Ingcaciso Yolongamo: Oko Kuthethwa Kuko Kwizizwe Nakubantu

Ingcaciso Yolongamo: Oko Kuthethwa Kuko Kwizizwe Nakubantu

Ulawulo luyenye yeengcamango ezisisiseko kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nesiseko solawulo lwehlabathi. Luchaza igunya lorhulumente lokuzilawula, ukwenza imithetho yakhe, kwaye lulawula umhlaba walo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amagunya angaphandle. Kumazwe, ulawulo lululo olusisiseko lwenkululeko nozilawula. Kubantu abahlala phakathi kwezo ntlanga, lubumba yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho abalandela kuyo ukuya kwimigaqo abayifumanayo. Ukuqonda oko ngokwenene kuthethayo, indlela oluye lwavela ngayo, nendlela oluye lwazivelela ngayo, kunye nocelomngeni olubhekenelo kwihlabathi langoku lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukufikelela kwimpembelelo yegunya, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Eli nqaku linikela uphando oluphangaleleyo lolongamo, lilandela imvelaphi yalo, lihlolisisa iinxalenye zalo ezisisiseko, lize lihlalutye iingcinezelo eziluvavanyayo kwinkulungwane yama - 21. Siza kuqwalasela indlela ulongamo olusebenza ngayo, ulwalamano lwalo namalungelo abantu, nendlela elinokuyigcina ngayo ikamva kule ngcamango ihlala ihleli.

Imigaqo Yolawulo Esetyenziswa Ngamakhoba

Kuphela, ulawulo lubhekisela kwigunya eliphakamileyo kummandla ochaziweyo. Eli gunya ligqibelele, lizimele. Lithetha ukuba urhulumente unegunya elipheleleyo lokuzenzela izigqibo abantu bakhe nelizwe, yaye akukho gunya liphezulu elinokuziphelisa ngokusemthethweni ezo zigqibo. Iinkokeli zezobupolitika nabaphengululi bezomthetho bekudala beziphikisana ngendawo echanileyo yolongamo, kodwa uninzi lwazo luvumelana ngemiqathango emibini: ulongamo lwangaphakathi nolongamo lwangaphandle.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi ligunya lorhulumente lokulawula kwimida yakhe. Ligunya ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukuqokelela irhafu, ukuqokelela ubuncwane, nokuphatha okusesikweni. Lo mqathango wolawulo nguwo owenza ukuba urhulumente asebenze njengomlawuli ofanelekileyo wabantu bakhe. Ngaphandle kolawulo lwangaphakathi, urhulumente akanako ukulawula ngokunempumelelo.

Inxalenye ephambili yolawulo lwangaphakathi iquka:

• Ilungelo elipheleleyo lokuwisa umthetho nokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kummandla.
• Igunya lokumisela nokuqhuba inkqubo yokugweba ecombulula iingxabano ize yohlwaye ububi.
• Amandla okuhlawula iirhafu nokuphatha imali kawonke wonke.
• Ukulondoloza ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi ngamapolisa nangezinye iinkonzo zasekhaya.
• Ubuchule bokuchaza nokunyanzelisa ubumi, ubuhlali, nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi alubhekiseli nje kuphela kumandla angaqhelekanga, lumalunga negunya elisemthethweni. Urhulumente olawula ngesinyanzelo kuphela usenokuba namandla okwethutyana, kodwa uswele ulongamo lokwenyaniso olubangelwa kukugqalwa nokuvunyelwa, enoba luvela ebantwini, kumthetho, okanye kuluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Ulawulo lwangaphandle

Ulawulo lwangaphandle lubhekiselele ekuvunyweni kwenkululeko karhulumente ngamazwana angaphandle kunye nokukhululeka kwawo ekuphazanyisweni. Oku kuvumela uhlanga ukuba lungene kulwalamano lobuzwe, izivumelwano zotyikityo, luthelele imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, luze lukhusele imida yalo nxamnye nogonyamelo lwamanye amazwe. Ulawulo lwangaphandle lusisiseko senkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe, apho urhulumente ngamnye uthathwa njengolinganayo, umlinganisi-majoni ozimeleyo.

Ezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibangela ulawulo lwangaphandle ziquka ezi:

• Ilungelo lokuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini nokumisela amaqhina anxulumeneyo.
• Ubuchule bokunxibelelana nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.
• Amandla okubhengeza imfazwe nokungena kwizivumelwano.
• Ukugqalwa kobuhlanga, intsingiselo yemida akunakuchaphazeleka.
• Umgaqo wokungangeneleli kwimicimbi yasekhaya yamanye amazwe.

Ingcamango yolawulo lwangaphandle yamiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngeNgqungquthela yaseWestphalia ngowe - 1648, eyamisela umgaqo othi unegunya elipheleleyo kummandla wawo yaye awufanele ungenelele kwimicimbi yangaphakathi kwamanye amazwe. Lo mgaqo uhlala ungowona mgaqo uphambili womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje.

Ulongamo Olusemthethweni Nolongamo Lwezobupolitika

Ngaphandle komahluko ongaphakathi, abaphengululi bakwahlula phakathi kolawulo olusemthethweni nolawulo lwezobupolitika. Ulawulo lomthetho lubhekisela kwigunya elisemthethweni, elingomGaqo-siseko ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ulawulo lomthetho luhlala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwipalamente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulawulo lwezobupolitika lubhekisela kumthombo opheleleyo wegunya kwibutho labantu. Kulawulo-melo, olu ngabantu ngokwabo, abanyula abameli nabanegunya elipheleleyo lokuguqula urhulumente wabo.

Lo mahluko ubalaselisa umahluko phakathi komntu onegunya elisesikweni nonegunya lokwenene. Umgaqo-siseko unganika ipalamente ulawulo olusemthethweni, kodwa ukuba loo palamente ilawulwa ngumlawuli onguzwilakhe okanye igunya lasemzini, ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwabantu luye lwathotywa phantsi. Ukuqonda oku kuxinezeleka kungundoqo wokuhlalutya ulawulo-melo oluzinzileyo kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi.

Indaleko Yolongamo

Ukulawula kuye kwaqalisa kwiinkulungwane, iimfazwe, iinguqu, iinguqu, intanda - bulumko nokutshintsha kwemithetho yehlabathi. Ukuze ubani aqonde ukuba ulongamo lwavela phi namhlanje, umele aqonde ukuba luvela phi.

Ukusuka Kwilungelo LikaThixo Ukusa Kwigunya Likarhulumente

Kumaxesha aphakathi eYurophu, ulawulo lwaludla ngokuqondwa njengolumiselwe nguThixo. Ookumkani ababelawulwa lubabalo lukaThixo, yaye igunya labo lalingalawulwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo okanye kwanecawa kwimicimbi emininzi. ukumkani wayengowolawulo, yaye igama lakhe lalingumthetho. Le mbono yaqalisa ukuwohloka ebudeni beNguquko noHlaziyo, njengoko iinkcuba - buchopho njengoJean Bodin noThomas Hobes zaqalisa ukuphikisa ukuba ulawulo lwalungesosipho esivela kuThixo kodwa yayiyimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokulondoloza ucwangco.

Bodin, ebhala ngenkulungwane ye-16, wachaza ulawulo njengolawulo olupheleleyo noluhlala luhleli lwelizwe. Ulawulo, lwabhala kwinkulungwane ye-17, lwayisombululo kwisiphithiphithi semeko yendalo, apho ubomi babubulolo, buhlwempu, bungalawuleki, bubumfiliba, kwaye bufutshane. Abantu banikezela ulawulo lwabo ngabanye kwiLeviyatan, umlawuli olawulayo owayeza kugcina uxolo. Ezi ngcamango zabeka isiseko sorhulumente wanamhlanje, apho ulawulo lubekwe kwigunya elikhulu.

Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Nokuzalwa Kwesizwe

I-Westphalia, eyatyikitywa ngo-1648, ijongwa ngokubanzi njengokuzalwa kwenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe yale mihla. Izivumelwano ezaphelisa iMfazwe yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu zamisela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente ngamnye unolawulo olupheleleyo kumhlaba wakhe kwaye akananto yangaphandle yokuphazamisana nemicimbi yasekhaya. Oku kwaba kukuphambuka okukhulu kulungelelwano lwamaxesha aphakathi, apho ukunyaniseka kobukhosi, icawa, kunye nezikhulu zasekuhlaleni zadala ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lwegunya.

