Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asekuhlaleni nokuqonda xa ephulwa kuyimfuneko ukuze uzikhusele kwaye ufune okusesikweni. Amalungelo oluntu asisiseko nenkuselo eqinisekisiweyo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banesizwe, ibala, unqulo, iintlobano zesini, imvelaphi yobuzwe, iminyaka yobulwelwe, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kwaye akhusela ucalucalucalulo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Xa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kuvela, anokuba nempembelelo enzulu emsebenzini wakho, kwindlu, kwimfundo, ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo zikawonke wonke, nakumgangatho wobomi. Olu khokelo lubanzi luya kukunceda ukwazi ukuchasana, uqonde ukukhuselwa kwakho okusemthethweni, uthabathe nenyathelo elifanelekileyo lokukhusela amalungelo akho.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Abemi Neempawu Zokukhusela

Amalungelo asemthethweni akhusela ucalucalulo kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. EUnited States, imithetho emininzi karhulumente imisela olu khuselo, kuquka iSivumelwano samaLungelo samaLungu ka1964, iSivumelwano seFair Howard, amaMelika anoMthetho wokungakhubazeki (ADA), kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Drama okhuselweyo (ADEA). Le mithetho ithintela ucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiempawu ezithile ezikhuselweyo, eziquka uhlanga, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yohlanga, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, imbonakalo yesini, kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini), iminyaka (40 kunye nokukhubazeka), kunye nolwazi lwemfutho lwemfumba, kunye nolwazi lwemfutho olukhuselwe phantsi komthetho luyilelo lokuqala xa amalungelo akho ehluliwe.

Iimpawu zokukhusela zifumaneka ngaphaya kweendidi ezaziwayo. Umzekelo, imeko yekhaya iyakhuselwa kwiimeko zezindlu, oko kukuthi abanini-khaya abanakukhetha iintsapho nabantwana. Ukuba ngummi kufumana ukhuseleko ngokwemimiselo yemisebenzi phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Amanye amazwe kunye nemithetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni inikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya komthetho wesizwe, ukugquma iimpawu ezifana nemeko yomtshato, umanyano lwezobupolitika, okanye umthombo wengeniso. Ukuzithelekisa ngemithetho yorhulumente nangamalungelo abantu akukuncedisi uqonde umgangatho opheleleyo wendlela ozikhusela ngayo kwaye uqonde xa ucalucalucalucalulo lukho.

Imiqondiso Eqhelekileyo Yokwaphulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Ukuqonda ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kufuna ukuphandwa kweentlobo zocalucalulo ezicacileyo nezichuliweyo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuphathwa ngokwahlukileyo kunabanye kwiimeko ezifanayo ezisekelwe kuphawu olukhuselekileyo, ukuhlaselwa okanye impatho yenkohlakalo enxulumene nokwazi kwakho, ukukhanyelwa iinkonzo okanye amathuba afumanekayo kwabanye, ukujamelana nokuziphindezela emva kokuxela ucalucalulo okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kuphando lwamalungelo abantu, nokuhlangabezana nemigaqo-nkqubo okanye izenzo ezichaphazela ngokungenakuthethelelwa.

Kwimimiselo yemisebenzi, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kusenokubonakala njengokugqithiselwa ekunyuseni phezu kwako nje ukufaneleka, ukufumana intlawulo engafaniyo xa kuthelekiswa nomntu osebenza naye owenza umsebenzi ofanayo, ukujamelana nemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yokuqeqesha kunabanye abasebenzi, ukuhlatyelwa amagqabaza angcolileyo okanye ukuqhutyelwa amayelenqe aphathelele iimpawu ezikhuselweyo, okanye ukukhutshwa kokukhulelwa okanye ukulahlwe kweendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yokukhubazeka. Oku kungenziwa naliphi na ixesha lomsebenzi, ukuqeshwa nokugaxelelwa nokuqhutyelwa ngeembekiseko zengqesho zasemva komsebenzi.

Ucalucalulo lwezindlu lunemiqathango yalo elumkisayo. Usenokubona ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ukuba abanini-fama abala ukuqesha ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselekileyo, bajongene neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuqeshwa okanye iimeko kunabanye abaqeshi, badibane noongingqi abathile abasekelwe kwibala okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe, abahlawulwa kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala ngenxa yokukhubazeka, okanye baxhatshazwe ngabanini-mhlaba okanye abamelwane ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselekileyo. Abanikazi bezindlu, ababoleki bezindlu, kunye nabanikazi bamakhaya bayakwazi ukungenela kwizenzo zokurhweba ngokwemidaba yolwaphulo-mthetho ezichasene nemithetho esesikweni yezindlu.

Kwindawo yokuhlala nezomsebenzi kawonke wonke, ukwaphulwa komthetho kubandakanya ukunqandwa ukungena kumashishini okanye kwizakhiwo, ukunikwa inkonzo ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa nabanye, ukuhlaselwa kwiindawo zokuthengisa okanye kwiindawo zokutyela, ukukhutshwa kwiinkqubo okanye kwimisebenzi, okanye ukuhlangabezana nemiqobo yokufikelela ekuthinteleni abantu abaneziphene ekungeneni kwiinkonzo. Iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke ziquka iindawo ezininzi, iihotele, iivenkile, iivenkile, iivenkile, iindawo zokuthengisa, iindawo zonyango, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa.

Ukuqonda Ngokungaphaya Kwamandla Ngokuchasene Nekhethe Elingaqondakaliyo

Ucalucalulo lukho kuhlobo oluthile olucacileyo nolucacileyo. Ucalulo olucacileyo lubandakanya izenzo ezicacileyo, ezicacileyo okanye iingxelo ezibonisa ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Imizekelo iquka umqeshi ochaza ngokucacileyo ukuba akafuni kuqesha umntu ngenxa yonqulo lwakhe, umnini-ndlu akafuni ukubonisa iintsapho ngabantwana, okanye umnini-shishini obeka imiqondiso eshiya amaqela athile. Ngoxa ucalucalulo olugqithisileyo lungaqhelekanga ngenxa yeziphumo ezingomthetho kunye nokuqonda intlalo, lusaqhubeka kwaye lubonakala lula kuba injongo yokuxhaphaza icacile.

Ucalucalulo olungacaciswanga, olubizwa ngokuba lukhethelo olucacileyo okanye ulawulo oluncinane, kunzima kakhulu ukufanisa nokubonakalisa nokwenza izinto eziyingozi. Olu hlobo localulo luquka ukucinga ngobuchule bomntu obusekelwe kubuchule obusekelwe kwikhowudi ebhaliweyo, ukusebenzisa iimbekiselo ezikhusela iimpawu, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zobundilele ezingachaphazeliyo ezichaphazela amaqela athile ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, ukunikela ingqalelo okanye ukunikela uncedo oluncinane kubantu abakwizigaba ezikhuselweyo, okanye ukwenza imekobume apho amaqela athile avakalelwa engamkelekanga okanye angayifuni. Ucalucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo lusoloko lubandakanya imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunokuba neziganeko ezithile, ukwenza uxwebhu kunye nobungqina obubalulekileyo.

