Table of Contents

U.S. umGaqo-siseko uhlala kwisiqu sayo yonke ingxoxo yezopolitiko, isigqibo senkundla, kunye nombutho wamalungelo abantu (kodwa amaMelika amaninzi awazange awufunde. Kumalunga ne7,7,500 yamagama aquka ii-anters, imfutshane kuneemfuno ze-webhsayithi ezininzi zenkonzo ozicofileyo ngaphandle kokufunda. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo naloo miyalelo, umGaqo-siseko uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumalungelo owamkelayo kwirhafu yerhafu yakho.

Ukuqonda indlela yokufunda umGaqo-siseko asikokuqhelisela nje ukuba ngummi kwemfundo. Xa abezobupolitika besithi into yi "engavumelaniyo," xa iinkundla zibetha imithetho, xa zikhalaza zicela amalungelo okuQaphela uHlaziyo lokuqala, zithetha ukuba zonke ezi zibhalwe kulo xwebhu. Kodwa ukufunda ngomgaqo-siseko akunqabile. Okusoloko kubonisa ukuba ama-Melika amaninzi akanakubizwa ngamagama amathathu orhulumente, ingasathethi ke ukuba imigaqo yesiseko isebenza njani kwimibandela yanamhlanje.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sinika indlela esebenzisekayo yokuqonda umGaqo-siseko we-U.S., ukonakalisa isakhiwo saso, uchaza indaleko yaso, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu, ukubonisa indlela yokusebenzisa umgaqo-siseko ekucingeni kwiingxaki zangoku. Nokuba ungumfundi, umvoti, okanye ummi nje ofun ’ ukwazi, esi sikhokelo siza kukunceda ukuba ubandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo noxwebhu lwesiseko lwaseMelika.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukufunda UmGaqo-siseko Kubaluleke Kakhulu Kunangaphambili

Amandla Asebenzisekayo Olwazi Lomgaqo - siseko

inika inkxaso yekonkrithi kubomi banamhlanje:

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho: Ukwazi amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko kuyakunceda ukuqaphela xa esongelwa. Ukuqonda uHlaziyo lwesine kuyanceda ngexesha lokudibana kwamapolisa. Ukwazi ukhuseleko loQhubekeko-zigqibo lokuqala kuluncedo kwiimbambano zasemsebenzini. Ukwazi amalungelo afanelekileyo aluncedo kwiimeko ezingokwasemthethweni.

Iingcebiso ezithelekisayo zezobupolitika: Abezobupolitika basoloko bethi izicelo zabachasi azihambelani nomthetho-siseko. Ngaphandle kolwazi lomgaqo-siseko, awunakukwazi ukuzicingela ngokwawo ezi ngxelo. Ukuqonda okubhaliweyo kukuvumela ukuba wahlule inkxalabo esemthethweni esemthethweni kwintetho yezobupolitika.

Ukuxhasa kwidemokhrasi: Ukuvota ngobuchule kufuna ukuqonda oko amasebe awahlukeneyo anokukwenza kwaye angakwazi ukukwenza. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanakuthembisa ukubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngesandla sisodwa. Oomongameli abanako ukutshintsha utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ukwazi le mida kukunceda ukuba uqwalasele iphulo elithenjiweyo ngenyani.

Ukuqonda Iziganeko zaNgoku: Amabali amakhulu eendaba asoloko ebandakanya imiba yezomgaqo-siseko", imiyalelo edityanisiweyo, ii-oyile ezincinci, izigqibo zenkundla. Ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala emgaqo-siseko kutshintsha ukudideka kwesiganeko sezobupolitika sibe ziinkqubo zolawulo olucacileyo.

Impikiswano Ephilayo

Intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ayiqabiswanga ngo-1789. Indlela esiyitolika ngayo kwaye siyisebenzise iguqula idlule:

Iintngisa: 27 iinguqu zihlaziyile umbhalo wokuqala, ukusukela ekudibaniseni iBhili yamaLungelo ukuhlisa ixesha lokuvota

Iinkcazelo zeCurts: izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibumba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. "Izibonelelo kodwa ezilinganayo" bezikhe zaba ngumGaqo-siseko; ngoku azikho

I-Evolution ye- Eqhelekileyo: Utshintsho lweziko luchaphazela ukusebenza komGaqo-siseko. Abaseki benkqubo abakwazanga ukubona i-intanethi, kodwa imigaqo yokuQala IsiHlomelo isasebenza kwi-intanethi

[Inkqubo yePhondo] : iindibano zomGaqo-siseko zikhula ngokuqheliswa. Umlinganiselo wexesha elibini lomongameli yaba yisithethe esingaqhelekanga phambi kokuba ube nguMphetho-mda wama-22

Le ndaleko yenza ukuba ukufunda nokubhala kuqhubeke, kungeyiyo into efezwe kanye.

