olubanzi phambi kwevoti.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nokuphucula Umgangatho Wokubuyisela Imali

Ukuze kuphumeze amandla edemokhrasi, inxaxheba kufuneka ibe phezulu kwaye ixelelwe. Iindlela eziliqela ezinokuba luncedo ekuphumezeni oku.

Amaphulo Emfundo Kawonke - wonke

Oorhulumente, uluntu, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi kufuneka zisebenzisane ukuze zivelise ulwazi olulungeleleneyo nolufikelelekayo malunga nesi sicelo. Abalawuli abasemthethweni, abahlalutyi kwi-intanethi, kunye neentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu zinganceda abavoti baqonde oko kuthethwa yile ngxaki. Internationalpotent Institute for Democracy and Electoral Intectal Transplation (IDA) inikela ubuncwane kwimisebenzi engcono yemfundo yabavoti.

Ulwimi oluFikelelekayo noluNxulumanisiweyo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangavota lula. Oku kuquka ukuvota kwangethuba, iposi efakwa kwivoti, izitishi zokuvota ezihambayo, mhlawumbi nokuvota ngekhompyutha kwabemi abakude. Ukuhlisa imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kunganyusa kakhulu ukuvota.

Iingxoxo Ezikhuthaza Inkululeko

Kunokuba kubekho amaphulo okulwa axhomekeke kwiziqu eziphezulu, abantu bangafumana amaphulo athe ngqo apho iingcali nabemi babandakanyeka kwingxoxo enzulu. Ezi ziganeko zikhuthaza ukuqonda kunye nokunciphisa ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle. Amazwe afana neDenmark aye asebenzisa “amatyala aphezulu” ukwazisa abavoti phambi kwemiboniso.

Ukujolisa Iinqwelo - moya Eziselula

Abantu abaselula badla ngokuboniswa phantsi kwe-parenteum. Izikolo zingaquka imfundo yezentlalo egquma imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokubaluleka kwedemokhrasi engqalileyo. Amaphulo oluntu, amaqumrhu onxibelelwano, amaqabane kunye nabaxhasi, kunye neziganeko ezicatshuliweyo zolutsha zinokunyusa ukuganana. Umzekelo, inyathelo “Lock the Vote” eliye laphumelela ukukhuthaza abaselula ukuba bavote.

Ukulawula Imali Yephulo Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

Ukuqinisekisa ngobulungisa, oorhulumente bangabeka imida yokuchitha amaqela athathi-nxaxheba kwaye bafuna ukuba kubekho ingxengxezo ecacileyo evimba wemali. Imibutho ekhangela inyani neqonga zingaphembelela amatyala obubuxoki. Amazwe afana neKhanada amisela imithetho engqongqo kwizibhengezo zesithathu ngexesha lokubhengeza.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lolawulo - melo Olungqalileyo

I-Referendondoms zisixhobo esinamandla esivumela abemi ukuba babumbe imithetho kunye nemigaqo elawulayo. Xa beyilwe ngokucacileyo , ngemimiselo ecacileyo yephulo, imithetho yephulo elifanelekileyo, imfundo eyomeleleyo, nokuvota okufikelelekayo . Bangakhulisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, banike amandla abantu, bacombulule imibandela exanduvayo. Noko ke, bakwaneengozi zokuzibopha, ukuphatha kakubi, kunye nobuzwilavi. Isitshixo sibeka ekulinganiseleni ngokufanelekileyo inxaxheba nemigaqo ekhuselekileyo yamaziko amela abameli. Ngokuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa idemokhrasi nemilinganiselo ephezulu yolawulo lwabo, abemi bangaqinisekisa ukuba le yindlela enyanisekileyo yokubonisa ukuthanda okuthandwayo. [AFF] okanye uxhaso lwe-DEFOM.[3] [5] [5] [5]