Olu calulo lumela olunye uhlobo olusebenza ngemigaqo-nkqubo, izenzo, kunye nezakhiwo kunokuba kube yizenzo zomntu ngamnye. Oku kusenokuquka uqheliselo lokuqesha olungafaki buchule kwimvelaphi ethile, imigaqo-nkqubo ebolekisa iziphumo ezibalulayo zamaqela ahlukeneyo eentlanga, okanye iinkqubo zemfundo ezinika izibonelelo ezingalinganiyo kwizikolo ezikhonza imimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ucalucalulo lwenkqubo yekhompyutha lunokuba lunzima ukuhlangabezana nemeko ngenxa yokuba lusekelwe kwimibutho yentlangano kwaye lungabandakanye nekhethe lomntu omnye.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi Engqesho

Kwezinye zezicwangciso eziqhelekileyo zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo lolwalamano lomsebenzi, kuqalwa ngezibhengezo zemisebenzi kunye nezicelo. Ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi wobucukubhedu kusenokuquka izinto ezikhethwayo zobudala, iingcaciso zobufana, okanye iimfuno ezithi ngokungenakuthelekiswa namaqela athile ngaphandle kwemfuneko yezoshishino. Ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe, imibuzo engekho mthethweni malunga nobudala, ukuma komtshato, iingcebiso zabantwana, izenzo zonqulo, okanye ubulwelwelwe bungabo bungabonisa intsingiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ucalucalulo oluxolisayo lwenzeka xa abafanelekeleyo bechaswa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo kunokuba zinxulumene nomsebenzi. Oku kungabandakanya ukuxilonga ukuphinda uqalise ngamagama avakalayo esizwe, ukwala ukuqesha amabhinqa akwiminyaka yokuzala abantwana, okanye ukuyeka ukuhlalisa uqheliselo lonqulo ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe. Xa beqeshiwe, abasebenzi basenokujamelana nocalucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, amathuba okuqeqesha, ukunyuselwa, kunye nentlawulo. Ukungalinganangahlawulwa ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi esekelwe kwisondo okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo kuchasene nomthetho worhulumente, ukanti imiqobo iyaqhubeka kwimisebenzi emininzi kunye nemisebenzi.

Ukukhathazwa emsebenzini kumela uhlobo olunzulu localucalulo lwemisebenzi. Ukuhlaselwa okusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo kubangela imeko eyingozi yomsebenzi xa inzima okanye isasazeke ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula iimeko zemisebenzi. Oku kuquka intetho engafanelekanga ngokwesini, amahlazo ahlazisayo okanye amagqabaza angelulo okanye unqulo, ukubonisa iimpawu okanye imifanekiso engcolileyo, ukoyikisa, okanye ukungakhathaleli imisebenzi enxulumene nomsebenzi. Abaqeshi banembopheleleko esemthethweni yokuthintela ukukhathazwa nokucocwa, kwaye ukusilela ukwenza oko kunokuphumela ekuchaneni kwamalungelo abantu.

Imibandela yokuhlala esengqiqweni idla ngokuphakama kwimibandela yemisebenzi. Phantsi kwe-ADA, abaqeshi kufuneka babanike indawo efanelekileyo abantu abafanelekayo abaneziphene ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubabangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Ngokufanayo, iSihloko se-VII sifuna indawo yokuhlala yonqulo ngaphandle kokuba sifake inzima. Ulwaphulo-mthetho luyenzeka xa abaqeshi bengavumi ukuba bangene kwinkqubo yokuhlala kunye, abafuni zizicelo ezisengqiqweni ngaphandle kokuzithethelela, okanye abaphindiseli kubaqeshi abacela indawo yokuhlala. Ucalucalucalucalulo, kuquka ukunganikezeli kwezindlu ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa, kwakhona luchasene nomthetho wesizwe.

Ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi yenye yezona ndlela zichazwa rhoqo zocalucalulo lwemisebenzi. Kwenzeka xa abaqeshi bethabatha izenzo ezichasene nocalulo, izikhalazo zefayile, okanye bethabatha inxaxheba kuphengululo. Izenzo zokuziphindezela zingaquka ukuphelisa, ukuthoba, ukuthoba, iiyure ezicuthiweyo, uhlolo lokusebenza okungathandekiyo, okanye ukuvelisa imekobume echaseneyo yomsebenzi. Ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi akuvumelekanga kwanokuba oko kuthethwa phantsi kocalucalulo ekugqibeleni kufunyanwa kungenakuba fanelekile, lo gama umqeshwa ebenelwanelo olufanelekileyo lunenkolelo elungileyo yokuba ikhethelo luvele.

Ikhethe Lezindlu Namalungelo Ezindlu

ISivumelwano seFair House Act sikhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni kwimicimbi yezindlu, kuquka ukuqesha, ukuthenga, ukufumana imali, nokufumana iinkonzo zezindlu. Ucalulo lwezindlu lungaqala ngezibhengezo ezibonisa izinto ezithandwayo okanye imiqathango esekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Izandiso ezifana "nokulungela izifundiswa zolutsha" okanye "akukho bantwana" banokwaphula imithetho esesikweni yezindlu ngokuzidimanisa kwizicelo ezithile zamaqela.

Ucalucalulo lwamazinyo luneentlobo ezininzi, ukusuka ekungavumini ngokupheleleyo ukuqesha ukuya kwizenzo ezichuliweyo. Abalawuli basezweni banokuthi awekho xa bechaphazelekayo, bacaphule amagama ahlukeneyo okuqesha kubantu abacela izicelo ezahlukeneyo, basebenzise imigaqo eguquguqukayo yokuhlola, okanye baqhubele kwizicelo ezithile okanye kwizakhiwo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Iinkqubo zokungakhuseli ziquka ukungavumi ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zabaqeshi abaneziphene, njengokuvumela izilwanyana zisebenzele nangona kungekho migaqo engekho migaqo-mthetho okanye ukuvumela ukwenziwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ukuba zifumaneke.

Kwindawo yokuthengisa yasekhaya nokubolekisa ngetyala lendlu, ucalucalulo lusenokuquka ukungavumi ukubonisa izinto ezithile kwiindawo ezithile, ukunikela inkcazelo eyahlukileyo malunga nezinto ezikhoyo, ukunikela iimali zemali ebolekiweyo okanye inzala eyahlukeneyo, okanye ukuqhuba abathengi belo tyala besiya okanye besiya kwiindawo ezithile ezisekelwe kwisizwe okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe. URedlining, uqheliselo lokungavumelani neenkonzo kubemi bemimandla ethile esekelwe kwimibutho yobuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga, imbali eUnited States iyaqhubeka inemiphumo ehlala ixesha elide kwimibango yezindlu nobutyebi.

Abanini-khaya kunye neebhodi ze-condominium zingabandakanyeka kuqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokukhetha imithetho, ngokungafuni indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo, okanye ngokuyila iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela athile. Ukukhathazwa ngabamelwane okanye abaphathi bempahla abasekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo kusenokudala ucalucalulo lwezindlu, ingakumbi xa abanini-ndlu okanye amaqumrhu engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokukhathazwa emva kokuba exelwe.

Ucalucalulo kwiinkonzo zengingqi

Isihloko II soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1944 silwalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, eziquka iihotele, iivenkile zokutyela, iivenkile, namanye amashishini asebenza kuluntu ngokubanzi. Iindawo zoluntu zokuhlala kufuneka zinikezele ngokulinganayo kwaye zisebenze ngendlela efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, ibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. AmaMerika anesiphene sobunkume anika le migaqo yokukhusela abantu abaneziphene, nto leyo efuna amashishini asuse imiqobo yokwakha, alungiselele uncedo kunye neenkonzo zoncedo zoncedo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa xa kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafikeleleka.