Ukuqalisa: Indlela Yokufikelela kumGaqo-siseko

Khetha Iinguqulelo Zakho Ngobulumko

Phambi kokuntywila ngaphakathi, khetha indlela elungileyo yohlobo lwakho lokufunda:

[[UMTHLL:0] Uhlelo olucacisiweyo lunika umongo kunye neengcaciso ecaleni kombhalo wokuqala. Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lunika iinguqulelo ezikhululekileyo ezinokuchazwa kwi-intanethi. Olu ncedo luguqulela kulwimi lweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane kwaye lunika imvelaphi yembali.

Uguqulelo lolwimi oluPlain luguqulela umgaqo-siseko kulwimi lwangoku. Ngexa luluncedo kulwazi lokuqala, lusoloko lubuyela kumbhalo wokuqala ukwenzela ucoselelo --amagama abalulekileyo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Uhlelo lomahluko lubonisa indlela umGaqo-siseko otshintshile ngayo, ubonakalisa umbhalo wokuqala ecaleni kwezibaluleko. Ezi mbono yendaleko yoxwebhu kwaye zinceda uqonde iingxaki eziphelisiweyo.

Iinguqulelo zeDigali zinika uphendlo kunye noqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamacandelo anxulumeneyo. I-Cuntatition Accomplition [ kwithala leencwadi leBhunga-zincwadi linika uphengululo olugqithisileyo kunye neembekiselo zomthetho.

Indlela Yokufunda: Hlala Ukuqonda Kwakho Kuselugcinweni

IPass yokuqala - Isakhiwo kunye nemboniselo yequmrhu: Qala ngokuqonda ukwakhiwa okusisiseko komGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngeenkcukacha. Funda ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza ukuthatha:

  • Iinjongo jikelele zonqaku ezisixhenxe
  • Indlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo
  • Uxwebhu lonke luhamba ngokukhawuleza

[[UMTLL:0] IPass enconduliweyo - ufundo lononophelo[[FTL:1]]: Funda ngokucotha, ubhekisa kwilwimi lokwenene. Qaphela:

  • Amandla akhethekileyo anikwayo nakhatywayo
  • Amabinzana aphindiweyo neenkcubeko
  • Iindinyana ezidume okanye ezingacacanga

IPasswo ePhambili eCuthekileyo : Buza oko ukufundileyo:

  • Kwakutheni ukuze abaseki baquke oku?
  • Ziziphi iingxaki ababezisingatha?
  • Oku kusenokusebenza njani namhlanje?
  • Yintoni elahlekileyo okanye engacacanga?

Imeko Ebalulekileyo Ngaphambi Kokufunda

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kufuna ukwazi oko kwandulela:

Amanqaku oMgaqo woMbutho [1] wadala urhulumente wezwe obuthathaka ongakwaziyo ukuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho. UMgaqo-siseko waphendula koku kusilela ngokuqinisa amandla karhulumente ngeli lixa ugcina ukuzilawula kukarhulumente.

Shays's Imvukelo (1786-1787) yabonisa ubuthathaka beMassachusetts xa ingenakuzithintela imvukelo exhobileyo. Le ngxaki yeyisela abaninzi abanorhulumente worhulumente onamandla.

[[FLT: 0] Amava obuthanga phantsi kolawulo lweBritane olubunjwe ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukulawula amajoni kumakhaya kukhokelela kuMphetho-mda wesithathu. Imithetho jikelele yaphembelela uHlomelo lwesine. Ukungameleki okukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Intanda-bulumko yokukhanyisela yaphembelela abaQalisi. Ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo kaJohn Locke, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye neenjongo zeriphabliki kwiRoma yamandulo yonke inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eyakhiweyo.

Isiqalo: Ukuqonda injongo yomGaqo-siseko

Ukuyeka Amazwi Okuvula

Imposiso [ inokuba yeyona ndawo yomgaqo-siseko edume kakhulu, kodwa isoloko ingaqondwa kakuhle:

" Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokolungelelaniso ukwenza iManyano egqibeleleyo, ukuseka uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamakhaya, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi ngokwethu kunye neSithuthi sethu, simisela lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.

" Thina bantu"-Rvolution ngexesha laso, eli binzana livakalise ulawulo oluqhelekileyo. Amandla avela kubemi, kungekhona kuThixo okanye kulawulo lolawulo. Qaphela ukuba ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuba amadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla `ukuqonda lomlinganiselo unceda kuqonde ukuba ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko kuvela njani.

