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Ukuqonda ulawulo lweBhunga: Isiseko sokuphendula

IBhunga linendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukuphendula kukarhulumente ngemisebenzi yalo yolawulo, lisebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza phakathi kwemida yomthetho nomdla kawonke-wonke. Le misebenzi yolawulo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni alandele imithetho ngokufanelekileyo ngoxa ekhusela abahlawuli berhafu kwaye exhasa imigaqo yedemokhrasi. Iintsebenzi eziqonda indlela abajonga ngayo izenzo zikarhulumente nokukhuthaza ukuba babonakale kakuhle kokubonakala okunokungenelela kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye zigcine amagosa azo anyuliweyo ebeke kwimbopheleleko yabo yokuvelela.

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baseka inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela elungiselelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba lifumane amandla amaninzi. Ulawulo lwequmrhu lumela enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo isebe lemithetho eliwuzalisekisa ngazo lo msebenzi womgaqo-siseko. Ngokuphengulula, ukuhlolisisa, nokuhlola imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe njengenjongo kwaye iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinceda umdla kawonke-wonke ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo.

Olu khokelo lunenkcazelo ephangaleleyo luhlolisisa indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo yokujongana nengqungquthela, ukuhlolisisa iziseko zayo zomGaqo - siseko, iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zokusetyenziswa, indaleko engokwembali, neendlela abemi abanokuzibandakanya baze bazixhase ezi nkqubo zibalulekileyo zokuphendula.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokulawula

Ngeli xesha igama elithi "ulawulo" lingaveli ngokuphandle kumGaqo-siseko, igunya lobuveleli bobugqeba lifumaneka kwimimiselo emininzi yomgaqo-siseko enika iBhunga amandla okuphanda nokulawula isebe eliphetheyo. Izixhobo zemGaqo-siseko "onke amagunya owiso-mthetho" kwiBhunga, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ngokuqhubekayo ukuba amandla okumisela aquka amandla okuphengulula indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo.

Inqaku I loMgaqo-siseko linika iNkxaso-mali, linika isebe lowiso-mthetho igunya elipheleleyo kwimali efanelekileyo karhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo eli gunya liquka imbopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba imali efanelekileyo isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo nangeenjongo zayo. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokulawula indlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo, iBhunga alisayi kukwazi ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi walo ongokomGaqo-siseko wokulawula inkcitho nerhafu.

Kwakhona umGaqo-siseko unika igunya elikhethekileyo lolawulo kwimimandla ethile. INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso inegunya lokunika icebiso nokuvuma ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano, ezifuna ukuxilongwa ngenyameko kwemiqathango kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Amandla agunya lokubhalisa, abekwe kwiNdlu yabameli anegunya lokuvavanya kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, amela inkqubo epheleleyo yokususa amagosa aseburhulumenteni abenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu nabangamagunya.

Ukongezelela, iNkundla kaClaus ePhakamileyo neThe tye inika amandla iNgqungquthela uGaqo-siseko ukuba yenze yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ekuphumezeni amagunya ayo omgaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike eli binzana ukuquka igunya lokuqhuba uphando nokuqokelela ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze luphumeze ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphandle kobuchule bobuveleli, iBhunga aliyi kuswe nkcazelo efunekayo yokwenza umthetho ofanelekileyo okanye ukulungisa imithetho ekhoyo engqineka ingasebenzi okanye enengxaki ekusebenzeni.

Injongo Neenjongo Zolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ukulawula kuvumela iBhunga ukuba lihlole, lilawule, liphembelele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kulo lonke urhulumente worhulumente. Kuyanceda ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, inkunkuma, ukuqhatha, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nobuqhophololo ngoxa kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziphumeze iinjongo zazo ezicetyiweyo. Ngokuqhuba uphando nokuchonga, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuchaza iimbambano lize lincomele izenzo zokulungisa eziphucula ukusebenza korhulumente lize likhusele umdla kawonke wonke.

Ukuphumeza Imithetho Ngokuthembeka

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zobuveleli bombutho-ngqungquthela kukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo ngokuthembeka liyiphumeza imithetho njengeeKhomishini. Amasebe alawulayo anokukwazi ukumisela umthetho, kwaye ukujongana nokusebenza kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba le ngqiqo isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Xa amaziko echaza imithetho ngokubanzi okanye ngokumngcipheko, okanye xa engaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yokuqulunqa, iinkqubo zolawulo zivumela iBhunga ukuba liziqonde ezi ngxaki lize lithathe amanyathelo okulungisa ngomthetho, ngokulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali, okanye ngoxinzelelo lukawonke wonke.

Ukuthintela Inkunkuma, Ubuqhetseba Nokuxhatshazwa

Ulawulo lweBhunga lusebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufanisa nokuphelisa nokuphelisa inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza kwinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngorhulumente worhulumente ochitha izigidi zezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka, kwaneepesenti ezincinane zenkunkuma zimela intabalala yemali ehlawulwayo yabahlawuli berhafu. Ngokuphicotho-zincwadi, uphando, kunye nohlolo lwemisebenzi, iBhunga linokuphawula iinkqubo ezingaphumeleliyo, imisebenzi yobuqhetseba, kunye nezenzo zokuxhaphaza ezikhupha iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokunika abemi iinzuzo ezilinganayo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabo Banye Nokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ukulawula kunceda ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yoluntu ngokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente ezisenokuphazamisa ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko. Iikomiti zoMbutho ziphanda iinkqubo zokujonga, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, kunye nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko nenkululeko esisiseko. Lo msebenzi wokukhusela ubaluleka ngokukodwa ngamaxesha eengxaki xa oorhulumente benokuhendwa ukuba bandise amagunya abo ngokuphulukana nenkululeko yabo.