Ucalucalulo kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke lusenokubonakala, njengokwala ukunikela uncedo kumntu ngenxa yohlanga okanye unqulo, okanye ubuqhetseba obufana nokunika abathengi abathile inkonzo ecothayo okanye ephantsi. Amashishini akanakunyanzelisa imigaqo yokunxiba okanye imigaqo elawula ucalucalulo, njengokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokuzilungisa esekelwe ngokwehlukileyo kwibala okanye kwisini esifana nesobufana. Ukuqhatha abathengi ukuba babonise okanye bahlawule kwangaphambili kuphela xa bekwiqela elithile elikhuselweyo kukwalucalucalulo.

Ukufumaneka kwabantu abakhubazekileyo kuyinxalenye ephambili yamalungelo abantu okuhlala. Amashishini kufuneka aqinisekise ukufumaneka komzimba ngokweempawu ezifana ne-amps, ukupaka okufikelelekayo, kunye neendawo zendlu yangasese. Kufuneka anikezele ngonxibelelwano olusebenzayo ngoncedo oluluncedo olufana nolusetyenziswa ngabatolikisi bolwimi lwezandla, izixhobo zokuphulaphula, okanye izinto ezibhaliweyo kwiifomati ezifikelelekayo. Izilwanyana zenkonzo kufuneka zivunyelwe kuzo zonke iindawo apho abathengi bavumelekileyo khona, kwaye amashishini akakwazi ukubiza imali eyongezelelekileyo yezilwanyana okanye afune uxwebhu ngaphandle kokuba zifuna uncedo ngenxa yesiphene kunye nemisebenzi eziyenzayo.

Iinkonzo zikarhulumente neenkqubo kufuneka zinikezelwe ngaphandle kocalucalulo. Oku kuquka ukufikelela ekuvoteni, kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, kwiinkonzo zomthetho, kwiinkundla, kwiinkonzo zoluntu, nakwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Ucalucalulo kule meko lungabandakanya imiqobo yolwimi ethintela ukufumaneka, ukungakwazi ukubonelela iindawo zokuhlala eziyingxaki, okanye ukunganyanyeki konyango olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Amagunya karhulumente aye afumana iimfuno ezilinganayo kwaye angazithotyelwa kwiimfuno zomthetho ezingaphaya kwezo zinxulumene namashishini azimeleyo.

Amalungelo Emfundo Nocalucalulo Ezikolweni

Abafundi banokukhuselwa kwimfundo yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo ephezulu. UMthetho weSi-6 we-Civil Rights awuvumi ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo ezifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Isihloko i-IX siyalwalela ucalucalulo ngokwesini kwimfundo, ukuquka iimbambano ezisuka kumathuba emidlalo ukuya kuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunye nokuhlaselwa. Icandelo 504 le-Rehabilita Act ne-Arefect enoMthetho wemfundo ekhubazekileyo (IDEA) likhusela abafundi ngokukhubazeka nokufuna indawo yokuhlala kunye neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo.

Ucalucalulo lwemfundo lungabonakala ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ukufikelela ngendlela engalinganiyo kwiizifundo ezihambele phambili okanye iinkqubo, uqheliselo lokuqeqesha ngokungekho mthethweni oluchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amaqela athile, ukungakwazi ukunikela uncedo olufanelekileyo kubafundi bolwimi lwesiNgesi, ukungakwazi ukuphendula ukukhathazwa okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa okusekelwe kwiimpatho ezikhuselekileyo, okanye ukukhanyelwa kweenkonzo ezifanelekileyo zemfundo. Izikolo zisenokungawachazi amalungelo abantu ngemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazelekayo, njengemithetho yokunxiba ejongela izithethe okanye izithethe zonqulo okanye imigaqo-mthetho esetyenziswa ngokuphikisanayo.

Ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini kwimimiselo yemfundo ziintlobo zocalucalulo ngokwesini phantsi kwe-Title IX. Izikolo zineembopheleleko ezisemthethweni zokusabela ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo kwiingxelo zokukhathazwa ngokwesini, zinika amanyathelo okuxhasa ukuchaphazeleka kwabafundi, kwaye ziqhuba uphando olufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zesigqibo. Ukusilela ukuphendula ngokungcungcuthekiswa ngokwesini okanye ukuziphindezela abafundi abathetha ukukhathazwa ngokwesini okuchasene nomthetho karhulumente. ISihlomelo i-IX sikwakhusela abafundi ekucalucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ifuna izikolo zibonelele iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba bafumane amathuba okufundisa.

Abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokukhulula imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo (FAPE) kwindawo ekufutshane nengqongqo. Oku kufuna izikolo ukulungiselela iinkqubo zemfundo (IEP) nganye okanye iCandelo lama-504 eziceba ukuphendula iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zabafundi. Ukwaphula umthetho kwenzeka xa izikolo zingababoni abafundi abafuna iinkonzo, abanikela iinkonzo ezingafanelekanga okanye abangazifuniyo, abangavumiyo ukukhupha iindawo zokuhlala, okanye abangazifaki iziphene kwimiqathango yemfundo eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokugweba. Abazali banamalungelo okuthabatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo zemfundo kunye neenkqubo zokulwa kwempikiswano xa bekholelwa ukuba amalungelo abantwana babo anele.

Inkcaso ebangelwa kukucocwa kwempilo namalungelo ezigulana

Ukufikelela kwimpilo engenakhethe lilungelo elisisiseko loluntu. Icandelo 1557 loMthetho we-Affordble Care Act likwalela ucalucalulo kwiinkqubo zempilo kunye nemisebenzi yokwamkela inkxaso-mali yesizwe esekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ubudala, okanye ukukhubazeka. Ukucalucalulwa kwempilo kunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukukhanyelwa, ukunqongophala konyango oluphantsi kweliso, ukunqongophala kolwimi, ukungakwazi ukunikezela ngeenkonzo zokufikelela kwiinkonzo zolwimi, ukungakwazi ukubonelela iindawo zokuhlala eziyisiphene, okanye imikhwa ye-inshorensiveryshi.

Izigulana zisenokucalucalulwa ngenxa yobuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga ngenxa yokungacaci kakuhle okuchaphazela izigqibo zonyango, ukulawulwa kweentlungu, okanye ukungalawulwa kwendlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyanga nokuthobela. Imiqobo yeelwimi inokuthintela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nemvume engokolwazi xa abanikezeli bezonyango bengakwazi ukuchaza iinkonzo zokutolika. Ikhethe elisekelwe kwisondo liquka ukukhanyelwa kweenkonzo zempilo yokuzinyamekela, ukuphathwa kakubi kweemeko ezichaphazela amabhinqa, okanye ukucalucalucalucalucalulo ngokuchasene nokufumana inkxaso-lungu.

Abantu abaneziphene bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo kwizicwangciso zonyango. Abaniki-zibonelelo kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba amaziko anokufumaneka ngokoqobo, banikeze uncedo kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano olusebenzayo, banikele ungenelelo olulinganayo kwizixhobo zezonyango neenkonzo. Abasebenzi bezonyango abanakucinga ngomgangatho wobomi okanye abalufuni unyango olusekelwe kwisiphene. Bamele bagcine imfihlo kwaye bahlonele ukuzilawula kwezigulana ezineziphene ekwenzeni izigqibo zempilo.

