Isiseko Seenkundla Zanamhlanje

Inkqubo yenkundla njengoko siyazi namhlanje ayizange ivele ngesiquphe. Iimvelaphi zayo zibuyela kwimpucuko yamandulo enjengeMesopotamia, apho uMthetho kaHammurabi wamisela imithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nemilinganiselo yokugweba. IGrisi yamandulo yasungula ingcamango yamatyala abemi, ngoxa umthetho waseRoma wavelisa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni entsonkothileyo kunye nabagwebi abangoochwepheshe. Inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo yamaNgesi, ngokuxhomekeka kwayo kwimiqathango kunye nokuvavanywa ngabagwebi, yaba sisiseko seenkqubo ezininzi zale mihla, kuquka iUnited States, iKhanada, iOstreliya, kunye neIndiya. Ukuqonda le meko imbali inceda abemi baqonde ukuba iinkundla aziyo imiqathango engomthetho engekho ngqiqweqweni kodwa imveliso yomgudu wokufikelela impumelelo nokulunga.

Iinkqubo zenkundla zale mihla ziye zavela ukusingatha ubunkimbinkimbi bebutho labantu. Zisebenza phantsi komthetho, okuthetha ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho ./namagosa karhulumente. Lo mgaqo ukhusela abemi kwiingcali ezizimeleyo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe ngeenkqubo ezimiselweyo kunokuba ziphenjelelwe okanye zinyanzeliswe. Abo banomdla kwimvelaphi enzulu yembali, iEncclopædia Britannica ungeno lwezibo nkundla zetyala[

Isakhiwo Sekhorali Senkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla nganye eqolileyo ilungelelaniswe ngobucukubhede. Esi sakhiwo sidweliswe ngethala sivumela ukuba amatyala aviwe ngokufanelekileyo ngeli lixa kunikwa umgaqo-nkqubo wokulungisa iimpazamo. Amaqondo amathathu ayintloko ziinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye inkundla yomgaqo-siseko). Umgangatho ngamnye ufeza injongo eyahlukileyo kulawulo lwezobulungisa.

Iinkundla Zetyala: Apho Zifumaneka Khona Iinyaniso

Iinkundla zetyala zingumqobo wokuqala kwityala ngalinye. Kwezi nkundla, amaqela anikela ubungqina, abiza amangqina, kwaye aphikisana ngezikhundla zawo phambi kwejaji (kodwa ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho esemthethweni iyalandelwa, ngoxa abachopheli betyala (okanye abagwebi kwityala lebheri) bemisela izibakala zetyala. Iinkundla zetyala zisingatha imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nemicimbi yamakhaya. Umzekelo, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisenokubandakanya ubusela okanye lihlasele izityholo, ngoxa ityala lamakhaya lingalungisa isivumelwano okanye ityala lomntu elilityala. Kwinkqubo yenkundla yephondo ye-U.S.

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo: Ukukhangela Iimpazamo

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba inkundla yetyala yenze impazamo esemthethweni, ngokomzekelo, ukuvuma ubungqina obungafanelekanga okanye ukutolika kakubi umthetho, “‘ banokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Iinkundla zezicelo aziwaphindi amatyala. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yamatyala ukuze zibone ukuba umthetho wasetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kusini na. Ezi nkundla ziphulaphula amatyala kumacandelo eejaji amathathu kwaye zikhuphe izimvo ezibhaliweyo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, iinkundla eziphakathi zenkundla zezibheno yi-U.S. Iinkundla ezininzi ngokukwanjalo zibizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla zeZibheno okanye iiNkundla zezibheno. Appletalse ziyakwazi ukubhukula, okanye ukuxhasa okanye ukuyalela ityala elitsha.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: Igunya Lokugqibela

Inkundla ephakamileyo kulawulo ithetha okokuqala kwimibandela yomthetho. EUnited States, leyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., ephulaphula inani elisikelwe umda lamatyala nyaka ngamnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezo zibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezincinci. Izigqibo zayo ziba ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo kuzo zonke ezinye iinkundla. Amazwe amaninzi agcina amaziko afanayo, njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-United Kingdom okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Australia. Ityala elinye elifikelela kulo mgangatho linokuguqula imo-mgaqo-mthetho wamaqela abantu. Kwimiba yangoku, bona inkundla yezomthetho nemithetho yangoku [[FLT:]]