Ukuphucula Ubuchule Nobuchule Borhulumente

Ngaphandle kokufumana iingxaki, ulawulo lombutho wombutho wolawulo ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle nobuchule bemisebenzi karhulumente. Ngokuhlolisisa inkqubo, ukuhlolwa kolawulo lwamaziko, nokuvavanya iziphumo zenkqubo, iBhunga lingabona ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuqhuba inkqubo lize licebise inkqubela. Olu khokelo lwakhayo lunceda abameli bafunde kwiimpazamo zabo baze basebenzise iindlela ezisebenzayo zokufikelela iinkonzo zabo.

Ukwenziwa koMthetho wexesha elizayo

Imisebenzi yokulawula inika iNkqutyana ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokwenza umthetho wexesha elizayo. Ngokuhlolisisa indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo, iKhomishini ingachaza izithuba, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kunye nemimandla efuna ukucaciswa komthetho okanye utshintsho. Le nkcazelo isetyenziswa phakathi kolawulo nomthetho inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho emitsha ingenelwa kwizifundo ezifundwe ngokuzalisekisa imimiselo yangaphambili.

Iindlela kunye nezixhobo zolawulo lweBhunga

IiKhomishini zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokwalathisa isebe elilawulayo, zisebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo nezingacwangciswanga zokuqokelela inkcazelo, ukuhlolisisa imisebenzi karhulumente, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyayithobela imithetho. Ezi zixhobo zisuka kwizicelo eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwizicelo zikawonke wonke ezitsala ingqalelo yesizwe. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba namandla olawulo oluphezulu nobunzulu.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

IiKomiti zinendima engundoqo ekuhloleni imisebenzi karhulumente nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigaqo isebenza ngokuthobela imithetho ngokuchotshelwa ngokwemigaqo nangophando. Iikomiti zeBhunga kunye neekomiti ezincinci zibamba amawaka eendlebe nyaka ngamnye, zibiza amagosa aphetheyo esebe, amangqina obuchule, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo ukuba banikele ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo kwiinkqubo neenkqubo zikarhulumente. Ezi ntetho zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ukuqokelela inkcazelo, ukwenza iingxelo zikawonke wonke, ukufundisa amalungu eBhunga nawamaqumrhu, nokusebenzisa ingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwimibutho efuna ukuguqula ukuziphatha kwabo.

Ukuva okuphanda ngokufuthi kugxininisa kwiingxaki ezithile okanye kwizenzo ezimanyumnyezi, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamasebe, ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye izityholo zokungalungisi kobubi. Uphando oluphezulu lwezobungendawo lungalawula ukukhutshelwa kwengxelo luze lubumbe uluvo lukawonke-wonke malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Uphando lwekomiti lungahlala iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, lubandakanya uhlalutyo olunzulu lwencwadi, udliwano-ndlebe lwamangqina, kunye nokucaciswa kweembambano ezinenkcukacha zemibandela entsonkothile.

Iikomiti ezikhoyo zinegunya kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo kunye namaqumrhu asebenza kwezo mimandla. Umzekelo, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNkonzo zeNdlu yeeNtlalo zoMkhosi zijonge iSebe loKhuselo, ngelixa iiKomiti ze-Prime zijonge iSebe leSebe lezeLimo. Eli gunya likhethekileyo livumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba aphucule ubuchule kwiindawo zawo aze aqhube ulawulo olunolwazi olungakumbi.

Amandla eSubpona

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni ezilawulayo zinamandla angaphantsi kwe-athomona, ezizinceda zinyanzelise ukunyanzelisa ubungqina kunye noxwebhu oluveliswa xa abameli okanye abantu ngabanye bengavumi ukusebenzisana. Ii-Suppoena zimela isixhobo esinamandla sobuveleli, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunokubangela amadabi asemthethweni xa isebe eliphetheyo lisithi linelungelo eliphezulu okanye ezinye izizathu zokungaqiniseki ngenkcazelo. Ukuxabana phakathi kwengquzulwano efuna inkcazelo kunye nokuzibanga kwesebe elilawulayo imfihlelo kuye kwavelisa iingxoxo ezininzi zomGaqo-siseko ukutyhubela imbali yamaMerika.

Xa amangqina engavumi ukuthobela ii-ponans, iNgqungquthela ingawajongela phantsi, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba abekwe ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye anyanzele ukuba kwenziwe imicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Iingxelo kunye neziKhuseleko

Ngokufuthi iBhunga lifuna ukuba abameli besebe abalawulayo bafake iingxelo rhoqo ngemisebenzi yabo, iinkcitho, kunye nomsebenzi. Ezi mfuneko zinyanzelekileyo, ezibhaliswe ekugunyaziseni umthetho okanye iindleko zezicelo, zidala ukukhutshelwa kolwazi oluqhubekayo olubangela ukuba ukujongana okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuva okusesikweni okanye uphando. Iinkqubo zisenokufuneka ukuba zixele ngeziphumo zenkqubo, ukuphunyezwa koqingqo-mali, izenzo zolawulo, okanye ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno ezithile zomthetho.

Ubuninzi beengxelo ezinikelwa kwiBhunga nyaka ngamnye bunokuba bukhulu, yaye azikho zonke iingxelo ezihlolisiswa ngenyameko. Noko ke, la maxwebhu enza iingxelo ezisemthethweni zokuba abasebenzi bombutho, imibutho egadileyo, intatheli nabemi abanomdla banokuhlolisisa ukuze baqonde iingxaki okanye ukwenziwa kwemibutho yemibutho elawula imizila.

Uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-ofisi ye-Accounting Accounting (GAO) isebenza njengengalo yeBhunga eliphandayo, ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi, ukuvavanya, kunye nophengululo lweenkqubo zorhulumente kunye neenkcitho. Isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-"gaO uphando lwe-GAO olunobuchule bokujonga, "umndilili-manani, abaphengululi, kunye nabahlalutyi bemithetho abahlola phantse zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi karhulumente. Ikomiti yeBhunga icela rhoqo ukuba i-GAO ifunde kwimibandela ethile, kwaye ne-GAO iqhuba umsebenzi wayo kwizakhelo zayo kwimimandla yenzala ye-mbutho.