I-inshorensi imela omnye ummandla oxhalabisayo. Ngoxa umthetho weAffordal Care Act uthintela ukukhanyelwa kwentlawulo esekelwe kwiimeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili kwaye ufuna ukukhutshwa kweengenelo eziyimfuneko zempilo, ucalulo lusenokwenzeka ngemiba yezonyango, imfuno yogunyaziso enokuthi ichaphazele ngokungalinganiyo iimeko ezithile, okanye ikhutshelwe phantsi kwemiqathango yonyango oluyimfuneko. Imithetho yempilo yengqondo ifuna ii-inshorensislarensi ukuze kugqunywe impilo yengqondo neyyyyoloji ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo zezonyango kunye notyando, ukanti imingeni ekhoyo iyaqhubeka.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Ilungelo lokuvota lisisiseko ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwaye likhuselwe kukupheliswa kwemithetho emininzi yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente. UMthetho wamaLungelo wokwahlula amatyala wobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ngoxa eminye imithetho ikhusela iilwimi ezincinane, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabavoti abanomkhosi nabaphesheya kolwandle. Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo kusenokuquka iimfuno zomvoti-mvume, ukungenelwa kolwimi, ukuhlahlela iindawo, ukohlwaya, okanye uqheliselo olunciphisa amandla okuvota amancinane ngemimiselo yonyulo.

Iindlela zokucinezela ezifihlakeleyo okanye ezingaphezulu. Iindawo zokuvala zokuvota kuluntu oluncinane, ukunciphisa amathuba okuvota kwangoko, ukuzalisekisa imithetho ye-ID engqongqo ngaphandle kokufumana ulwamkelo olwaneleyo lokuchola ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, okanye ukunikezela ngezixhobo zokuvota ezingeneziphumo zokuvela kwimigca emide zingachaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto onke amaqela athile kwaye zisenokuchaphazeleka ngokungenakuthelekiswa namalungelo abantu. Ukungachasana okungeemfuno zokuvota, imihla, okanye iindawo ezijolise kuzo ezifuna ukuvota kwala imimandla ethile kukwakha ucinelo lomvoti.

Abantu abakhubazekileyo banokhuseleko olukhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho weMerika oneziphene kunye noMthetho woncedo lwaseMelika Vote. Iindawo zokubheja kufuneka zibe zilula, kwaye abavoti abaneziphene kufuneka bafumane amathuba afanayo okuvota ukuze bafumane ithuba lokuba bodwa nokuzimela njengabanye abavoti. Oku kuquka oomatshini bokuvota abafikelelekayo, ukuthintela ukhetho lwezibhempelo xa izakhiwo zingafikeleleki, kunye nelungelo lokufumana uncedo kumntu okhethayo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Namalungelo Okwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho

Ukukhusela amalungelo abemi kudlulela ekunxibelelaneni nomthetho kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho-mthetho wesine ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela ukuphehlwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, uMphengululo wesihlanu unikela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, kwaye uLawulo-Myezo-mbo lwesibhozo luthintela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Imithetho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni yamalungelo abantu iyawathintela amaqumrhu ukuba anyanzeleke ukuba asebenze ngokwemigaqo-mthetho okanye kwihambo engekho mthethweni, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, nokunqanda nokungavumelekanga nokubanjwa.

Ukuqhatha kobuhlanga, ukuqhelisela ukuhlasela abantu ngenxa yokukrokrela ulwaphulo-mthetho olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, kuphula amalungelo oluntu kwaye kuthoba ukhuseleko loluntu. Ukuthuthwa kwentetho kunokwenzeka ekumesheni, ekumeni kwabahamba ngezinyawo, kwimisebenzi yokuhlola, okanye ekuphandeni. Ubungqina bokubekwa kwemiqathango buquka ukuyeka ukucalucalucalulwa okungenakuchazwa ngokomeleyo, unyango olwahlukileyo ngexesha lokuyeka okusekelwe kuhlanga, okanye imigaqo ekhuthaza amagosa ajonge uhlanga okanye ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba aqwalasele ukunyanzeleka kwemiqathango.

Ukunyanzeliswa ngokugqithisileyo ngumthetho kuchasene noMmiselo wesine xa ungekho ngqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamandla angenakuthelekiswa nesisongelo esivelayo, ukuqhubekeka komkhosi emva kokuba umntu ethotyiwe, okanye ukusilela ukungenelela xa amanye amagosa esebenzisa amandla agqithiseleyo. Kwakhona abantu banamalungelo ebudeni bokubanjwa nokuvalelwa, kuquka ilungelo lokukhululeka ekuxhatshazweni emzimbeni, ukufikelela ekunyangweni kwezamayeza, nokukhuselwa kwiimeko eziyingozi zokuvalelwa.

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka inikeze ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, uhlanga, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho. Ukungavisisani kunokwenzeka ngezigqibo zolwaphulo-mthetho, izenzo zebheyile eziphumela ekuvalweni kwetyala ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuhlawula, ukuvalelwa kwasemthethweni okungafanelekile, okanye ukugwetywa. Abantu abaneziphene banelungelo lokufumana indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ngexesha lokubanjwa, ukuncinwa, ukumangalelwa, nokubulawa.

Ukubhala Ukwaphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Uxwebhu olupheleleyo lubalulekile ekuququzeleleni izikhalazo zamalungelo abantu nezibhengezo ezingokwasemthethweni. Xa ufumana okanye ungqina ukuba ucalulo lungavela, qalisa ukubhalwa ngoko nangoko. bhala umhla, ixesha, nendawo yesiganeko ngasinye, kunye nenkcazelo eneenkcukacha zoko kwenzekayo. Quka amagama kunye nolwazi lokuqhagamshelana kwabantu ababandakanyekileyo, kuquka abaphumezi-tyala, amangqina, kunye naye nabani na osenokuba nolwazi olufanelekileyo. Phawula na obu bungqina obubonakalayo, njengee-imeyili, iileta, imigaqo, okanye imifanekiso exhasa ingxelo yakho.

Yenza uludwe lweziganeko, njengendlela yocalulo kwixesha elithile inokuba namandla kuneziganeko ezizodwa. Quka nomongo othetha ngendlela efanayo abantu abakwindawo ekwakuchatshazelwa ngayo, njengokuba ubungqina bothelekiso bubonisa ukungaphathwa kakuhle. Ukuba ucalulo lubandakanya iingxelo zomlomo, bhala amagama asetyenziswe ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba awunakubhala ngokuphaya ngexesha, bhala iinkumbulo zakho ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka xa iinkcukacha zisanda kusetyenziswa.

Gcina onke amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo kunye nothungelwano. Yenza iikopi zeerekhodi zemisebenzi, uvavanyo, ukuhlawula iziphene, ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi, izivumelwano zerenti, iposi, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nocalulo. Gcina ii-imeyili kunye nemiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, kuquka i-metadata ebonisa imihla namaxesha. Thatha imifanekiso yobungqina obuphathekayo, njengezinto ezingafikelelekiyo, imiqondiso yokukhupha umlomo, okanye iimeko ezibonisa ukuphathwa ngokungafaniyo. Ukuba ufaka izikhalazo okanye unikela ingxelo ngocalulo kubaphathi okanye abalawuli, gcina iikopi zezo ngxelo kunye nazo naziphi na iimpendulo.