Abasebenzi Benkundla Engundoqo kunye nemisebenzi Yabo

Inkundla nganye iqumrhu lezifundiswa eliqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusenziwa ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ukuba ngaba bantu bathob

ABagwebi

Abagwebi bongamela inkundla, balawule kwizenzo, banike imiyalelo kumaqumrhu ejaji, kwaye “‘ kwityala lebheri, ” kwaye “‘ baphumeze isigwebo. Mabangakhethi buso kwaye babe nolwazi ngomthetho. Kwimimandla emininzi, abagwebi bamiselwa lisebe eliphetheyo, linyulwe nguwonke wonke, okanye likhethwe ligunya elisekelwe kwigunya elifanelekileyo. Indima yabo kukutolika umthetho baze bawusebenzise ezibakaleni, bangathathi cala linye phezu kwelinye.

Juries

Iintlanganiso ngamaqela abemi abaqhelekileyo abasebenza ngokugqiba izibakala zetyala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bafumane ummangalelwa enetyala ngaphandle kokuthandatyuzwa; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umgangatho udla ngokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina. Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi ababandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla. Kukuko oku kungumsebenzi ofanelekileyo nowoburhulumente.

AmaLawyers (iiAttorney)

Abameli bamela amacandelo − abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa---"in. Balungisa amaxwebhu asemthethweni, bavavanya amangqina, baphikisane nesikhundla somxhasi wabo. E-U.S., amagqwetha kufuneka adlulise imviwo yebhari aze anamathele kwimithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha. Abahlali abangenamali kwigqwetha kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho banelungelo lokukhusela uwonke-wonke.

IiNkundla NeeNkundla

Oomabhalana benkundla balawula imisebenzi yolawulo: ukuqokelela amaxwebhu, ucwangciso lokuchonga, nokugcina iingxelo zamatyala. Abasebenzi bagcina ucwangco nokhuseleko enkundleni, abamangalelwa abakhapheli, kwaye bancedisa ijaji. Zombini zidlala emva kwemisebenzi egcina inkqubo isebenza kakuhle.

Abachongi

Iindaba zenkundla zisenza iingxelo ezivakalayo ngayo yonke into ethethwayo xa kuchotshelwa ityala. Ezi ngxelo zibalulekile xa kucelwa izibongozo, kuba iinkundla ezilawulayo zixhomekeke kwingxelo yetyala ukuze zihlole izigqibo.

Iintlobo Zamatyala Nenkundla Etyholwayo

Iinkundla zilungelelaniselwe ukusingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeembambano. Ezina maqela abanzi ngawezaphuli-mthetho nawasekuhlaleni, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi ziquka iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zentsapho, zezentengiselwano, zezithuthi, zemali ezingekhoyo, kunye nemicimbi yolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, igunya limisela ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya lokuphulaphula ityala elithile.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho avela xa umntu etyholwa ngokwaphula umthetho oweyisa ihambo ethile − efana nobusela, ukuhlasela, okanye ubuqhetseba. Urhulumente (umtshutshisi) uzisa ityala nxamnye nommangalelwa. Iimali eziphumayo ziquka ukuhlawuliswa, ukuvalelwa okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Uxanduva lwesiqinisekiso lukhulu: ityala kufuneka lingqineke lingenatyala.

Ityala Lelizwe

Amatyala angaphakathi abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, `iingingqi, amashishini, okanye imibutho. Asenokubandakanya izivumelwano, impahla, ukwenzakala kobuqu, okanye imicimbi yentsapho. Ummangalelwa uphendulisa ummangalelwa ofuna imbuyekezo okanye umyalelo wenkundla. Uxanduva lobungqina lusezantsi: ukubuqwalasela ubungqina (ngokungakumbi kungenjalo).

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Izikhululo ezininzi zineenkundla ezigxininisa kwimimandla ethile.

  • Inkundla yosapho: isingatha uqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, ukukhulisa umntwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • Inkundla yeprobate: iphethe izijungqu, umhlaba, kunye neenqanawa zokukhusela.
  • Inkundla yeTraffic: isingatha ukwaphulwa okuncinane kwendlela.
  • inkundla yeBhankiprupt: isingatha isiqabu samatyala kwaye ilungelelanisa kwakhona.
  • Iinkundla zolawulo: ziva iimpikiswano ezibandakanya amaziko karhulumente.