" yenza iManyano egqibeleleyo kakhulu" - Ivuma i Amanqaku okungafezeki kwe Confederation ngexa uqonda ukugqibeka njengenkqubo eqhubekayo, hayi imeko efunyanweyo.

" IJaji emiselweyo" - Izakhelo zephondo kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho.

[[UMTL:0]" ukhuseleko lwasekhaya" - Inqanda iimfazwe zangaphakathi ezifana nemvukelo ka Shays kwaye igcina uxolo phakathi kwamazwe.

[[UMTL:0]" ilungiselela ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo" - idibanisa umkhosi ukukhusela kwisoyikiso sangaphandle.

[[UMTL:0]" guqula iNtlalo-ntle jikelele" - Ivumela urhulumente enze okulungileyo kudibene, nangona ububanzi beli binzana busoloko bunempikiswano.

[[UMTL:0]" ukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko" - ukhusela inkululeko kungekuphela nje kubemi bangoku kodwa izizukulwana ezizayo.

Iinkundla zigqibe iNgxelo yokuNgenisa ayiwaniki amandla okanye amalungelo akhethekileyo, kodwa ayichazi misebenzi. Noko ke, inika ukhokelo olucacisayo xa imiqathango yemithetho-siseko ingaqondakali. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibhekisa kuyo ukuyiqonda injongo yabaseki.

Inqaku I: Isebe ElinoMthetho Likhuphela Ikhowudi

Ukuqonda Amandla Engqungquthela

[[FLT: 0] I-Article I yeyona nqaku lide kuba abaQalisi bacinga ukuba iBhunga lelona sebe libalulekileyo. Ubude balo neenkcukacha zibonisa imigudu yokunika amandla nokunyanzela igunya lomthetho.

Uguqulelo 1 - Vesting Claus: "Onke amagunya owiso-mthetho apha avunyiweyo azakubekwa kwiBhunga"

  • Qaphela "enikezelwe"""""""Ikonforel kuphela inamandla adweliswe ngqo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezinegunya jikelele
  • Ukumiswa kwe-bimeralism (iigumbi ezimbini) njengesiseko

Uthutho 2 - Indlu yabameli: Ulungiselelo olungundoqo ludla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle:

  • Abameli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-25 ubudala, abemi belizwe iminyaka esixhenxe
  • "Ii-35 zolalanisa" zibalwa ngabantu abangamakhoboka njenge-3/5 yomntu ukuze bamenywe (kuqinisekiswe ngoMphetho-
  • Amazwe amisela iimfaneleko zovoti (kukho imida yezomGaqo-siseko)
  • Indlu inamandla angaphezulu okukhupha iintambo (ukuzisa izityholo, hayi ukususwa)

[[UKWENZIWA:0] Ulwahlulo 3 - iQela[[UMTL:1]:

  • Izikhululo ezimbini kwimeko nganye kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abantu (azinakutshintshwa ngokubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwemvume yesizwe)
  • Iintsana kufuneka zibe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, abemi belizwe kangangeminyaka eli-9
  • Umongameli ongumongameli ophetheyo kodwa kuphela yivoti yokwaphula amaqhina
  • IBhenate izama ukugweba (amaxwebhu njengejaji, kungekhona umtshutshisi)

Amandla Anempembelelo (Umbulelo 8)

Amandla akhethekileyo eBhunga adweliswe kwimiqathango eli-18. Amandla angundoqo aquka:

ICelasce Claus: "Guqula Urhwebo namazwe asemzini, kunye naphakathi kwamaZwe aliqela"

  • Owona mthombo wamandla karhulumente ubanzi
  • Ithetha nje yonke into ekwimithetho engokwamalungelo abantu nemithetho yemeko-bume
  • Impikiswano eqhubekayo yomgaqo-siseko

[[UMTHETHO: 0] ISikhuseli noNobulungisa uClaus: "Yenza yonke imithetho ezakuba yimfuneko nefanelekileyo ekuthwaleni amagunya agqithileyo"

  • Ibizwa ngokuba yi-Elast Claus" ngenxa yobubhetyebhetye
  • Ivumela amandla ajongiweyo angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo
  • Umthombo webhanki, idrafti, kunye nemimiselo emininzi

[[FLT: 0] Amandla emfazwe: Menyeza imfazwe, nyusa imikhosi, gcina umkhosi wamanzi

  • Qaphela: YiNgqungquthela kuphela enokuvakalisa imfazwe (naba oomongameli bafumene umsebenzi okhoyo)
  • Umlinganiselo wemikhosi emileyo ubonisa uloyiko lwabaseki