Amava amaNgqina anokukunika ubungqina obubalulekileyo bamava akho. Chaza abantu abaphawule ihambo yocalulo okanye abanokungqina ngezenzo zokuziphatha, imigaqo okanye izenzo. Buza amangqina ukuba aya kuvuma ukunikela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo okanye ukuthetha nabaphandi. Kwanokuba amangqina ayathandabuza ukuza ngokukhawuleza, ukugcina inkcazelo yawo kukuvumela ukuba ufikelele kamva ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Uxwebhu lunempembelelo yocalulo kubomi bakho. Gcina iingxelo zonyango loxinezeleko, ixhala, okanye ezinye iziphumo zempilo ezibangelwa lucalucalulo. Gcina iingxelo zelahleko yemali, njengemivuzo elahlekileyo, iindleko zokukhangela umsebenzi, okanye iindleko ezinxulumene nokufumana ezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Qaphela iimpembelelo ezingokweemvakalelo nezengqondo, kuquka iziphumo kulwalamano, imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Le ngxelo ixhasa iingxelo zomonakalo kwaye ibonisa umonakalo obangelwa kukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukunikela ingxelo yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo

Amasebe amaninzi nemibutho emininzi isingatha izikhalazo zamalungelo abantu, kwaye ukukhetha i-forum efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo localucalulo kunye nequmrhu elibandakanyekileyo. Ucalulo lwemisebenzi, i-Aumelt Working Opportive Commission Commission (EOC) inyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu yorhulumente. Kufuneka ubeke ityala nge-EEOC phambi kokufuna ukumangalelana kwinkundla yesizwe, kwaye imida engqongqo yexesha isebenza iintsuku ezili-180 okanye ezingama-300 ukusuka kwisenzo sokuqeshwa kwe-discricariod, kuxhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente.

Izikhalazo zocalucalulo ezinxulumene nokuhlaliswa kwezindlu zingathunyelwa kwiSebe leNdlu yeeHome neUrban Development (HUD) okanye urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni alungileyo ezezindlu. I-HID iphengulula izikhalazo kwaye isenokufuna ukuququzelela ukuququzelelwa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, okanye ibhekise amatyala kwiSebe leJaji ngenxa yokubekwa kwetyala. Kwakhona ungafaka ityala ngqo kwinkundla yenkundla karhulumente okanye yephondo ngaphandle kokukhupha isikhalazo solawulo, nangona iinkqubo zolawulo zinokunikezela ngesigqibo esikhawulezileyo kwezinye iimeko.

Ukuze kucalulwe kwimfundo, iSebe lezemfundo le-OCR liphanda izikhalazo ezibandakanya izikolo kunye namaqumrhu emfundo afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. I-OCR isingatha izikhalazo ezinxulumene nohlanga, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, isiphendu, kunye nocalucalulo lobudala. Amakhalazo kufuneka agcinwe kwisithuba seentsuku ezili-180 zocalucalulo olutyholo, nangona i-OCR isenokuwunika lo mqathango wenjongo elungileyo. Amasebe emfundo karhulumente kunye namaphondo esikolo nawo anenkqubo angaphakathi okukhalaza afuna ukudilizwa ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise ezinye iimpendulo.

ISebe leSivumelwano samaLungelo esiSiviko samaLungelo liphanda imigaqo okanye izenzo zocalulo ngamaqumrhu karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni, kuquka amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho, iinkundla, kunye nezibonelelo zokugweba. Abantu ngabanye banokubhala izikhalazo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, nangona iDOJ igxininisa kwimibandela ecwangcisiweyo kunokuba ityala ngalinye.

Izikhalazo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu zinokufakwa kwi-intanethi ngee-website zamasebe, nto leyo enokwenza le nkqubo ifikeleleke. Xa ubhala isikhalazo, unikela iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka malunga nocalulo, imihla, iindawo, abantu ababandakanyekileyo, kunye nesiseko socalulo. Qobophela amaxwebhu axhasayo kunye nokuchonga. Emva kokufaka izicelo, amaqumrhu aya kuzisa abaphendulayo aze enze uphando, nto leyo equka udliwano-ndlebe, izicelo zoxwebhu, kunye nokutyelelwa kwesebhusayithi.

Ukufuna Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Ukudibana negqwetha elinobuchule kumalungelo abantu kungakunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ezintsonkothileyo. Amagqwetha amalungelo oluntu angavavanya amandla etyala lakho, acebise ukuba imicimbi ye-ams ukuba ilandele, ancede aqokelele ubungqina, anxibelelane, kwaye akumele kwimicimbi yolawulo okanye kwilixa. Amatyala amaninzi amalungelo abantu aphathwa ngesiseko semali ehlawulwayo, intsingiselo yamagqwetha afumana intlawulo kuphela ukuba ufumana iilahleko, ukwenza umelo olusemthethweni lufikeleleke kwanokuba ungakwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zemali.

Ukufumana igqwetha elifanelekileyo kufuna uphando nokuxinanisa. Khangela amagqwetha ngolu hlobo localulo owalufumanayo, enoba usebenza, uhlala, ufunda, okanye ummandla. Iintlanganiso zeBar zidla ngokunikezela ngeenkonzo zonxulumano, kwaye imibutho yamalungelo abantu ingagcina uluhlu lwamagqwetha afanelekayo. Xa kukhangelwa okokuqala, buza ngamava egqwetha, amava afanayo, uhlolisiso lwawo ngetyala lakho, ubuchule bakho, kunye namalungiselelo omvuzo.

Ukuba awunakukwazi ukunikela igqwetha, oovimba abaliqela banikela uncedo lwasemthethweni lwesisa. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inceda abantu abahlawulwayo abaphantsi kwaye isenokusingatha amatyala amalungelo abantu. Iikliniki zezomthetho zinikela umelo lwasimahla ngabafundi bomthetho abajongelwe ngamagqwetha. Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya maxa wambi inikela umelo olungqalileyo okanye inokukuxelela ukuba uthathe amagqwetha. I-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) neNaACP Lean Defense Lifense imizekelo yeemeko zamalungelo abalulekileyo asekuhlaleni, nangona isoloko isingatha amatyala angaphezulu kweemeko.

Kwanokuba uyaqhubeka ngaphandle kwegqwetha ekuqaleni, ukuxilonga okusemthethweni kusenokuba luncedo ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Igqwetha lingawahlola amaxwebhu phambi kokuba uchaze izikhalazo zefayile, licebisa ukuba uhlaziywe, okanye likumele ukuba ityala lakho liqhubeka lichazwa. Abanye abantu basingatha ngokwabo imicimbi yolawulo kwaye baqeshe amagqwetha kuphela ukuba amatyala aqhubekela enkundleni. Ukuqonda ukhetho lwakho kunye nokuntsonkotha kwetyala lakho kukunceda wenze izigqibo zolwazi ngomelo olusemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Indlela Yokufumana Iimpendulo Neyokuhlangulwa

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu inika iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunceda ukucombulula ucalucalulo kwaye yenza amaxhoba aphelele. Ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulelwayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngokoqobo, kuquka ingeniso elahlekileyo, iinzuzo, iindleko zezonyango, kunye neendleko zokungahlawulwa kwemali ezibangelwa kukucalulwa. Kwimeko zomsebenzi, ukuhlawula kusenokuquka ukubuyiselwa kwemali elahlekileyo, ukubuyiselwa kwimivuzo yexesha elizayo, okanye ukuqeshwa ukuba umsebenzi wobugcisa ukhafunyisiwe. Ucalucalulo lungaquka ilahleko lokwenene, ukufumaneka kwezindlu ezikhatywayo, ukufunyanwa kwemali ekwaliwayo, kunye nembuyekezo yenkcitho yeengxaki ezingokweemvakalelo.

Umonakalo obangelwa kukudandatheka ngokweemvakalelo ubuyisela umonakalo wengqondo obangelwa lucalucalulo, ukuxhalaba, udandatheko, ukuthotywa, nokuphulukana nolonwabo lobomi. Oku kumoshwa kuqonda ukuba ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kubangela umonakalo ongaphaya kokulahlekelwa ngokwezoqoqosho. Iinkundla ziqwalasela ubungqingqwa bobungozi nokuhlala ixesha udandatheko ngokweemvakalelo, enoba unyango lwezamayeza lwaluyimfuneko kusini na, nendlela ucalucalulo oluchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nolwalamano.