Umbuso we Jurisdition (Ingqikelelo yase-U.S.)

EUnited States, iinkundla zikho kumanqanaba orhulumente nawamazwana. Iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela avela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha imicimbi emininzi yemihla ngemihla, umthetho wentsapho, iitrafiki, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Le nkqubo idibeneyo inokubadida abemi, kodwa ithetha ukuba abantu abaninzi baza kudibana neenkundla zikarhulumente. Ukuze bachaze ngokucacileyo, iwebhsayithi .S.

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo: Indlela Ityala Elihamba Ngayo Kwindlela Esetyenziswa Yinkundla

Ukuqonda ityala elisisigxina kungayisusa inkxalabo enxulumene neenkundla. Nangona iingcaciso zingafani ngokolawulo nohlobo lwamatyala, uqukuqelo jikelele aluguquguquki.

1. Ukukhalaza okanye Ukumangalela

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla aze asilungiselele kummangalelwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente ubeka iifayile zetyala emva kophando. Uxwebhu luchaza isiseko esisemthethweni sesenzo.

2. Iinkqubo zangaphambili zoqikelelo

Omabini amacala anikana ulwazi ngokufumana, ngokuthabatha iifayile, kwaye angazama ukusombulula. Amatyala amaninzi agqiba kweli nqanaba. Ukuba akukho kuhlaliswa kufikelelwa, inkundla ibamba ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwetyala ukuze imisele umhla wokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

3. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala kulapho kunikwa khona ubungqina kwijaji okanye kwijaji. omabini amacala anikela iingxelo zokuvula, amangqina akhoyo, imiboniso, amangqina eeaximine, kunye nokukhupha iingxoxo zokuvala. Abachopheli bejaji babuye baphinde bafumane isigqibo.

4. Umgwebo nesigwebo

Ukuba isigwebo sisenziwa kumntu ogwebayo kwityala lasekuhlaleni, inkundla ikhupha isigwebo somonakalo okanye isiqabu. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, emva kwesigwebo setyala, ijaji igweba igweba igweba ukuze ibone isohlwayo kwimigaqo esemthethweni.

5. Isibheno

Ukuba naliphi na icala likholelwa ukuba lenze impazamo engokwasemthethweni, bangabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Inkqubo yokukhupha ityala ingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka kwaye ingenza ukuguqulwa, ukuvavanywa okutsha, okanye umyalelo wokuguqula isivakalisi.

Amagama Abalulekileyo Asemthethweni Afanele Aziwe Ngabo Bonke Abami

Uphindo lwasemthethweni lungasonga, kodwa amagama ambalwa angundoqo abalulekile kumntu ohamba ngenkqubo. Nantsi ingcaciso eyandisiweyo engaphaya kwenqaku lokuqala.

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho ocacileyo: Umntu oqalisa ukumangalelana.
  • [[UMTHL: 0] I-Deffentint:[[FL:1] Umntu omangalelwayo okanye omangalelwayo.
  • Isigwebo: Isigqibo sabachopheli-mthetho okanye isahluleli kwisigqibo esingobango.
  • Appal: Isicelo sokuba inkundla ephakamileyo ihlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi.
  • Juridiction: Igunya lenkundla lokuva ityala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibheni yobungqina: Imbopheleleko yokungqina imeko kabani (ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni kwizaphuli-mthetho; ukunyanzelisa kwemiba).
  • [[UMTL:0] Uqikelelo lommiselo: Ixesha elilinganiselweyo lokuzisa ukumangalelwa.
  • Intsingiselo: Inkqubo yangaphambili yovavanyo apho amaqela atshintshisanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicelo sokuba inkundla yenze isigqibo esikhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ISubpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu ukuba anikele ubungqina okanye avelise amaxwebhu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Dismossal:[[FT:1] Umyalelo wenkundla ophelisa eli tyala ngaphandle kwetyala elipheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Project se: ukuzimela ngokwakho ngaphandle kwegqwetha.

Kwisichazi-magama esibanzi somthetho, jonga iStatus seWecligin Dictionary ukusuka kwiSikolo soMthetho seCornell.