[[UMTL:0] Amandla emali: Irhafu, ukuboleka, imali yengqekembe, ukulawula ukuphululwa kwamalungelo

  • "Amandla engxowa-mali" luhlolo lokugqibela lweBhunga kwamanye amasebe
  • Zonke iindleko zemali-mali kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu

Imida Yamandla Engqungquthela (Ingxubusho)

Imiqathango enzima idla ngokungahoywa:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Habeas Corpus ingabekwa kuphela kwimvukelo okanye ukuhlasela
  • Akukho [[FT:0] ye ncam yasemva yeqoo imithetho (ukwenza ngokomthetho izenzo zexesha elidlulileyo)
  • Akukho tyala lokufumana i-ander (isohlwayo esingeyomfuneko ngaphandle kokuvavanywa)
  • Akukho zibizo zodumo

Le mida ibonisa izityholo ezithile zePalamente yaseBritani.

Inqaku II: Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu Licaciswe

Amandla Nemida Yobuongameli

Article II incinci kwaye ayicacanga kunenqaku I, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkulungwane zengxoxo ngamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Unyuso 1 - I-Electoral College: Inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokukhetha umongameli ibonisa ulalaniso:

  • Ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezinkulu nezincinane zikarhulumente
  • Yenza isigcini sethutyana phakathi kwabantu nomongameli
  • Ivumela amanqaku ukuchaza iindlela zawo zokukhetha

Ukuqonda iElectoral College kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba amaphulo obuongameli ajolise ingqalelo kumazwe ajingajingi.

UHLOBO 2 - Umongameli woMphathiswa :

  • uMyalelo kwiNtloko: ulawulo lomkhosi lwabemi, kodwa awunakuvakalisa imfazwe
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla oMkhosi : Ifuna imvume yeNdlu yeQela (ngoko ke izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe ngoku zi-"izivumelwano zokukhulula")
  • A A amandla okuGqibela: ingqwalaselo yabagwebi namagosa, kodwa iBhunga leNtlanganiso liqinisekisa
  • Amandla ePardon: Kuphantse kungabi namda kulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe (ayinakukwazi ukuxolela ukungagqibeki)

Iinkonzo ze- Ulwahlulo 3 - Iimfuno zoMongameli:

  • Imo ye-Union: Mayizise iChunga ngamaxesha athile
  • [[NTL:0] Khathalela u-Claus. "Iyakukukhathalele ukuphunyezwa koMthetho ngokuthembekileyo"
    • Isistiki sezwe lonke lolawulo
    • Impikiswano ngengqiqo ephezulu

Ingxaki Yokungavisisani

Inqaku lesibini lifutshane libangela ucelomngeni olucacisayo:

  • Ayintoni "amandla okubulala" ngaphandle kwalawo adwelisweyo?
  • Unakulumkela kangakanani uMongameli ekuphumezeni imithetho?
  • Yintoni eyakha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye neMisderars" ukwenzela ukunganyuki?

Ezi zinto zibangela iimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomGaqo - siseko ngegunya lomongameli.

Inqaku III: Isebe Lezahlulelo Liyagwetywa

Isakhiwo seNkundla yoManyano

Article III linqaku elifutshane, lishiyela isakhiwo esikhulu setyala kwi Congress.

[[Uknat:0] Unyuso 1 - Amandla eeJaji:

  • I-APP, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPG, i-CPG, i-CPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP i-M, i-M, i-A i-ANKCM, i-ANKCM, i-ANKCM, i-ENKCM, i-ENKCM, i-ENKCM, i-EN, i-IKCM, i-IKCM, i-ENKCM, i-EN i-GPPPPLANGAM, i-EN iPM, i-EN i-
  • ABagwebi basebenzisa "ukuziphatha okuhle" (ukuziphatha okuphambili)
  • Ukuthengiswa kwemali akunakuncitshiswa (ukulungiselela inkululeko)

I-Iregion: Ichaza ukuba yeyiphi imiba enokuthi iviwe ziinkundla zequmrhu lorhulumente:

  • Amatyala "aphantsi" umGaqo-siseko nomthetho wesizwe
  • Ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe
  • Ityala elibandakanya amazwe asemzini
  • Isebe eliphethe iinqanawa kunye neziciko zolwandle

Phawula okulahlekileyo: Akukho mandla acacileyo okuhlola okugweba (ukubhalisa imithetho engekho semthethweni). Oku kwasekwa [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Ukuqonda Imiqathango Yesigwebo

Inqaku III lidala icandelo elizimeleyo lejaji kodwa elinemiqathango:

  • Iinkundla zinokuphulaphula kuphela "iiintloko neempikiswano" (akukho mbono zigqwethekileyo)
  • IBhunga lilawula umgangatho ophantsi wenkundla kunye negunya
  • Izicombululo zinokubhukuqa izibhengezo zenkundla

Amanqaku IV-VII: Inzululwazi yeNkqubo yoManyano

Inqaku leIV: Ulwalamano lweRhulumente

Ngokufuthi abakhange banikele ingqalelo kodwa babaluleke ekuqondeni ubuzwe:

[[UMTL:0] Ukholo oluGcwebezelayo noTyelelo: Ama-United States kufuneka aqaphele ezinye izenzo zoburhulumente (kutheni umtshato kunye nelayisensi zokudlulisa abaqhubi)

Privileges kunye nolawulo lwe-Immonits: Abami banamalungelo asisiseko kuwo onke amazwe (nangokuba iinkcazo zishiyekile ziphikisana)

[[NTL:0] I-Slave Claus esebenzayo: Kufuneka ukuba amakhoboka asindileyo abuye (aqiniswe ngu-13 IsiHlaziso soMgaqo-siseko kodwa abonise uhlengahlengiso lokuziphatha)

Ukuvalwa kweNew States: ichaza indlela imimandla eba ziimeko (indawo ye Puerto Rico ne D.C. iingxoxo zolawulo)

Inqaku V: Inkqubo YoMthetho Wokulungiswa

Iindlela ezimbini zokususa:

  1. 2/3 kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga (zonke
  2. Indibano yoMgaqo-siseko ebizwa ngu-2/3 karhulumente (engasetyenziswanga)

Iindlela ezimbini zokwenza imigca:

  1. 3/4 yeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (26 ziinguqu)
  2. 3/4 yeendibano zikarhulumente (kuphela nguMphetho-

Esi siqobolo esiphezulu sokulungisa siqinisekisa uzinzo kodwa senza utshintsho lube nzima.

Inqaku le VI: Icebo lokucoca ulwelo

Ukuthatha i-Clause kumisa imigangatho esisiseko yesiseko:

  1. UmGaqo-siseko
  2. Imithetho kunye nezivumelwano zomanyano
  3. Umgaqo-siseko weRhulumente nemithetho

Oku kucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente, --ityala elingumthetho lifumana ukuba kungokomGaqo-siseko.

Inqaku VII: Utsalo

Ichaza ngokulula ukuba imvume yamazwe asithoba iza kumisa umGaqo-siseko. Imbali ibalulekile kodwa iphelelwe lixesha.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yakho Esisiseko

IsiHlomelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Ehlanu Kumntu Omnye

[[UMTHETHO:0] IsiHlanzekiso soQonda [[FLT: 1] sipakisha amalungelo ahlanu ahlukeneyo kwisigwebo esinye:

Inkonzo ka Claus

  • Ukusetyenziswa kuka-Claus : Urhulumente akanako ukuseka unqulo olusemthethweni
  • Isiko lokuzilolonga u-Claus: Urhulumente akanako ukulwalela uqheliselo lonqulo
  • Ukungatyhileki: Iqala nini ukusekwa inkululeko yonqulo?

[[UMTLL:0] Intetho yenkululeko [[Uluhlu 1]:

  • Asingokuphelela nje-ngaphandle kwezisongelo zokwenene, ukunyeliswa, ukuphenjelelwa
  • Iquka intetho efuziselayo (iflegi) kunye nokuthetha kwequmrhu (iSikolo seNtshona Koloni)
  • Awusebenzi kwiqonga labucala (unxibelelwano lwentlalo lunokukhangela imbali)

Isicimi sokukhululeka:

  • Akukho kuthintelwa ngaphambi kokuba (impapasho yokuyeka)
  • Akukho malungelo akhethekileyo okushicilela (izibhengezi zinokukhutshelwa)
  • Iquka ijelo leencwadi nezokubhala

[[UMTLL:0] Imposiso nesicelo [[UMTLL: 1]:

  • Kukuqhankqalaza ngoxolo
  • Urhulumente uyakwazi ukulawula ixesha, indawo,
  • Akunalungelo lakuqhubana nogonyamelo okanye lokuvala iimoto

UMthetho Wesibini Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Impikiswano Engapheliyo

Imikhosi elungelelene kakuhle, efuneka kunqabiseko loMkhosi okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iinqwelo, ayiyi kuphazanyiswa.