IGO inika iinkcukacha, uhlalutyo olungelulo lwecandelo lorhulumente, ukwazi iingxaki kunye nezisombululo. Ezi ngxelo zithwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo ngenxa yomsebenzi weGAO ogqibeleleyo, onenjongo. Xa iGAO ichaza ukuswela kwimisebenzi yesebe, iBhunga lisebenzisa ezi zinto zifunyenweyo ukwenza inkqubela-phambili okanye ukuthethelela utshintsho lwemithetho-siseko.

Ngokubanzi

I-IGsGs General (iiGs) esebenza phakathi kwamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni kodwa ilondoloza inkululeko kubaphathi bamasebe, ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando ukuze kufunyanwe, kuthintelwe ukulahlwa, ukuqhatha, nokuxhatshazwa. IiKhomyutha zadala inkqubo ye-IG ukuze zinikezele ngokuqhubekayo, ulawulo lwangaphakathi lwemisebenzi yeesebe. I-IGs inikela ingxelo kwiintloko zomasebe nakwiBhunga, zidala iingxubusho ezimabini ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwazo.

Iingxelo ze-IG zidla ngokuchaza iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zibe ngamanyala kawonke-wonke, zinika abameli amathuba okulungisa iintsilelo. IBhunga lixhomekeke kakhulu kumsebenzi wokuchaza ezona zinto ziphambili zobuveleli nokujonga umbutho othobela imithetho nemigaqo. Uluntu lwe-IG luye lwavumbulula amawaka ezigidi zeerandi echithwe enkcitho kunye nenkohliso ukutyhubela iminyaka, luyenza ibe yenye yeenkqubo zolawulo ezizinkcitho.

Uqinisekiso

Indima yeBhunga lomgaqo-siseko ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli inika ithuba elibalulekileyo lobuveleli. Ukubethwa kweendlebe kuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba bahlolisise iimfaneleko zabameli, iimbono zemigaqo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha phambi kokubanika igunya lokukhokela amaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngexesha lale ntlanganiso, abaququzeleli bangakhupha izibophelelo kwii-amenine zabo ngokuphathelele ihambo yabo yexesha elizayo kunye nezinto eziphambili zenkqubo, zidala ubuchule bokuphendula ityala obudlulela ngaphaya kogunyaziso lwawo ngokwalo.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa inceda iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba iphande ukuba abameli bale misebenzi banokukhokelwa yimibutho, kusetyenziswa ukutyunjwa njengesithuthi ukuvavanya ukusebenza kombutho kunye nokuphawula izinto eziphambili kwinkokeli ezizayo. Ukuququzelelwa kwemiqathango kungaxhokonxa uphando oluphangaleleyo kwimisebenzi yeziko kunye neempikiswano zangaphambili.

Inkqubo yokubonisa

Inkqubo yokunikezela ngonyaka inika iKhomishini ingcebiso ngezixhobo ezinamandla phezu kwamasebe aphetheyo. Ngoncedo lwezibonelelo, iKhomishini inganyusa okanye inciphise uqingqo-mali lweziko, inqande ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi ethile, okanye ibeke imigaqo kwindlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo. Iikomiti zezenkcazo ziqhuba ulawulo oluphangaleleyo ngexesha lokuchongwa koqingqo-mali, ifuna ukuba abameli bathethelele izicelo zabo zokusebenzisa imali nokukhusela ukusebenza kwazo.

IKhomishini ingasebenzisa abakhweli benkqubo ukukhokela okanye ukumisela imiqathango yomaziko, ukwenza inkqubo ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Ngoxa oku kusenokuphikisana, kumela isixhobo esinamandla solawulo esivumela iKhomishini ukuba iphendule ngokukhawuleza kwizenzo zomaziko ngaphandle kokukhupha umthetho omtsha ogunyazisayo.

Unxibelelwano oluzenzekelayo namava

Ulawulo oluninzi lwengqungquthela luyenzeka ngemijelo engacwangciswanga kunokuba kuthethwe okanye kuphengululwe ngokusesikweni. Abasebenzi beBhunga basoloko benxibelelana namagosa ombutho ukuqokelela inkcazelo, ukuchaza inkxalabo, okanye ukufuna inkcazelo ngezenzo zoorhulumente.

Amalungu aphezulu eBhunga asenokubuza ngqo koonobhala bobugcisa kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu, esebenzisa ulwalamano lwawo kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika ukubumba izigqibo zomaziko. Nangona zingabonakali kakhulu kuneendlebe zikawonke-wonke, le misebenzi yokuvelela ingaba nempumelelo ephezulu ekuphembeleni ukuziphatha nokucombulula iingxaki.

Inkqubo yeKomiti kunye neembopheleleko zolawulo

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili zokukhokela, nekomiti nganye enembopheleleko yokuhlola abameli neenkqubo ezilawulwa yiyo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela amalungu ukuba afunde kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo aze akhulise ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze ajonge kakuhle. Ukuqonda indlela iikomiti ezilungelelanisa umsebenzi wazo kunceda ngayo ukucacisa iinyani ezisebenzisekayo zemigudu yokuphendula kwiintlanganiso.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Iikomiti ezikhoyo ziikomiti ezisisigxina ezilawula ngokuqhubekayo kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo. Zombini iikomiti zendlu neNdlu yeQela zihlala zihleli zihlanganise imisebenzi emikhulu karhulumente enjengeyolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, ukugcinwa kwemali, ezorhwebo, amandla, ulwalamano lwangaphandle, ukhuseleko lwelizwe, ubuchule, imicimbi yejaji, kunye namagqala. Ezi komiti ziqhuba imisebenzi emininzi eqhelekileyo, ziqhuba iindlebe rhoqo namagosa eequmrhu kunye nohlolo lwenkqubo yokusebenza ngokwemiqathango yabo.