IWestphalia yaphakamisa ingcamango yolongamo lwengingqi, ithetha ukuba imida ingumba kwaye umlawuli wommandla unokokugqiba ukuthi phakathi kwemida. Lo mgaqo waba sisiseko somthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kwaye uhlala usesazulu sendlela asebenza ngayo amazwe namhlanje. Sttanford Encyclopedia yeFilosophy inikeza ushwankathelo olugunyazisayo lwendlela imbono yesi sixeko yolongamo.

Ukukhula Kolongamo Lodumo

Ukukhanyiselwa kwazisa enye inguquko enkulu: ingcamango yokuba ulawulo ekugqibeleni lungabantu, hayi kukumkani. Abacingisisi njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwimvume yabalawuli. Le ngcamango yobungangamsha bolawulo oluqhelekileyo yaba yimpembelelo ephambili kwimvukelo eMelika naseFransi kwaye ukususela ngoko iye yaba lilungu lesiseko lengcamango yedemokhrasi.

Ulawulo oluthandwayo luthetha ukuba igunya lorhulumente lifumaneka ebantwini, kwaye abantu banelungelo lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente wabo ukuba uyasilela ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Le ngcamango yaguqula intsingiselo yolawulo kumandla omlawuli apheleleyo yaya kwigunya lokwabelana ngegunya lobumi. Kwakhona yavelisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo namhlanje: urhulumente unegunya elilawulayo, kodwa loo mbuso ufanele ukuba ukhonze abantu abangowona mthombo wolawulo.

Ulongamo Kwixesha Lasemva Kolawulo Lwamathanga

Inkulungwane yama-20 yafumana enye iinguqulelo njengoko amazwe ase-Asia, eAfrika, kunye namazwe aseMerika afumana inkululeko. Kumazwe asandul' ukukhululwa, ulawulo lwalungeyongcamango esemthethweni, yayingomfuziselo onzulu. Yayimela inkululeko ekuthotyelweni kwamanye amazwe nelungelo lokumisela ikamva lawo. Umgaqo wokuzigqibela ngokwawo, okhutshiweyo kwiCharter yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, waba yintshumayelo yokuphelisa ulawulo.

Noko ke, emva kolawulo lwamathanga amazwe amaninzi aye ajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu. Imida emininzi ezuzwe njengefa ngamagunya amathanga ahlula amaqela eentlanga okanye adibeneyo. Ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho kwabo babefudula bengabahlaseli, ukugxambukela kwamagunya amakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, kunye namaziko abuthathaka amakhaya konke konke kwaphazamisa ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olusebenzayo. Umahluko phakathi kolawulo olusemthethweni nolawulo lokwenene uhlala ungumbandela ongxamisekileyo kumazwe amaninzi namhlanje.

Ukuqhelisela Imilinganiselo Yolongamo

Ulawulo aluyongcamango enye, ekhalisayo. Lubonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kumongo. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunceda kucacise indlela ulawulo olusebenza ngayo kwihlabathi lokwenene.

Ulongamo Loburhulumente Oluyinkcitho

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lubungangamsha obucacileyo. Lubhekisela kugunya likarhulumente elipheleleyo kummandla ochaziweyo, kuquka umhlaba wakhe, amanzi angaphakathi, ulwandle lwengingqi, kunye nesithuba somoya. Akukho rhulumente unokusebenzisa igunya kuloo mmandla ngaphandle kwemvume yomlawuli. Le yisiseko senkqubo yelizwe langoku, apho imida iqwalaselwa kwaye ihlonelwa.

Inkcaso kulongamo lwemimandla iphakathi kwezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo neziyingozi zemfazwe yezizwe ngezizwe. Xa elinye ilizwe lithi ummandla othile ulawula, umgaqo wokunganyaniseki kwelizwe uyaphulwa, kwaye amathuba emfazwe ayanda. Imilo eqhubekayo eUkraine, kuLwandle lwaseMzantsi China, kunye noKashmir yonke igxininisa kwimibango ekhuphisanayo kulawulo lwelizwe.

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lubeka oyena mthombo upheleleyo wegunya ebantwini. Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente bamele baphendule kubemi babo yaye kufuneka balawule ngemvume yabo.

Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lukwabonisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lokuxhathisa okanye ukuthatha indawo karhulumente ongawameliyo. Le ngcamango isisiseko seenguqu zedemokhrasi kunye nemibutho elawula imicimbi yezobupolitika. Noko ke, ulawulo oludumileyo lungasetyenziswa. Iinkokeli ezilawulayo zidla ngokuthi zisebenza egameni labantu xa zicinezela ukungavumelani nonyulo. Umsantsa phakathi kobuzwilakhe obuqhelekileyo kunye noqheliselo lobudemokhrasi lokwenyaniso yingxaki enkulu kwezobupolitika zomhlaba wonke.

Ulongamo Lwezoqoqosho

Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lubhekiselele ekulawuleni kwemithetho yayo yezoqoqosho, equka urhwebo, irhafu, imali, kunye nolawulo lwemiqathango. Kwixesha lemali exhaswe ehlabathini lonke, lo mqathango wolawulo ujongene nengcinezelo ebalulekileyo. Izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, imisebenzi yeenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nempembelelo yamaqumrhu anjenge International Monetary Fund kunye neWorld Bank zinganyanzela zonke iimfuno zikarhulumente ukumisela ikhondo lazo lezoqoqosho.

Ngokomzekelo, ilizwe elithatha imali-mboleko kwi-IMF lingafuneka ukuzalisekisa amanyathelo afanelekileyo okanye utshintsho lokwakha olulinganisela iinketho zalo zenkqubo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba lilungu leqela lorhwebo njenge-European Union kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kolawulo lwezoqoqosho oluthile ukuze kungenelwe kwiintengiso ezinkulu. Umlinganiselo phakathi komanyano lwezoqoqosho nolawulo lwesizwe luxanduva oluzinzileyo kulawulo lwehlabathi lonke.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lolongamo LukaRhulumente

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ubugcisa, iingxaki zemekobume, kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yokuziphatha yehlabathi lonke, konke oku kuphikisa ingcamango yokuba amazwe angoosomashishini abazimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokuxhasana

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi jikelele kuye kwadibanisa uqoqosho lwehlabathi, izithethe, kunye neenkqubo zezobupolitika kunye nentsebenziswano eninzi. Ukunikezela ngemiqolo enqamleza imida, iimarike zemali ezisebenza jikelele ngeyure, kwaye ulwazi luhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kumazwe, oku kuthetha ukuba izigqibo ezenziwe kwelinye ilizwe zinokuba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kwezinye iindawo, kwaye imiba emininzi, ukusuka kwimiqathango yemali ukuya kwimpilo kawonke wonke, ifuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Olu lawulo lunyanzelisa ulawulo lwentsebenziswano. Urhulumente angafuna ukumisela eyakhe imilinganiselo yemekobume, kodwa ukuba amaqabane awo orhwebo akalandeli, amashishini awo asenokungaphili. Isifo esibulalayo asiyihloneli imida, kwaye akukho rhulumente unye onokukhusela ngokupheleleyo abemi bakhe kwintsholongwane esasazeka emhlabeni wonke. Isifo sobundlobongela se-COVID-19 sibonise ukuba ulawulo lungakhawulezi lucelwe umngeni ngamandla angaphaya kolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ngelixesha abanye bephikisa ngelithi ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuphelisa ulawulo, abanye baphikisa ngelithi luyiguqula. Ama-odolo agcina amandla abalulekileyo, kodwa kufuneka asebenzise ulungelelwano kunye nabanye. Oku kuye kwavelisa iingcamango ezifana ne ulawulo oluphangaleleyo , apho amazwe abelana ngentliziyo epheleleyo ngegunya ukufikelela usukelo olunye.

Imibutho neziko eziManyeneyo

Ukwanda kwemibutho elawula amazwe ngamazwe kuzisa olunye ucelomngeni kulongamo lwesithethe. I-European Union ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Amagunya abalulekileyo aye atshintshela kumaziko e-EU, kuquka igunya lorhwebo, inkqubo yemali ye-yurozone, kunye nemimandla ethile yomthetho nemithetho. Nangona amalungu e-odomian elungele ukulawulwa ngokuzithandela, ukudityaniswa kolawulo lwendalo yinto yokwenene, kwaye iye yabangela ukuphithana kwezobupolitika kwabo bawujonga njengokuchasana kwinkululeko yesizwe.

Eminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization, kunye neNkundla yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yezorhwebo, ikwabeka imiqathango kwindlela yokuziphatha karhulumente. IBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lingagunyazisa ukuvunywa okanye ukungenelela komkhosi. Inkqubo yesigqibo seWTO inganyanzelisa ukuba kutshintshwe imithetho yayo yezorhwebo. I-ICC ingamangalela abantu ngabanye ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, nokuba ngaba balawulwa yimeko yamakhaya. La maqumrhu amela ukutshintshela kumgaqo omthetho osekelwe kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa akwabangela ukuchasana nomgaqo wolawulo.

Ulongamo lwamanani nokhuseleko

Iminyaka yezobugcisa iye yadala inkundla entsha yokuphikisana ngolawulo. Ugcino-lwazi lunqumla imida, amacandelo onxibelelwano asebenza emhlabeni wonke, kwaye amaphondo azama ukulawula i-intanethi kwimimandla yawo. Ulawulo lwamanani lubhekisela kumandla orhulumente okulawula ugcino-lwazi lwabemi, nokunyanzelisa imithetho yakhe kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi.

Oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa ulawulo oluphezulu kwi-intanethi, befuna ukuba ulwazi lugcinwe kwindawo ethile, luhlawulwe, kwaye luhlawulwe iinkampani zobugcisa bamanye amazwe. I-European Union's General Data Protection Regatement (GDPR) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wolawulo lweziqu zamanani ukukhusela ubuqu. Kwelinye icala, amagunya alawula amanani asebenzisa ulawulo lwamanani njengobulungisa bokuhlola nokucinezela. Uxinzelelo phakathi kovuleka, i-Internet yolawulo lwehlabathi lonke nomnqweno wokulawula ulawulo lohlanga ngomnye wemilo echazayo yezopolitiko kwixesha lethu. Counilce kwiMithetho yoLuntu yoLuntu [FLT] [FLT]]

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nolawulo Lokusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusenokuba yeyona nto inzima kulongamo. Akukho rhulumente unye onokuyicombulula kuphela. Igesi ekhutshwa yigreenhouse ixubana kumoya ojikeleza umhlaba, kunye neziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukunyuka kolwandle, imozulu embi, ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo, ukunqumla imida ngaphandle kokuqwalasela imida yamazwe. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ukuba kubekho inyathelo elidityanisiweyo kumlinganiselo womhlaba wonke, nto leyo ebandakanya ukudibanisa okanye ukulinganisela ulawulo.

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neParty Trace zimela imizamo yokulungelelanisa izenzo zikarhulumente ngoxa zihlonela ulawulo lwesizwe. Ilizwe ngalinye lizibekela amaxhoba alo, kodwa kukho isiseko sehlabathi lonke sokuba liza kuphendula ityala kunye namabhongo. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa ngokuzithandela kwezivumelwano ezinjalo kukwabalaselisa imida yolongamo xa kujoliswe kwingxaki yesijikelezi - langa. Amazwe awafuni ukunikezela ekulawuleni imigaqo yamandla awo, kwanaxa kufunwa ngabantu abalungileyo.

Ulongamo Namalungelo Abantu: Ukulungelelana Okungenabungozi

Enye yezona ndawo ziphikisanayo kwingxoxo yolawulo lolawulo lwamatyala yeyobudlelane phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente namalungelo abantu. Imbono yesithethe ikholelwa ukuba indlela urhulumente aphatha ngayo abantu bakhe ngumbandela wasekhaya, kwaye abadlali bangaphandle abanalo ilungelo lokungenelela. Kodwa izenzo zenkohlakalo zenkulungwane yama-20, ukusuka ekubulaweni kwabantu ngenkohlakalo ukuya ekubulaweni kwesizwe eRwanda, zakhokelela ekuqwalaleni okusisiseko kwesi sikhundla.

Imbopheleleko Yokukhusela

Ngowama-2005, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yaxhasa umgaqo weNkxaso yokuKhusela (R2P). Le mfundiso ithi rhulumente ngamnye unembopheleleko yokukhusela abantu bakhe kwizenzo zenkohlakalo ezintlukwano, kuquka ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ukuhlanjululwa kohlanga nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu. Ukuba urhulumente akakwenzi oko, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lunembopheleleko yokungenelela, lusebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa, zokunceda abantu, okanye kwanezomkhosi.