[[UMTLH: 0] Iintspresences:

  • I-APP, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-APPPPPP i-IKCC, i-CPF, i-R46,9, i-R464,9,4,4,44,4,4,44,4,4,44,4,4,4,4,10,1,1,1,1,1,10,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,11,1,1,1,1,1,31,31,1,31,31,31,31,31,31,31,31,31,31,31,3,31,31,31,3,3,31,31,31,31,3,3,3,3
  • Yiyiphi imithetho ebumba "isidanga"?
  • D.C. v. Heller (2008) iqinisekisa umntu ngamnye ngokulungileyo kodwa ivumela imimiselo

Ukuqonda zombini iinkcazelo kunceda ekuthetheni ngeengxoxo zemipu.

Izaphuli - mthetho Ezihlaziyiweyo (48)

Ezi ziphendu zibangela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo - mthetho:

[[UMTL:0] IsiHlalisi soMphetho-moya : Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqiqiyo

  • Imiyalelo efunwayo esekelwe kundoqo olindelekileyo
  • Iinqwelo - mafutha ezininzi (ezivunyiweyo, ezibonwa lula)
  • I-Ofisi yeNkcubeko

[[UMTL:0] Ulungiso lweNkqutyana: Ukhuseleko oluninzi

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo
  • Akukho ngozi iphindiweyo
  • Akukho mahluko
  • Imfuneko yenkqubo elindelekileyo
  • Ithatha igalelo (umbuyiselo kwimpahla ebanjiweyo)

[[UMTL:0] UHlaziyo lweNkqutyana: Amalungelo okuvavanya

  • Ityala likawonke-wonke
  • Abachopheli - tyala Abangakhethi Buso
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Uncedo lwesiluleko

Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda : ukuvavanywa kwabachopheli-mthetho

[[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda : Akukho sohlwayo sikhohlakeleyo/esingekhoyo

  • Apha kusekelwe iingxoxo zesigwebo sokufa
  • Imfuneko yokubonelela

IziHlaliso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi

Ngokufuthi batyeshelwe kodwa babalulekile ngokwentanda - bulumko:

[[UMTL:0] UHlaziyo lweNinth : Amalungelo akhona ngaphaya kwezo zidweliswe

  • Isiseko samalungelo obuqu
  • Iziphakamiso zomGaqo-siseko azigcwali

IsiHlalisi seTenth : Amandla awasebenzi nakumazwana/abantu

  • Ukhuthazo lomanyano
  • Uxanduva oluqhubekayo nolwandiso

Uhlaziyo lweZigqibo zoQokelela uLawulo (iNkcubeko) (iNkcubeko)

IsiHlayiso Seshumi Elinantathu: Ubukhoboka Obukhuthazayo

Akuyi kubakho bukhoboka, nobukhoboka obungengabo, bungengokuba yisohlwayo ngenxa yetyala, elo linye ligwetywe ngokusesikweni;

[[UMTL: 0] Amanqaku angundoqo:

  • Kuphela kulula ukuguqula okuthintela izenzo zangasese (kungekhona nje urhulumente)
  • Ukungasetyenziswa entolongweni kusaqhubeka impikiswano
  • Isiseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu

IsiHlayiso Seshumi Eline: Ukuguqula Umthetho WaseMerika

Ulwalamano olude noluye lwatshintshwa ngokusisiseko lwamazwe asekuhlaleni:

ICelassic yenqanawa : ubumi obufanelekileyo bokuzalwa kwabo bonke abazalwa e-U.S.

  • Phehlwe ngaphezulu red Scott
  • Uvavanyo lwengxoxo yokufuduka

Imodeli Yolungiselelo ka Claus: Applies Bill of Rights to therements

  • Imfundiso yoNyaka iphuhlisiwe
  • Inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi ikhusela amalungelo angachazwanga

Ukukhusela u-Claus : urhulumente kufuneka abaphathe ngokulinganayo abantu

  • Isiseko se Brown v. ibhodi kunye nedesixa
  • Isiseko selungu ne LGBTQ+ amalungelo

UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwamalungelo: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga luye lwabangelwa kukuvota, kodwa ukuphepha ukuphepha kwavumela uJim Crow ukuba abeke imithetho de kwangowe - 1965 iVoting Rights Act.

Ithuba Eliqhubekayo Nezicombululo Zale Mihla

IMithetho eBanzi

[[FLT: 0] : Irhafu yengeniso (isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ejijekileyo) [[FT:2]]17th: unyulo oluthe ngqo lwezithinteli (lwandisiwe) [18] : iprojekthi (impetho kuphela) : i-'empeleediase-asethi : i-scembssss (omati aphindwe kabini)]

IziHlaliso Zenkqubo Zale Mihla

[[FLT: 0] ''': imihla yokunikezelwa etshintshiweyo 2nd: imida yexesha lomongameli : D.C. ivoti ezikhethiweyo [[FLT:]25th [: udidi lomongameli [[FLT:]][FLT: $27]: intlawulo lwe Crouniongs [[FL: 9]: intraclayers (ithatha iminyaka engama-203 ukuya kwi ravices!)