Ikomiti nganye emileyo yahlula umsebenzi wayo phakathi kweekomiti eziliqela ezijongene nemimandla emincinane yenkqubo. Ikomiti engaphantsi iqhuba umsebenzi omninzi wobuveleli oneenkcukacha, ivumela amalungu ukuba ahlakulele ubuchule obunzulu kwimibandela ethile ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, iKomiti ePhawula iNdlu ineekomiti ezilishumi elinesibini ezincinci, nganye ijongene nemali ekhethekileyo karhulumente wesizwe nokuphatha loo masebe.

Iikomiti Zotshintsho Nolawulo Norhulumente

IKomiti yeNdlu ekuBumeleni Nakubutyala kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle yoKhuselo lweHlabathi neMicimbi yoRhulumente inegunya lolawulo lorhulumente ngokubanzi, ivumela ukuba bahlole nayiphi na inkalo yemisebenzi karhulumente. Le komiti isoloko isingatha imicimbi enqumla amasebe amaninzi achaphazela amaqumrhu ahlukahlukeneyo okanye ivavanye iimpazamo ezinkulu kunye neempikiswano ezingaphaya kolawulo lwekomiti nganye ezimeleyo.

Ezi komiti ziqwalaselweyo zinamagunya aphando abanzi kwaye zisoloko ziqhuba uphando oluphezulu oluvelisa ingqalelo ebalulekileyo kumajelo eendaba. Umsebenzi wazo uphelelisa ulawulo oluqhutywa zezinye iikomiti ezimileyo, unika umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokuphendula nokuqinisekisa ukuba loo mibandela ibalulekileyo ifumana uphando lwentlanganiso naxa iwile phakathi kweminye iinkalo ezilawulayo zezinye iikomiti.

Khetha kunye neeKomiti ezizodwa

IBhunga ngamanye amaxesha liyila iikomiti ezikhetha okanye ezikhethekileyo ukuphanda ngemibandela ethile okanye iziganeko ezifuna ingqalelo engaphaya kobuchule beekomiti ezimileyo. Ezi komiti zokwexeshana zisoloko zichaza imilinganiselo yobomi kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo, nangona ezinye iikomiti ezikhethiweyo ziye zaba zizinto ezingafaniyo. Khetha iikomiti ziqhube olona phengululo lubalulekileyo lweBhunga, kuquka ii-artlettes, ukuphanda ngeempazamo zezobuchopholo, iimposiso zezobupolitika, kunye neengxoxo ezinkulu.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo ziquka amalungu eNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaye ngokuqhelekileyo zigxininisa kwimicimbi yolawulo okanye kwizifundo eziqhubekayo kunokuba zibekwe umthetho. Noko ke, ezinye iikomiti ezimanyeneyo ziqhuba umsebenzi obalulekileyo wobuveleli. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti eManyaneyo eManyano ihlola ukuphunyezwa kwerhafu, ibonelela umgaqo-mthetho werhafu, ngoxa iikomiti ezimanyeneyo kwithala leencwadi kunye noogxabhaso zijonge ithala leencwadi leBhunga kunye ne-ofisi yoRhulumente.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokulawula Kwengqungquthela

Ulawulo lweBhunga luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, lukhula ngobukhulu nangobuchule njengoko urhulumente wesizwe eye wakhula ngobukhulu nobuntsonkotha. Ukuqonda le nkqubela yembali kunika imeko-nkqubo yokujongana nemisebenzi yanamhlanje kwaye kutyhila indlela iBhunga eliye layitshintsha ngayo imigaqo yokuphendula kwiimeko eziguqukayo.

Imigudu Yolawulo Yangaphambili

IBhunga loLuntu lakhokela ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yeRiphabliki, nangona le migudu yayingaqhelekanga yaye ilinganiselwe kuqheliselo lwale mihla. Uphengululo lwangaphambili lwahlola ukoyiswa komkhosi, amatyala emali, kunye nezityholo zokungalawuleki kwesebe eliphetheyo. Umlinganiselo omncinane karhulumente wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba wawuthetha ukuba iimfuno zobuveleli zazithoba ngokwentelekiso, yaye iBhunga lalingenazo izibonelelo zamagosa kunye nobuchule bokuqhuba imisebenzi yolawulo.

Utshintsho Oluqhubekayo

IXesha leNkxaso ehambela phambili yasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini lazisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo ekujongeni ulawulo lwengqungquthela njengoko abaguquli befuna ukulwa nokonakala nokuphucula ukusebenza korhulumente. Ingqungquthela yadala iinkqubo ezintsha zolawulo, kuquka i-Ofisi yoLawulo Jikelele (ngoku eyi-Akhawunti kaRhulumente) ngo1921, eyanika iKhomishini amandla azimeleyo okuhlola. Ulwandiswa kwamaqumrhu alawulayo ngexesha eli lilo kwandisa imfuneko yokunyamekela ingqungquthela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi misebenzi mitsha ye-bureaucracrackies zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Ulwando lwasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ukukhula okukhulu kukarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngexesha nasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II iimbopheleleko zobuveleli bombutho othe ngqo. Ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu amatsha amaninzi kunye neenkqubo ezithile kwafuna ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo. IBhunga lasabela ngokwandisa abasebenzi beekomiti, ukusungula iikomiti ezijoliswe phambili zobuveleli obutsha, kunye nokuphuhlisa ubuchule obuthe tye. UMthetho wokwalathisa iReorgantition wangonyaka ka-1964 waqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengoxanduva lwengqungquthela kunye neekomiti eziyathisayo ukusebenzisa "ukuqhubeka uphaphakamiso oluphezulu" phezu koooomasebe abasemaqulukweni abo.