Kusenokubakho umonakalo obandakanya ucalucalulo ngesiquphe okanye ukungawakhathaleli amalungelo abantu. Oku kohlwaya abenzi bobubi kwaye kuthintele ukwaphulwa kwexesha elizayo. Umonakalo womthetho womanyano lwezomthetho unika ingqwalaselo kunye nomonakalo wokohlwaya kwiimeko zocalulo lomqeshi, osuka ku-$500,000 kubaqeshi abancinane ukuya kuR340 000 kubaqeshi abakhulu. Akukho shefu zisebenza kwiintengiso zocalucalulo lohlanga ngeliCandelo loMgaqo-1910 okanye kwiingxelo zomthetho ezininzi, ezinokuthi zinikeze ilahleko engakumbi engakumbi.

Isiqabu esisiso soncedo sifuna abamangalelwa bathathe izenzo ezithile okanye baphephe ihambo ekhethekileyo. Oku kungaquka utshintsho lwenkqubo, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, ukuhlolwa kunye nokuxelelwa kweemfuno, okanye utshintsho lokwakhiwa ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwemeko yenkqubo yokunikela uncedo kwaye kuthintele ucalucalulo oluzayo, kungenelwe kungekuphela nje abantu abakhalazayo kodwa nabanye abanokujamelana nolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo. Kwimeko ezibandakanya imikhosi karhulumente okanye ucalulo olusasazekileyo, imimiselo evumela ukusekwa kotshintsho olubanzi kunye nolawulo oluqhubekayo.

Iindleko ze-attorney kunye neendleko zisoloko zibuyiselwa kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu, zikhuthaza amagqwetha ukuba athathe amatyala nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba awathintelwa ziindleko zokuhlawuliswa. Ukuphumelela kwenkcitho kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu kungayifumana kwakhona intlawulo esengqiqweni yegqwetha, iindleko zolwazi, iindleko zobungcaphephe, kunye nemali yenkundla. Eli lungiselelo lokuhlengahlenga-hlengiso libalulekile kumthetho wamalungelo abantu, njengoko kunceda abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni ucalucalucalucalulo kwana naxa ilahleko ephantsi kwemali yokufumana intlawulo.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuziphindezeleni

Imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu karhulumente ayivumi ukuba abantu abachasa ucalucalulo, izikhalazo zefayile, okanye abanenxaxheba kuphando. Ukukhusela ityala kuyimfuneko kuba kubangela ukuba abantu bakwazi ukuqinisa amalungelo abo ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphumo ezibi. Imisebenzi ekhuselayo iquka ukuhlawulwa kwetyala kumasebe, ukukhalaza abaphathi okanye ubuncwane babantu ngocalucalulo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuphengululeni okanye ekuthatheni ityala, nokucela indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo ngenxa yesiphene okanye izithethe zonqulo.

Ukubuyiselwa komnxeba kusenokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukupheliswa, uthotho, ukuhlawulwa, uvavanyo olungelulo, uhlolo olunyusiweyo okanye uqeqesho, ukususwa kumathuba, ukuphathwa kakubi, okanye izisongelo. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngowokuba isenzo esichaseneyo siya kumthintela umntu osengqiqweni ukuba angabi nanxaxheba kumsebenzi okhuselweyo. Kwanezenzo ezibonakala zincinane xa zizedwa zingenza ukuziphindezela ukuba zidala iziphumo ezicaphukisayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Ukubonisa ukuziphindezelela, kufuneka ubonise ukuba ubandakanyeke kumsebenzi okhuselekileyo, umqeshi okanye omnye umbutho wenze isenzo esichasene nawe, kwaye kwakukho unxibelelwano oluphakathi komsebenzi okhuselweyo nesenzo esingalunganga. Ukusetyenziswa kombane kusoloko kububungqina obubalulekileyo "izenzo ezigqwethiweyo" ezithatyathwa kamsinya emva komsebenzi okhuselweyo ocebisa impindezelo. Noko ke, ukuphindezela kunokwenzeka emva kweenyanga kamva, kunye nobungqina bokutshintsha kwengcaciso, izizathu zangaphambili zombhalo, okanye unyango oluchaseneyo nabanye kuxhasa impindelo.

Ukuba ufumana ukuziphindezelela, kubhalwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye kuxelwe oko ngokukhawuleza. Intethelelo yokuziphindezela esenziwa lisebe elinye eliza kusingatha ityala elisisiseko localulo. Ngokufuthi iziphumo zokubuyiselwa kulula ukungqina kunokuchaza ngokuchana kwekhethe kuba unxibelelwano olukhoyo lusenokuba lucace ngakumbi. Iinkundla kunye namaqumrhu azicingi nzulu ngokujongela phantsi ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu. Nokuba ucalucalulo lwakho lwantlalo alwanempumelelo, usengakweyisa ukuphindisa ukuba ubonise ukuba inyathelo elibi lithatyathwe ngenxa yokuchasa ikhethe.

Indima Yamalungelo Abantu

Imibutho emininzi isebenzela ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kwaye ibonelela ngoovimba babantu abajamelene nocalucalulo. Imibutho yesizwe efana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NAACP, National Organization for Women (NOW), Lambda Legal, kunye neLambda eNgasemthethweni yamaLungelo aMalungelo kunye neNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo (DEFF) engoluvo olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo abantu, ixhasa utshintsho lwenkqubo, ibonelela oovimba bemfundo. Le mibutho isoloko igxininisa kwiimeko ezinokwenzeka ngeziphumo ezibanzi kodwa isenokubonelela ukhokelo kunye nokunika ukhokelo kwiimeko nganye.

Imibutho yasekuhlaleni nakurhulumente yamalungelo abantu inikela uncedo oluthe ngqo kubantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Imibutho yezindlu ezintle iphanda izikhalazo zezendlu kwaye inikela iinkonzo zokuvavanya ukubhalwa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaziko abasebenzi kunye nemibutho yamalungelo emisebenzi incedisa ekukhetheni imisebenzi kwaye ihlawuleni imiba ekhoyo. Amaziko amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho kwiphondo ngalinye anika abantu abaneziphene.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu inikela iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ngaphaya komelo olusemthethweni. Inikela uqeqesho lwakho lolwazi, inceda abantu baqonde imithetho yamalungelo abantu, incedise ngezikhalazo ezingxamisekileyo, ibonelela ngenkxaso yeemvakalelo kunye nonxulumano lwengingqi, kwaye ixhasa iinguqu zenkqubo ukuthintela ucalucalulo. Imibutho emininzi igcina ii-atroff okanye oovimba abakwi-intanethi apho unokubuza imibuzo uze ufumane ukhokelo malunga nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukudibana nemibutho yamalungelo abantu kufeza iinjongo ezininzi. Nokuba umbutho ungakwazi ukukumela ngqo, ungakunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo, ukukuthumela kumagqwetha okanye komnye oovimba, okanye ubhale amava akho njengenxalenye yemigudu ebanzi yobuzali. Amava akho anokuba negalelo kuphando olulungeleleneyo kunye noqheliselo okanye inkqubo yokulwa kobuhlanga oluthetha ngocalucalulo oluchaphazela abantu abaninzi. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ikwanikezela ngoluntu kunye nokugunyaziswa, ikunceda uqonde ukuba ucalulo asiyompazamo yakho kwaye abanye bakwabelane ngamava afanayo.