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Abantu

[[UMTL: 0] wama-24: irhafu yovolo ebhalisweyo 26th: ukuvota okudala iminyaka eyi-18 (impendulo yemfazwe ye-Vietnam)

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Ukucinga OkungokomGaqo-siseko Kwiimbambano Zanamhlanje

Uhlalutyo lweNdlela yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana

Xa uhlolisisa ukuba kukho into esemthethweni kusini na:

Inyathelo lokuqala: Yahlula imvelaphi yamandla

  • Liliphi ilungiselelo lomgaqo - siseko eligunyazisa esi senzo?
  • Ngaba libalwa, lichazwa, okanye linamandla emvelo?
  • Ngaba iphantsi kwegunya lorhulumente okanye lorhulumente?

Inyathelo 2: Khangela Imida[[FLT: 1]

  • Ngaba akuvumelekanga ngokungqalileyo?
  • Ngaba uphazamisa amalungelo abantu?
  • Ngaba kuphazamisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya?

Inyathelo 3: Faka Udidi[[FLT: 1]

  • Iinkundla ziye zayichaza njani imibandela efanayo?
  • Luluphi umlinganiselo wokuhlolisisa osebenzayo?
  • Ngaba kukho imizekelo ekhuphisanayo?

Impikiswano zomGaqo-siseko weNkxaso

Sebenzisa uhlalutyo lomgaqo-siseko kwimiba ekhoyo:

[[UMTL: 0] Imfihlo ye-pigital:

  • IsiHlomelo Sesine sibhalelwe ukuphengulula umzimba
  • Isebenza njani kwi-imeyile, kwindawo yeselfowuni, kwi-metadata?
  • Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko

Imiyalelo ephumezekayo:

  • Kunini apho ukubulawa kumiselwa umthetho?
  • Banokude balubeke phi unyawo olufana nolo lawulo?
  • Yintoni ebangela ukuba kubekho amandla okungxama?

[[UMTHL:0] Amalungelo e-Corporate:

  • Ngaba imibutho "yabantu" phantsi koHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine?
  • Ngaba banenkululeko yonqulo, namalungelo okuthetha?
  • Incopho ezidityanisiweyo kunye nencopho ze Lobby

[[UMTLL:0] I-Federal vs. Ulawulo lwelizwe:

  • Inkxwaleko esemthethweni
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuba
  • Iimpendulo zoMngcipheko

Ukungaqondani Okuqhelekileyo NgomGaqo-siseko

Oko UmGaqo-siseko Ungakuthethiyo

Abaninzi bakholelwa kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ayikho nyani kule mibhalo:

" Ukwahlula-hlula icawa norhulumente": Ibinzana elisuka kunobumba ka Jefferson, hayi umGaqo-siseko

" uhlolo lweJudicial": amandla okubhengeza imithetho engamiselwanga ayizicaceli

[[UMTL:0]" ilungelo eliphumezekayo": Amalungelo oomongameli ukunqanda ulwazi awakhankanywanga

" ekunene kwindawo yangasese": Ayichazwanga ngokucacileyo (isuswe kwimposiso ezininzi)

[[UMTL: 0]" Imposiso de ibe ivunyiwe ityala": Isiseko asingombhalo wesiseko

Oko Kuthethwa Ngamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

[[UMTLL:0] Intetho yenkululeko ayithethi:

  • Ukukhululeka kwimiphumo
  • Ukusuka ekunene ukuya nakuyiphi na iplatform
  • Ukhuseleko kwicandelo lobucukubhede

Inkululeko yonqulo ayithethi:

  • Ukukhutshwa kuyo yonke imithetho
  • Ilungelo lokuxhasa urhulumente
  • Ukukhululeka ekuchaneni kunqulo lwabanye

[[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuphatha Iimpahla ayithethi:

  • Izixhobo ezingenamda
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Ukuphatha imipu naphi na

Inkqubela ye("([[FLT: 1]] ayithethi:

  • Imigaqo egqibeleleyo
  • Igqwetha elikhululekileyo kuzo zonke iimeko
  • Unxulumano olungenasiphelo

Imithombo yokufundiswa komGaqo-siseko onzulu

Imithombo

[[UMTL: 0] Iphepha loluhlu loManyano: Hamilton, Madison, kunye nezincoko ezichaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko

  • Uludwe lwamaFederal 10 (izenzo), 51 (ukwahlula-hlula amagunya), 78 (uhlolo lwamagunya)