R2P imela ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwesithethe. Ingqina ukuba ulawulo alulolungelo elipheleleyo, kodwa lunemiqathango. Amazwe enza izenzo zenkohlakalo alahlekelwa kukungakhathalelwa kwawo. Noko ke, i-R2P ihlala iphikisana. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi isoloko isetyenziswa njengesizathu sokungenelela ngamaphondo anamandla, kwaye inciphisa ukulingana kwamazwe azimeleyo. Ukungenelela eLibya ngo-2011 kwaye impikiswano eqhubekayo phezu kwe-Siriya ibalaselisa ubunzima kunye nomngcipheko wokubhexeka i-R2P ekusebenzeni kwayo. IZizwe ezimanyeneyo iphepha elikwi-Imfanelo yokukhusela inikela ukujonga okuntsonkothile kulo mgaqo.

Ukungenelela koluntu kunye nokuzihambela kwelizwe

Ingxoxo engongenelelo loluntu ingqina ukuba umgaqo wolawulo ubalulekile nxamnye nokungabikho kokubandezeleka. Abaxhasi bongenelelo baphikisa ukuba amalungelo abantu akwindalo iphela yaye ulawulo alunakuba sisixhobo sokulawula ingcinezelo. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukungenelela kudla ngokukhethwa, kuqhutywa zizinto eziyimfuneko, kwaye kuchasene nowona mgaqo ubalulekileyo wolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe: ukuhlonela ulawulo lorhulumente.

Akukho sigqibo silula kule ngxaki. Uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe luyaqhubeka luzama ukumelana nexesha, indlela, nokuba lungenelela na kumatyala ogonyamelo oluninzi. Imfundiso ye-R2P ayikhange iguqule inyaniso yokuba amazwe anamandla asoloko esebenza ngaphandle kokuthanda, ngoxa amazwe abuthathaka efumana iziphumo zokungabi nanxaxheba. Ucelomngeni luxhomekeke ekuphuhliseni isiseko esithe tye, esisemthethweni esilungelelanisa iimfuno zobulungisa kunye neemfuno zocwangco.

Ukuqalisa Kwemikhwa Engolongamo Lwenkulungwane yama - 21

Njengoko ihlabathi litshintsha, lunjalo nolongamo.

Ukubuya Kokhuphiswano Olunamandla

Kangangexeshana emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, kwabonakala ngathi ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe ngezizwe okukhululekileyo kungaphumelela, kwaye ulawulo luza kwabelana ngokukhula kwaye lunyanzelwa. Elo xesha lidlule. Ukuvela kweTshayina, ukubuya kobuntamo lukhuni bamaRashiya, nokurhoxa kwe-United States kwimiqathango emininzi kuye kwabonisa ukubuyela kukhuphiswano olukhulu lwegunya. Kule meko, ulawulo luye lwabuyiselwa ngamandla avuselelweyo.

ITshayina ikhuthaza ingcamango yobungangamsha bolawulo [[FLT: 0], igxininisa ukungakhathaleli kunye nokungaguquguquki kwengingqi. IRashiya iye yacela ulawulo ukuthethelela ukuchasana kwayo nempembelelo yaseNtshona kunye nezenzo zayo eUkraine. KwanaseNtshona, imibutho yepopulist ivavanye ukudityaniswa kolawulo kwi-EU kwaye ibizwa ukuba kubuyelwe ulawulo lwesizwe. Le ntsingiselo icebisa ukuba ulawulo, kude kude lungapheli, luhlala lungumkhosi wezobupolitika.

Ulongamo Logcino - lwazi Nesiphelo Samanani

Njengoko ubomi buhamba kwi-intanethi, ukulawulwa kolwazi kuye kwangumzekelo ongundoqo wolawulo. Amazwe afuna ngamandla ukulawula ukuhamba kogcino-lwazi, ukugcina ugcino-lwazi kunye nokukhusela abemi bawo kwimiba yabo ekujongweni kwamanye amazwe okanye ekuxhatshazweni. I-GDPR ye-European Union ingumzekelo ophambili, kodwa amazwe aseIndiya ukuya eBrazil avelisa ulawulo lwawo logcino-lwazi.