Utshintsho lwamanzi kunye nolwasemva

Ihlazo leWatergate leminyaka yee-1970 laphawula ixesha elibi ekujongeni ulawulo lombutho, libonisa ukubaluleka kokomelela kolawulo olunamandla nemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwesebe eliphetheyo. Eli lihlazo lashukumisela iNgqungquthela ukuba yomeleze amandla ayo ngokuphawulekayo, iveze iinkqubo ezintsha zokulawula amaqumrhu obuchule, inkcitho yezezimali, kunye neengxelo zegunya eliphezulu. IInspecter General Act yower ka-1978 yaseka ii-IGs kulo lonke urhulumente wesizwe, iyila umgangatho wokuvelela osisigxilo ngaphakathi kwamaziko.

IKhomishini yamisa imithetho emininzi efuna ukubonakala kwelinye icala kwesebe eliphetheyo nokuziphendulela, kuquka iSigqibo seWar Powers, uLawulo loHlalo-mali noMthetho woLawulo lwe-Impountament, kunye nokulungisa iNguqulo kuMthetho weNdebezo yoLwazi. Ezi nguqu zabonisa ukuzimisela ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwekamva nokuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linokuwahlola ngokunempumelelo amandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla

Ulawulo lwengqungquthela yeNtlalo-ntle yeNtlalo-ntle lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha oluvela ekuntsonkothekeni korhulumente wale mihla, ukuhlahlela kwemimandla ejikelezayo, kunye nobugcisa obujikelezayo. Urhulumente wengingqi ngoku usebenza kwiindawo zobugcisa obuphezulu njengokhuseleko lwekhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungeyomvelo, kunye nobugcisa bebhayoloji, nto leyo efuna abaveleli bombutho-ngquthela ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule kwimibandela entsonkothileyo. Amaqela amaqela anokudodoba ukuphumelela xa amalungu ebeka impumelelo yezopolitiki kuxanduva, eqhuba ulawulo olunogonyamelo lobugxanduva obungaphakaxanduva.

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Ngumqathango Kwebutho

Nangona ukuvelela ingqungquthela kunceda kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuziphendulela, ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kunye nemiqathango enokuthi inciphise ukusebenza kwayo. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kunceda kumisele ulindelo olusengqiqweni ngoko ukuvelela okunokufezwa nokuchaza iindawo apho utshintsho lungaqinisa khona inkqubo yokuphendulana.

Izishwankathelo

Amasebe alawulayo anenkcazelo eninzi ngemisebenzi yawo kunaleyo inokuba nethemba lokufumana ngemisebenzi yobuveleli. Izikhululo ziqesha amawaka eengcali asebenza ixesha elipheleleyo kwiinkqubo ezithile, ngelixa iikomiti zequmrhu kufuneka zahlule ingqalelo yazo phakathi kwemiba emininzi enezibonelelo zabasebenzi ezisikelwe umda. Le nkcazelo ithetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha amaqumrhu angazifihla iingxaki okanye alahlekise abaveleli-burhulumente, ingakumbi xa eqhubana nemicimbi yobugcisa ephezulu.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Iikomiti zeBhunga ezisebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo nabasebenzi abathelekiswa nesebe elikhulu eliphetheyo abaliphetheyo. Ngoxa abasebenzi beekomiti beye bakhula kaninzi kakhulu ukudlula amashumi eminyaka, banokubekwa ngomlinganiselo ongaphantsi ngabasebenzi besebe. Oku kungalingani koncedo kusikelwe ngumqathango onokuthi iNkqutyana yokukhokela nokunyanzela imisele imicimbi ethile ngoxa ityeshela eminye. Ulawulo lwezicwangciso ezisebenza kakuhle lusoloko lufumana ingqalelo encinane kunokuphengulula amanyala okanye iingxaki, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba iingxaki zivele zingavalwa.

Name

Ulwandiso lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo olukhulayo lunento yokwenza nolawulo oluntsonkothileyo, njengoko amalungu esenokuba nomdla kakhulu ekugxininiseni iingongoma zezobupolitika kunokuqhuba uvavanyo lwenjongo lomsebenzi karhulumente. Ukulawula icandelo elinye kusenokuba nzima kakhulu kunolawulo oluchaseneyo lwezabelo, ukwenza uxanduva olungaguquguqukiyo kuxhomekeke kubaphi iqela elilawula iBhunga neNdlu yoMkhosi omhlophe. Ungquzulwano lwamacaphulwano lungathintela iikomiti ekufikeleleni ukuvumelana kwezona ziphambili okanye ezifunyenweyo, ukunciphisa impembelelo yomsebenzi wazo.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nokufihla Imbilini

Isebe elilawulayo lingaxhathisa ulawulo lombutho-siseko ngokubiza ilungelo eliphezulu, inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye ezinye izizathu zokungalufumani ulwazi. Ngoxa iinkundla ziye zavuma imiqathango kwezi ngxelo, amadabi asemthethweni okufikelela ulwazi anokusetyenziswa kangangeminyaka, athintele ukujongwa kwenkcazelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, athintele ulawulo olufanelekileyo. Ulwazi olulungiselelweyo lungabangela iingxaki ezithile, njengoko iBhunga limele lilungelelanise iimbopheleleko zalo zobuveleli kunye nemibandela yokhuseleko esemthethweni, kwaye amagosa esebe aphetheyo angayibeka iliso eligqithiselenqe ukuze aphephe ukuxilongwa.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezixhobo Ezilinganiselweyo

IBhunga alikho igunya elingqalileyo lokunyanzelisa amagosa aphezulu esebe angafuni ukusebenzisana nezicelo zobuveleli. Ngoxa iBhunga linokuwadela amangqina, ityala lifuna intsebenziswano kwiSebe lezezobulungisa, elisenokungafuni ukuthomalalisa amagosa aphezulu esebe. Ukunyanzeliswa kwamagosa alawulayo kwiinkundla kusenokucotha kwaye kungaqiniseki. Oku kuthintela ukuba amagosa alawulayo agqibelelayo esebe maxa wambi anokude ajonge ukuthotyelwa kwemiqathango yeziphumo ezilinganiselwe.