[[UMTL:0] Anti-Federalist Papers[[FT:1]: iimpikiswano zenkcaso ezakhokelela kwiBhili yamaLungelo

Amanqaku eMadison : Yingxelo ebanzi yentlanganiso yeConvention yezomGaqo-siseko kuphela

Impikiswano ze ``[FLT']: Iingxoxo zendibano yelizwe zityhila uluvo lwantlandlolo

Oovimba Bale Mihla

[[UMTLL: 0] Izixhobo ezikwilayini[[UMQONDISO: 1]:

[[UMTL: 0] Imiqulu yamanqanaba awahlukeneyo[[UMTL: 1]:

  • Uqali: "UmGaqo-siseko: Ukwazisa okufutshane kakhulu" ngu David Bodenhamer
  • Umbindi: "UmGaqo-siseko weMelika: A Biography" ngu-Akhil Reed Amar
  • Ubhekiso phambili: "Umthetho wecawa" iincwadi zetyala zohlalutyo olunzulu lomthetho

[[UMTL: 0] Iicasts:

  • "Thina siLuntu" (IZiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe)
  • "Amicus" (ibhile)
  • "Icansigation" (I-Fishton Post)

Ukusebenzisa uMthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Ukutyelela iNkundla yeNkundla: Jonga iimpikiswano zomlomo ukubona utoliko lomgaqo-siseko kwintshukumo

Funda izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo: Qala ngamatyala aphawula iziganeko, gxininisa ekuqiqeni hayi nje iziphumo

[[UMTL: 0] Amaqela eNkxaso yeNkxaso : Iingqubano zebha yangaphakathi zisoloko zingenisa iingxubusho zomgaqo-siseko

Thatha Izifundo ze Online: Iiyunivesithi ezininzi zinikeza umgaqo-siseko wesibonelelo somthetho wesisa

Isiphelo: Ubumi bakho bomGaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko akungokubamba amanqaku kunye nezilungiso-ziphene, kuphuhliso ufundo lomgaqo-siseko okwazisa ubumi bakho. Uxwebhu olubonakala lububudala kwaye lungafikeleleki luphendula imibuzo engaphelelwa lixesha: Angakanani amandla urhulumente afanele abe nawo? Ngawaphi amalungelo abalulekileyo? Siwalinganisa njani ulawulo oluninzi nokhuseleko lwabambalwa? Le mibuzo ibaluleke njengangowe-1789.

Ukufunda umGaqo-siseko kutyhila ubukrelekrele bawo kunye neziphako zawo. Olu xwebhu lunye olwaluvakalisa ukuba "Thina bantu" sikhupha abantu abaninzi. Inkqubo eyenzelwe ukunqanda ubukhoboka obunempembelelo enzima. Iziphendu ezijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana okuvumela ukwahlukana. Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano akuwudambisi njengoxwebhu lomntu, olukwaziyo ukukhula nokuphucula.

Ukufundiswa koMgaqo-siseko kukunika amandla oku:

  • Ukuzithethelela ngokwezobupolitika
  • Waqonde amalungelo akho nemida yawo
  • Ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zedemokhrasi
  • Xela xa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko isongelwa
  • Luxabise uzinzo notshintsho kulawulo

UmGaqo-siseko asingowamagqwetha nabagwebi kodwa ngabo bonke abemi. Imicimbi yakho yokutolika. Indlela oyiqonda ngayo idemokhrasi. Olu xwebhu luphila kubemi abalufundayo, baluphikisayo, kwaye balufune ukuba luhlonelwe.

Qalisa ngokufunda okubhaliweyo okukodwa .Into enzima ngokumangalisayo. Buza oko ukufundileyo. Cinga ngeenkcazelo ezininzi. Sebenzisa imigaqo-siseko kwiingxaki zangoku. Okubaluleke kakhulu, khumbula ukuba idemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko ifuna abemi abasebenzayo, abazizifundiswa. UmGaqo-siseko uqala nge "Thina bantu" kuba ekugqibeleni, intsingiselo namandla awo axhomekeke kungekhona kwisikhumba nakuyinki kodwa kubemi ababandakanyekileyo njengawe.

Abaseki basinika isiseko. Isizukulwana ngasinye simisela oko sakhayo ngaphakathi kuso. Imfundo yakho yomgaqo-siseko asikokutyebisa nje kobuqu ($ilungiselelo lokuqhubeka komsebenzi wedemokhrasi. Kumaxesha engxaki nengxoxo yomgaqo-siseko, ukuqonda olu xwebhu lwesiseko akukhange kube yinto ebalulekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko ulindele ukutolikwa kwakho. Idemokhrasi ayifiki kuwe.

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