Imida Yexesha Neengcambu Zokukhalaza

Izikhalazo zamalungelo abemi ziphantsi kwemida engqongqo yexesha, ebizwa ngokuba yimimiselo yemiqathango, eyahluka-hlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo localulo kunye nelokungaqiniseki. Iimini ezisilelayo zingakuthintela ngokusisigxina izimvo zakho, zikwenze kubaluleke ukuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza xa ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe. Ngenxa yokubalwa ngokwahlukileyo emsebenzini, izityholo ze-EOC kufuneka zigcinwe iintsuku ezili-180 zesenzo sokukhupha umthetho, okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe amaziko awo afanelekileyo. Le miqathango yegunya, intsingiselo yeenkundla ayinakuwandisa ngaphandle kweemeko ezinqabileyo.

Izikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo ezibangelwa kukuhlaliswa kwe-HID kufuneka zibekwe kunyaka omnye kucalucalulo olutyholwayo. Ukuba ufaka ityala ngqo enkundleni ngaphandle kokugqiba kuqala isikhalazo solawulo, imimiselo yemiqathango iyahluka ngokwemeko yesizwe, ngokusuka kwiminyaka enye ukuya kwemitha emithathu. Ezinye izibhengezo zamalungelo abantu zinexesha elide elimisiweyo elingexesha elidlulileyo (umzekelo, ukumangalelwa phantsi kwecandelo lowecandelo 1981 ngenxa yocalucalucalulo lohlanga kungulo lweminyaka emine kwimimandla emininzi.

Ukuqiqa xa ummiselo wokwahlula uqala kungaba nzima. Ukubekwa kwemisebenzi yocalulo, iwotshi iqala ngomhla wokubekwa kwemiqathango okwenzeka ngawo. Noko ke, ezinye izaphuli-mthetho zibandakanya ihambo eqhubekayo, kwaye isenzo ngasinye sokukhupha umlomo sisenokuqalisa ixesha lokulinganiselwa. Ukusingqongileyo komsebenzi kusenokuquka izenzo ngaphandle kwexesha lommiselo ukuba ziyinxalenye yendlela eqhubekayo. Umthetho wokufunyanwa ungalibazisa ukuqala kwexesha lokubekwa kwemiqathango de ube wazi okanye ufanele wazi ukuba umele wazi ukuba ucalucalucalulo.

Xa ujongwe ukuba kuntsonkothile kwexesha elilinganiselweyo kunye nomngcipheko wokuphulukana namalungelo akho, thetha negqwetha okanye ukhuphe isikhalazo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ucalucalulo luqalisiwe. Kwanokuba awuqinisekanga ukuba ucalulo lwenzekile okanye uzama ukucombulula imeko ngokungacwangciswanga, ukufakisa isikhalazo kulondoloza amalungelo akho xa ufumana ezinye iindlela. Ungasoloko uwasusa okanye ucombulule isikhalazo kamva, kodwa awunakubhala ngezantsi emva kokuba ixesha lidlule.

Izindululo Zomsebenzi Zokucombulula Ucalucalulo

Xa ujongene nocalucalulo emsebenzini, cinga ngendlela ezicwangcisiweyo nezingacwangciswanga zokusingatha imeko. Abaqeshi abaninzi banenkqubo yokukhalaza, kwaye ukusebenzisa ezi nkqubo kungacombulula imicimbi ngaphandle kongenelelo olungaphandle. Hlola incwadi yakho yempatho yomqeshwa okanye iinkqubo zoovimba babantu ukuze uqonde iinkqubo ezikhoyo. Zibhale phantsi izikhalazo zakho, uchaze ngokucacileyo ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho, uchaze indlela ihambo echasene ngayo nenkampani okanye umthetho.

Xa unikela ingxelo ngocalucalulo, yiba ngowingcali nolokwenene. Gxininisa isimilo esikhethekileyo kunye nempembelelo yaso kunokuba uhlasele okanye utyhole nganjongo yakho. Cela unyango olukhethekileyo, olufana nophando lwakho, uqeqesho lwabantu abacalucalulo, iinguqu zenkqubo, okanye ukutshintshela kumphathi okanye kwisebe elahlukileyo.

Yazi ukuba ukunikela ingxelo ngocalucalulo akukuthinteli ekufakeni izikhalazo zangaphandle okanye ekumangaleleni. Enyanisweni, izikhalazo zangaphakathi zinokulomeleza ityala lakho ngokubonisa ukuba umqeshi unesaziso socalulo yaye akathathi nyathelo lifanelekileyo. Noko ke, qonda ukuba ukunikela ingxelo ngocalucalulo kusenokuyitshintsha imisebenzi emikhulu emsebenzini kwaye kunokukhokelela ekuziphindezeleni, nto leyo ngokwayo engekho mthethweni. Qhubeka ubhala amava akho kunye naziphi na iinguqulelo ekunyangweni emva kokuxela ucalucalulo.

Qwalasela enoba isigqibo esingesomdla sisenokuba sifanelekile na kwezinye iimeko. Ukuba ucalucalulo lubandakanya ukungaqondani okanye iziganeko eziye zahlukeneyo zabasebenzi kunokuba balawule, unxibelelwano olungqalileyo lungayicombulula ingxaki. Noko ke, musa ukuziva unyanzelekile ukujamelana nabantu abacalucalulayo, ingakumbi ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba ukungakhuseleki okanye ukholelwa ukuba ungquzulwano luya kuyiphucula imeko. Ukhuseleko lwakho nentlalo yakho ibaluleke kakhulu, yaye iinkqubo zokukhalaza ezingo zomkhwa zikho kanye ngenxa yokuba isigqibo esingacwangciswanga sisoloko sisenzeka okanye asifanelekanga.

Amalungu emanyano afanele asebenzise iinkqubo zomanyano zezikhalazo aze acele umelo lomanyano xa ethetha ngocalucalulo. Amaqumrhu aneembopheleleko zokumela amalungu ngokufanelekileyo kwaye anokunikela inkxaso kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokukhalaza. Izivumelwano zokuqokelela zisenokunikezela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya koluncinci olusemthethweni, kwaye abameli bomanyano banokunceda ekusebenziseni unyango oluthelekelelwayo nolusemthethweni.

Inkxaso ephambili kwiSebe

Ukufumana ucalucalulo nokufuna amalungelo abantu kusenokudinisa ngokweemvakalelo nangokomzimba. Le nkqubo idla ngokuquka amava ahlasimlis ’ umzimba anzima, ukujamelana namathandabuzo okanye intiyo, nokunyamezela uphando olude okanye ukuphandwa. Ukuzibeka phambili ukhathalelo kunye nenkqubo yokwakha inkxaso kukunceda ukuba uhlale unyamezela kuyo yonke le nkqubo inzima.

Phendula kugqirha oyingcali yezifo zengqondo okanye abacebisi abayaziyo intlungu nocalucalulo. Iingcali ezininzi zonyango zisebenza nabantu abaye bacalucalulwa, bakhathazwa okanye baphulwa amalungelo abantu. Unyango lunika ithuba elikhuselekileyo lokulungisa iimvakalelo, lokuvelisa iindlela zokuhlangabezana nazo, nokuthetha ngeempembelelo zengqondo zocalucalulo. Unyango lwengqondo lukwavelisa uxwebhu oluchaza ukudandatheka okunokuxhasa amalungelo akho esizwe.

Ukunxulumana nabantu abakugqala njengomntu ongenakukwazi ukukunyamezela nokukuxhasa kuyimfuneko ukuze ulondoloze imbono yakho. Ukuxhasa abantu abacalucalucalulo kusenokukunika ingcebiso, ingakumbi xa abanye bewathatha lula amava akho okanye bebonisa ukuba uyacaphuka.