Indlela Abemi Abanokunxibelelana Ngayo Nenkqubo Yenkundla

Abantu abaninzi badibana nenkqubo yenkundla ngenye yeendlela ezintathu: njengejaji, njengeqela (ummangalelwa okanye ummangalelwa), okanye njengombukeli. Ukwazi oko kulindelekileyo kwenza ukuba umntu ngamnye angasoyiki.

Njengommeli

Umsebenzi kaJury yimbopheleleko karhulumente. Ukuba ubizwa, uzakuba yinxalenye yeqela labagwebi ababuza imibuzo ngabagwebi namagqwetha ukugqiba ukungacaluli. Ukuba kukhethiwe, kufuneka ubuphulaphule ngenyameko ubungqina uze ulandele imiyalelo yomgwebi kumthetho. Indima yakho kukugqiba izibakala ngokusekelwe koko kunikelwa enkundlekweni. Iinkqubo ezininzi zenkundla zinika izibonelelo zejaji kunye nembuyekezo yenkozo.

Njengeqela (Litigant)

Ukuba umangalelwe okanye ugqibe kwelokuba umangalelwe, unelungelo lokuzimela (ipro se), kodwa kuyanconyelwa ukuba uqeshe igqwetha. Kufuneka ulandele imithetho yenkundla malunga nokugcinwa kwexesha, ukulungiselela kwamaphepha, kunye nokuthumela amaphepha kwelinye icala. Iinkundla ezininzi zinendawo ezizincedayo okanye iikliniki zoncedo ezinokunceda kunye nokhokelo. Ukubonakalisa ngexesha kwaye ulungiselele kugxeka.

NjengeSibukeli

Inkoliso yamatyala avunyiweyo. Ukuya kwityala kunokuba ngamava afundisayo. Ungafunda ngeenkqubo zomthetho, ubone indlela abagwebi namagqwetha aziphatha ngayo, uze uqonde ukuma komkhamo wenkqubo yokusesikweni. Khumbula nje oku: yicime ifowuni yakho, nxibe ngentlonelo, ungaphazamisani nemicimbi.

Indima Yenkqubo Yenkundla Ekuxhaseni Okusesikweni

Iinkundla zenza okungakumbi kunokucombulula iimpikiswano. Azithethi nje ngokucombulula nokuthemba imithetho, akhusela amalungelo abantu, kwaye ajonga ulawulo lukarhulumente. Umgaqo wokuzimela geqe uqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bangenza izigqibo ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo. Iinkundla zikwayila inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngezigqibo eziphawulayo kwimibandela enjengelungelo loluntu, intetho ekhululekileyo, kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo. Xa abemi beyiqonda baze bayithembe inkqubo yenkundla, basengozini yokuthobela umthetho kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Noko ke, akukho nkqubo ifezekile. Iinkundla zijamelana neengxaki ezifana nezigwebo, ukufikelela okulinganiselwe ekufumaneni abantu abaphantsi, kunye nokungaboni ngasonye. Imigudu eqhubekayo yokuphucula inkqubo yenkundla, ukufikelela koncedo olufana nolwimi, olululwimi oluqhelekileyo, kunye nenkqubo oluqhelekileyo, olubalulekileyo ekulondolozeni kwe-demodemo-odoma.

Uphando olunzulu lwendlela iinkundla ezifak' isandla ngayo kulawulo-demokhrasi, iMelika Bar Association yemfundo kawonke-wonke ye-[[[FLT: 1] iyindawo exabisekileyo yokuqalisa.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Inkqubo yenkundla ibonisa imbopheleleko yebutho labantu kumthetho. Nangona isakhiwo salo sinokubonakala sinzima, ummi ngamnye angangenelwa kulwazi olusebenzayo lwezi siseko ezichazwe apha: imigangatho yeenkundla, iindima zabasebenzi abangundoqo, iindidi zamatyala, kunye nenkqubo jikelele. Ukuba ukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, ubandakanyeka kwityala, okanye ulandele nje iindaba ezimalunga namatyala abalulekileyo, ukuqonda ijaji kukunceda usebenzise amalungelo akho kwaye ufeze iimbopheleleko zakho. Ngokuhlala usazi, unegalelo kwinkqubo yokugweba elungileyo, ekhanyayo, nenobungqina kumntu wonke.