Ingqalelo Kawonke-wonke Nokugqunywa Kwamajelo eendaba

Ulawulo olunempumelelo ludla ngokuxhomekeka kwingqalelo kawonke-wonke nakwinkcazelo yamajelo eendaba ukuze kuveliswe uxinzelelo lotshintsho. Noko ke, imisebenzi emininzi yooveleli ingenaso isaziso esiphezulu sikawonke-wonke, yaye kwanezinto ezibalulekileyo zokuva zisenokungahoywa zimithombo yamajelo esasazo ezijoliswe kumabali achukumisayo. Ngaphandle kolwazelelelo lukawonke-wonke, amaziko asenokuziva zingacingi kangako ukuba aphendule kwiinkxalabo zombutho, anciphise ubuchule bokuvelela. Uphando olubalaseleyo lungafumana ingqalelo engaphaya kolu hlobo lomsebenzi wobuveleli obalulekileyo kodwa ongaphawulekiyo aluphawulekiyo.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Yolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ulwalathiso lwequmrhu lubhenca ububi, lubangela utshintsho, yaye lunika amagosa karhulumente ityala ngezenzo zawo. Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile ibonisa indlela ulawulo olusebenza ngayo nokubonakalisa impembelelo yalo kwimisebenzi karhulumente nakwinkqubo kawonke wonke.

Uphando Olubangelwa Kukuhamba Kwamanzi

Uphando lweKomiti yeNdlu yamanzi eNixon lokusebenzisa kakubi igunya lubonakala njengowona mgudu wolawulo odumileyo wobungangamsha kwimbali yamaMelika. Iindlebe zekomiti zalichukumise elo lizwe zaza zaveza umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olungomgaqo-siseko oye ekugqibeleni lwakhokelela kuMongameli Nixon. Uphengululo lwabonisa ukuba uCongress uyakwazi ukuvavanya amandla olawulo oluphezulu naxa ejongene nomongameli odumileyo, kwaye lwabangela utshintsho oluhlala luhleli ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxhatshazwa kwekamva.

Iran- Contra Affir

Uphando lweBhunga loMbutho kwiNtlanganiso ye-Iran-Contra ngexesha lolawulo lukaReagan lwatyhila ukuba amagosa aphetheyo esebe aye adayise izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran kwaye aphambukisa ukuxhasa abavukeli baseNicaragua ekuphuleni kwemithetho evaliweyo. Uphando oludityanisiweyo lweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtshona Koloni lwabhenca ukuchana kwetyala lolawulo loburhulumente kunye nemigaqo yamazwe angaphandle.

Uphando Ngeengxaki Zemali

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iikomiti zombutho zakhokela ulawulo oluphangaleleyo lwamaziko alawulayo ngokwemali, zihlola indlela abangazange baphumelele ngayo ukuthintela amanqam nendlela abasabela ngayo kuwo. Olu hlolisiso lwabonisa ukuba abalawuli abalawulayo abalawulayo, iimbambano zomdla, kunye nabalawuli abangeneleyo bemingcinga-nkqubo yemali. Lo msebenzi wokujonga iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsuer Protection Act nezinye iimpendulo zemithetho elawula imicimbi efuna ingxube-mali

ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yezeNkcubeko yezeMpilo lijongene

Uphando lweKomiti yeNkcubeko lutyhila iingxaki ezinzulu kwinkqubo yeSebe loKhuseleko lwezeMicimbi yezeMpilo, kuquka ixesha elide lokulinda ixesha lokumiswa kwemibutho kunye neengxelo ezigqwethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukufihla ukungaphumeleli kolawulo lweekomiti kwaye lwabangela ukurhoxa koNobhala weVA. IBhunga laphendula ngokunika umthetho ongakumbi oovimba kunye notshintsho, ebonisa indlela ukuvelela okunokuphawula ngayo iingxaki nesenzo sokulungisa icandelo lomzimba.

Ulawulo loluntu lobuntlola

Iikomiti zobuntlola zeBhunga ziqhuba umsebenzi wokhuseleko oluchukumiskileyo lwesizwe, kuquka iinkqubo zokujonga, iinkqubo zokuhlola, kunye nokuqokelela imicimbi yobulumko. Ngoxa ukujonga oku kusenzeka emva kweminyango evaliweyo ukuze kukhuselwe ulwazi olululwayo, kusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Iingxelo ezimalunga neenkqubo zokujonga iintlanganiso ziye zabangela uphando kunye notshintsho lokukhusela amathuba okhuseleko ngoxa kusenziwa ukhuseleko, nto leyo ebonisa ucelomngeni lokunyamekela imisebenzi yorhulumente emfihlekweni kwidemokhrasi.

Indima Yokubonisa Ukukhanya Kulawulo Olunempumelelo

Ukubonakala kwelinye icala kusebenza njengesiseko solawulo olusebenzayo lwengqungquthela, kuvumela iNgqungquthela noluntu ukuba bajonge imisebenzi karhulumente baze baphendule amagosa. Ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinkcazelo ngoko kwenziwa ngabameli bakarhulumente, ukujongana kuba yinto engenakwenzeka. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kokubona ngaphaya nokuphendula kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni urhulumente evulekile kuyimfuneko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Inkululeko yolwazi

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inika indlela ebalulekileyo yokubonisa, ivumela abemi, iintatheli, kunye nabasebenzi bombutho ukuba bacele iirekhodi zikarhulumente. Izicelo zeFAIA zityhile iingxaki ezininzi kunye nezenzo ezimanyumnyezi ebezinokuhlala zifihliwe. Ngelixa amaqumrhu echasa izicelo okanye iimpendulo ezilibazisayo, umthetho umisela umgaqo obalulekileyo wokuba ulwazi lukarhulumente lungolwabantu bonke kwaye kufuneka lufikeleleke ngaphandle kokuba iimvume ezithile zisebenza.