Beka imida ejikeleze ixesha namandla owanikelayo kwimeko yakho yamalungelo abantu. Ngexa usukela okusesikweni kubalulekile, akumele kugqibe ubomi bakho bonke. Ukutyumba amaxesha athile okusebenza kwimeko yakho, kwaye ukhusele ixesha lemisebenzi ekunika uvuyo nokuphumla. Gcina iindlela zokuzinyamekela kwaye uzibandakanye kwimisebenzi efana nokuzilolonga, imisetyenzana yokuzihlaziya, ixesha kunye nexesha nabathandekayo. Ukuthabatha ikhefu kwimisebenzi enxulumene nemicimbi akunikeziniki mandla afunekayo ukuze wenze into enokuba yexesha elide.

Kulungele ukuphumelela ukuba ukusukela amalungelo asekuhlaleni akunakuphumela kwisiphumo obekulindele. Uphando lungangeyonto, ingingqi zinganga, isenokungakuncedi kakuhle, okanye ukudityaniswa kusenokungaphumeleli. Nangona ezi ziphumo zidinisayo, azithethi ukuba amava akho ayengeyonyaniso okanye ukuba ukusukela amalungelo akho bekungachananga. Ukuthetha ngocalucalulo kuxabisekile ngaphezu kweziphumo zemeko zomntu ngamnye, iziphumo zokuziphatha kokungalawuleki, ingakhusela abanye ekunyangweni okufanayo, kwaye inegalelo kwimigudu yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu.

Ukukhusela Ukophulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Nangona abantu bengenakukwazi ukulawula enoba abanye bayabacalula, ukuphaphela nokungalawuleki kunokukunceda ekuthinteleni ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Iintlangano kunye namaziko aneembopheleleko zokudala imekobume engenakhethe ngokwemigaqo ecacileyo, uqeqesho, ukuphendula, neenkqubo zokukhalaza. Abantu ngabanye banokuxhasa la manyathelo kwiindawo zemisebenzi, kwizikolo, nakwimimandla yabo.

Imigaqo esebenzayo yokulwa nocalucalulo ichaza ngokucacileyo ihambo enqatyisiweyo, ichaza iinkqubo zokukhalaza, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho zingxengxezo, kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo zokwaphula umthetho. Imithetho yezopolitiko kufuneka isoloko inxibelelana nabo bonke abaqeshwa, abafundi, okanye amalungu oluntu kwaye ifikeleleke ngokulula. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho kufuneka zidlule ngaphaya kokuvumelana okusisiseko okusemthethweni ukuchaza ikhethe elicacileyo, ukuvelisa ukuqondwa kocalucalucalulo, nokubonelela ukuba kungenelele xa ucalucalulo lusenzeka.

Iinkqubo zokuphendula ziqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iyanyanzeliswa ngokungaguqukiyo. Oku kuquka ukuphanda ngokukhawulezileyo nokucokisekileyo ngezikhalazo, ingqeqesho efanelekileyo kubantu ababandakanyeka kucalucalulo, nokulandela imigaqo yokukhalaza ukuze kubonwe imibandela ekhoyo. Ukuzibophelela kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu kubalulekile

Abantu banokuncedisa ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo xa bebona abantu abacalucalulo, bexhasa abo basebenza nabo okanye amalungu asekuhlaleni abacalucalulweyo, bekhuthaza iinguqu ezikhuthaza ukulingana. Ukuqeqeshwa kokungenelela kufundisa abantu indlela yokungenelela ngokukhuselekileyo xa bebona ucalucalulo okanye ukukhathazwa. Ukusekwa kwezithethe apho ucalucalulo lunganyamezelwanga kufuneka kwenziwe ngamaqela, kungekhona nje iinkqubo zokukhalaza.

Ukungalingani, ukuququzelela, kunye namanyathelo okudibanisa, xa esetyenziswa ngokuqwalasela nangokuyinyaniso, anokukunceda ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo ngokujonga imiqobo yenkqubo, ukwandisa ukumela amaqela akhoyo, kunye nokudala iindawo ezingqongileyo ezithe sazinzileyo. Noko ke, ezi zinyathelo kufuneka zidlule ngaphaya kweempawu zomfuziselo ukuze zenze utshintsho olunentsingiselo kwimigaqo-nkqubo, imigaqo, inkcubeko, kunye nenkcubeko. Uhlalutyo oluthe rhoqo lweziphumo kunye nokukulungela ukulungelelanisa iindlela ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ziyimfuneko kwimigudu yokuzikhusela.

Imithombo namanyathelo alandelayo

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho angabantu aphulwa, oovimba abaninzi banokukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho baze benze okuthile. Amasebe karhulumente anika inkcazelo kwaye asingatha izikhalazo, imibutho yamalungelo abantu inikela imvume nenkxaso, kwaye iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni zinokunikela umelo necebiso. Ukukhusela amalungelo akho linyathelo elibalulekileyo kubulungisa, wena nabanye abanokujamelana nocalucalulo olufanayo.

Amanyathelo Angundoqo Okuwathabatha

  • Zibhalwe kakuhle zonke iziganeko, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, abantu ngabanye ababandakanyekileyo namangqina
  • Gcina ubungqina obufana nee-imeyili, imiyalezo, imifanekiso namaxwebhu afanelekileyo
  • Ukunika ingxelo ngecalucalulo ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokukhalaza xa kufanelekile
  • Izikhalazo zefayili ezinxulumene namasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo
  • Ukunika ingqwalaselo ephambili: Ukujongana namagqwetha alwela amalungelo abantu
  • Ukuncedisana nemibutho yamalungelo abantu ukuze ifumane inkxaso, oovimba kunye nokukhuthuzwa
  • Funa inkxaso engokwasengqondweni ukuze ulungise iimvakalelo zocalucalulo
  • Yakha inkxaso kumalungu entsapho, abahlobo nasekuhlaleni
  • Zikhusele ekuziphindezeleni ngokubhala phantsi naziphi na izenzo ezimbi emva kokunikela ingxelo ngocalucalulo
  • Zise uluntu olufuna ukuchaphazeleka kwimeko yakho.

Oovimba bakarhulumente ababalulekileyo

  • IKhomishini ye-Oyili eLinganisayo ye-Opportunity Commission (EOC) yocalulo lwemisebenzi ku-' www.eoc.gov
  • Isebe loPhuhliso lweZindlwe noLophulelo lweUrban (HUD) lokuhlala ucalucalulo kwi-' www.hud.gov
  • ISebe le-Ofisi yeDrize yaMalungelo e-Ovilen yocalucalulo lwemfundo ku- www.ed.gov/ocr
  • ISebe leJaji yeZiko lamaLungelo eZiko loLuntu kwimicimbi eyahlukahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu kwi- www.structific.gov/crt
  • Icandelo eliLahlayo lamaLungelo ukwenzela ucalucalulo olukhubazekileyo ku- www.ada.gov

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho oluntu nokuqonda ukwaphulwa komthetho kukunika amandla okulwa nocalucalulo. Ngoxa inkqubo yokufuna amalungelo asekuhlaleni inokuba lucelomngeni, ukukhusela okusemthethweni ukucombulula ucalulo nokunika abaphula umthetho ityala. Ngokubhala amaxwebhu olwaphulo-mthetho, ngokunika ingxelo kumasebe afanelekileyo, ukufuna uncedo olusemthethweni, nokusebenzisa ubuncwane obuxhasayo, ungawaqinisa amalungelo akho uze uxhase imigudu ephangaleleyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulingana nokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu. Khumbula ukuba ukuthetha ngocalucalulo akuyonto yokusesikweni kuphela, kunceda ukudala ibutho apho amalungelo abantu ahlonelwayo kwaye akhuselwa khona.