Kwangaxeshanye, i-intanethi engenamda ibangela ungquzulwano nolawulo lwesizwe. Iindawo zoluntu zezonxibelelwano zingaphembelela unyulo, zisasaze inkcazelo, zize zikhuthaze ugonyamelo kuyo yonke imida. Ama-odolome azama ukunyanzelisa imithetho yawo kwiiqonga ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ikamva lolawulo liza kubandakanya umzabalazo othe rhoqo olawula ummandla we-meters.

Ulongamo Nempilo Yehlabathi Lonke

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabhenca ukukwazi ukumelana nokungabi nalubala nokungalawuleki kolawulo. Ama-odoli avala imida, afaka izithuba, kwaye akhuphisana ngemichiza, onke ewalwela ukukhusela abemi bawo. Kwangaxeshanye, le ngxaki ibonisa ukuba usongelo lwempilo lwehlabathi lonke lufuna intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke. I-World Health Organization yajongene nemiqathango kwigunya layo, kwaye amazwe afumileyo agxekwa ngokufihla amachiza okugonya ngexa amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ebandezelekile.

Ingaba kufuneka ukuba amazwe abelane ngenkcazelo engokwanda kwezifo ezibandakanyekayo? Ingaba kufuneka kubekho iindlela ezisetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke zokusasaza amachiza? Angakanani amagunya afanele abe nawo amaziko ezempilo ehlabathini lonke? Le mibuzo iya kuvavanya imida yolongamo kwiminyaka ezayo.

Indima yabaLawuli-mthetho abangengomthetho weSizwe

Abadlali abangengomalungu elizwe, kuquka imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, imibutho engeyoyamarhulumente, amaqela abanqolobi, nemibutho yentlalo yamazwe ngamazwe, bonke bakhule benempembelelo. Aba badlali basebenza ngaphaya kwemida kwaye badla ngokuvavanya igunya lamazwe. Inkampani efana ne-Apple okanye i-Google isebenzisa amandla ezoqoqosho aphikisana namazwe amaninzi. Iqela labanqolobi elifana ne-ISIS, ngamanye amaxesha, liye lalawula imimandla laza lasebenzisa iindlela zolawulo ngokwalo.

Ukuvela kwabadlali abangengomazwe akuthethi ukuphela kolawulo, kodwa kuyawenza maxa wambi lo mfanekiso. Ngoku ama-odoli kufuneka akhuphisane kwaye asebenzisane noninzi lwabadlali, kwaye kufuneka afumane iindlela ezintsha zokuzigunyazisa kwiindawo apho igunya lawo likhuphiswane khona. Urhulumente olawulayo uhlala engowona mbutho uphambili wezobupolitika zehlabathi lonke, kodwa akanakuphinda athi unegunya okanye impembelelo.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo asiyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni yezopolitiko. Luyinto ephilayo, ephikiswayo, neguquguqukayo ebumba ubomi bomntu ngamnye kulo mhlaba. Luchaza amagunya oorhulumente, amalungelo abemi, nemithetho yokumanyana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukusukela kwixesha loxolo lwaseWestphalia ukuya kwixesha lamanani, ulawulo luye lwavumelana nezinto ezintsha ngoxa luhlala lusesiseko solawulo.

Namhlanje, ulawulo luneengxaki ezinkulu ezibangelwa kukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ubugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela abantu abamele bamelane ngayo. Kodwa lukwakho njengophawu olunamandla olubonakalisa ubuzwe nokuzilawula. Kumazwe, ulawulo luyindlela epheleleyo yokuzimela. Kubantu, lukhusela kwaye lunembopheleleko. Ukuqonda ingcaciso yayo, imbali yayo, nekamva layo kubalulekile ekuqhubeni phambili kwehlabathi elintsonkothileyo, ukulawula, nokuqhubana nolwalamano lwehlabathi lonke.

Intsingiselo yolongamo isenokuqhubeka itshintsha, kodwa umbuzo oyintloko wayo uyafana: ngubani onegunya lokulawula, yaye impendulo yaloo mbuzo iya kuchaphazela ikamva leentlanga nabantu kwizizukulwana ezizayo.