Ukuvula Ityala Neengxelo Zoluntu

Iingxelo ze-Congregation eziqhutywa kuwonke wonke zidala ukuba kucace gca malunga nemisebenzi yorhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo lombutho woburhulumente. Iindlebe ezicukucezi zivumela abemi ukuba babone abameli babo bebuza amagosa aphezulu esebe nokuvavanya ubungangamsha obuqhutywayo. Iingxelo zokuva okusisigxina koluntu zinikela uxwebhu olusisigxina olunokuqwalaselwa ngabaphandi, iintatheli, kunye nabacuphi bexesha elizayo. i-webhsayithi ye-sethi ye-compution [[FLT]] egoriccotion enika abameli abameli abakwizigqweqweni, iingxelo zekomiti, namanye amaxwebhu olawulo.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Abavuli-vuthuzi abanikela ingxelo yenkcitho karhulumente, ubuqhophololo, ukuxhaphaza, okanye ukungekho mthethweni banikela inkcazelo ebalulekileyo kulawulo lombutho. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwabacuphi bemiloti lukhuthaza abasebenzi borhulumente ukuba baqhubeke benolwazi ngeengxaki ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. IBhunga liye laqinisa ukhuseleko lwabaqhubi bempempe, liqonda ukuba abangaphakathi basoloko benolwazi olunenkcukacha zolawulo lokwenza okubi, kwaye ukuvuma kwabo ukuchaza iingxaki kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo esemthethweni eyaneleyo.

Iimfuno zeNkcitho yezeMali

Iimfuno zokuba amagosa karhulumente atyhile izilangazelelo zawo zemali ziyanceda ekuthinteleni iingxwabangxwaba-ngquzulwano zenzala norhwaphilizo. Ezi mfuneko zityhilwayo zinceda abaveleli bombutho kunye noluntu ukuba bachaze iingxabano ezinokubakho kwaye baqinisekise ukuba amagosa enza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kumdla kawonke-wonke kunokuba afumane inzuzo yemali. Ukubonakala kwemali kwakhona kuyanceda ekuboneni ukunganyaniseki nokuzihambela ngendlela enokuthi ngaphandle koko kungabonwa.

Indlela Abami Abanokunikela Ngayo Ulawulo Lweziko

Abaveleli banokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi yobuveleli ngokulandela iindlebe neengxelo zequmrhu, kubanceda baqonde indlela abameli babo abanoxanduva ngayo kurhulumente. Abameli abaqhagamshelana nabo ukuze bavakalise inkxalabo okanye baxhase amanyathelo obuveleli bakhuthaza ukuphendula iimbopheleleko zeBhunga lize lincede liqinisekise ukuba iBhunga libeke iimbopheleleko zobuveleli. Ukuqonda okuselubalaseleni kuyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yobuveleli kwaye kuvelise izisusa zezobupolitika kumalungu eBhunga ukuba aqhube ulongaziso loorhulumente ngamandla kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula isebe eliphetheyo.

Imisebenzi Yekomiti Elandelayo

Abami abanomdla kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo-nkqubo banokulandela umsebenzi weekomiti zeekomiti ezifanelekileyo ngeewebhsayithi, ezidla ngokuphuma emva kocwangciso lokuva, ubungqina neengxelo. Iikomiti ezininzi ziqukuqela iintetho zevidiyo ezikhoyo nezirekhodiweyo ukuze zibukelwe kamva. Ukuthunyelwa kweekomiti ezibhaliweyo kwiikomiti okanye ezilandelayo kwijelo leendaba loluntu kunika uhlaziyo malunga nemisebenzi elandelayo yokuvelela neengxelo ezintsha ezikhutshwe.

IC-SPAN inikela uqulunqo olubanzi lwezindululo zobugqeba kunye neenkqubo zomgangatho, inika abemi ithuba elingalungiswanga lokufikelela kwimisebenzi yobuququzeleli. Ukubukela iindlebe ngokungqalileyo kunokuthembela kuphela kwinkcazelo yamajelo eendaba kuvumela abemi ukuba bazenzele imigwebo yabo ngokuphathelele ubunjani bokuphatha nokuncinwa kwemiba.

Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho

Abahlali bangakhuthaza ukuvelela ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo ukuze bavakalise inkxalabo ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente okanye bakhuthaze uphando ngeemibandela ezithile. Amalungu eKhomishini anikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano olukhoyo, ingakumbi xa efumana uqhagamshelwano oluninzi malunga nomba omnye. Inkcukacha, uthungelwano olunenkcukacha olubonisa iingxaki ezithile kwaye lucebisa ukuba iindlela zobuveleli zibonakala ziphumelela kakhulu.

Xa kuthethwa nabameli ngemibandela yobuveleli, abemi bafanele bangqale ngoko bafuna ukuba iNgqungquthela iphande nangesizathu sokuba le mbambano ibangele ukuba izibakala ezinxulumene nayo, amaxwebhu, okanye imizekelo incede abasebenzi bombutho bayiqonde le mbambano baze bahlolisise enoba ifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngabaveleli. Ukulandela amaqabane okuqala nokubulela abameli xa beqhuba imicimbi exhalabisayo kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwemigudu yokuziphendulela.

Imibutho yababoniseli exhasayo

Imibutho emininzi engafumani ngeniso ijonge imisebenzi karhulumente kwaye ixhasa ukuvelela nokuphendula ityala elinamandla. Amaqela afana neProjekthi Yolawulo lukaRhulumente, Isizathu Esiqhelekileyo, kunye ne-Citizens for Junice and Ethics for the profection in Washington, ifakela izicelo zeFOIA, kwaye inyanzelisa ukuvelela iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngeminikelo okanye ngemibutho yamatsha - ntliziyo kukhuthaza abemi ukuba baphendule.

La maqela eenja ajongileyo asoloko echaza imibandela efanelwe yingqalelo yengqungquthela kwaye anika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ezinceda abasebenzi bombutho baqonde iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo. Kwakhona alandela imisebenzi yobuveleli bombutho kunye namalungu eqela kwimisebenzi yawo yobuveleli, edala ukuphendula koluntu ngemigudu yoxanduva lweBhunga.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yogqabazo Lowonkewonke

Amasebe azimeleyo kufuneka anike amathuba okugqabaza ngemimiselo ecetyiweyo nezinye izenzo ezininzi. Ukuba nenxaxheba kwezi nkqubo zokugqabaza kuvumela abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo zoorhulumente nokuyila iirekhodi abaveleli abanokuzihlolisisa kamva. Amagqabaza oluntu achaza iingxaki ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo okanye izenzo zombutho anokwenza ukuba abameli bangazikhathaleli izinto ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuhlala Usazi Ngolwazi Oluhle

I-Arhente idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubhencani iingxaki zikarhulumente nasekukhokeleleni ubucukubhede bequmrhu. Ukuxhasa ubugcisa obusemgangathweni ngomrhumo nangeminikelo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli zinobuncwane bokuphanda imisebenzi karhulumente. Ngokufuthi intathelo ityhila iingxaki ezixhobisa uphando lwengqungquthela, kwaye ukunikezelwa kwazo kwemibalwa kunceda ukwazisa uluntu ngoko kufunyaniswe yiBhunga.

Abemi kufuneka bafune imithombo ehlukeneyo, ethembekileyo yemithombo yeendaba enika ingqwalaselo encinane yemisebenzi karhulumente kunye nolawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwengcaciso yolwahlulelwano nengxelo eyinyaniso kunceda abemi baluhlolisise ngokuchanekileyo ulwazi baze bamisele iimbono ezichanekileyo malunga neemfuno zikarhulumente zolawulo.

Ukujolisa okusekelwe kumsebenzi wobuntlola

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo abemi abanokukhuthaza ngayo ukuba abelumkela ngokunempumelelo kukuqwalasela iingxelo zovelelayo xa kuvotwa. Amalungu eKhomishini athatha iimbopheleleko zawo zobuveleli ngokunzulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elilawulayo, afanelwe kukunconywa kwaye axhaswe. Ngokuchasene noko, amalungu atyeshelayo okanye aqhuba iliso ngendlela ezijongene nokuphendula kwibhokisi yebhola.

Ukusetyenziswa kobuveleli kufuna ukuba ujonge ngaphaya kwengongoma zokuthetha ezisuka kwiqela labantu ukuze uhlolisise oko amalungu akuphumezayo ngokwenene ngomsebenzi wawo wobuveleli. Ngaba aqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo? Ngaba alandela ubungqina naphi na apho bukhokelela khona? Ngaba acebisa izicombululo eziluncedo kwiingxaki azifumanayo? Ngaba ajonge abaphathi abanobuhlobo nabachasayo nabanobungqongqo obufanayo? Le mibuzo inceda ukuphawula abameli ababeka imbopheleleko yokwenene kwiingenelo zezobupolitika.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ulawulo lweBhunga kufuneka luqhubeke lucombulula iingxaki ezivelayo nokuhlala luphumelela ekuphenduleni urhulumente.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo

Ubugcisa bokuphuhlisa budala imingeni emitsha yokujonga kunye nezixhobo ezintsha zolawulo. Ingqungquthela kufuneka iveze amandla okuvelela iinkqubo zobugcisa ezintsonkothileyo, ukusuka kwiimithetho-manani yobuchule obungeyonkqubo esetyenziswa ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente ukuya kuqheliselo lokukhusela ikhompyutha. Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa bungaphuhlisa ubuchule bokuphatha ngogcino-lwazi oluchaza iipakethe zenkunkuma okanye ubuqhetseba, kunye nemigangatho yemichiza eyenza ulwazi lukarhulumente lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubaveleli nakubantu.

Ukuqinisa amandla eziko

Abanye abaququzeleli botshintsho bakhuthaza ukwanda kwabasebenzi bombutho kunye nobuncwane bokwandisa umgangatho wobuveleli. Ukubonelela ngeekomiti zabaphandi, abahlalutyi abangakumbi, kunye neengcali zemibandela kunganceda iNgqungquthela iqhube ulawulo olucokisekileyo noluncumisayo. Ukuveliswa kweenkonzo kwinkxaso yombutho efana neGO neKhompathiswa yeNkqubela-zincwadi kungawaqinisa nawamandla okujonga.

Ukunciphisa Ubalo

Ukufumana iindlela zokuqhuba ulawulo olungakumbi lwezibonelelo kungenza ukunyaniseka nokusebenza kwazo. Ezinye iingcebiso zicebisa ukuba kubekho iindlela zolawulo ezisebenza ngaphandle kolawulo oluchaseneyo, okanye ukuseka izithethe ezikhuthaza ulawulo oluzinzileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elinegunya. Nangona ukungavisisani okukhoyo kuya kusoloko kuphembelela uvelela, ukunciphisa ezona nguqulelo zigqithisileyo zingenza utshintsho.

Ukuphucula Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Izixhobo

Ukuqinisa amandla eBhunga okunyanzelisa iimfuno zobuveleli kunokwenza uphatho lube nempumelelo. Izindululo ziquka ukusungula iinkqubo zokugweba ezilungiselelweyo zokucombulula iimpikiswano zolwazi, ukuseka iindlela ezizimeleyo zokugweba ukunyotywa kweBhunga, okanye ukumisela izigwebo ezizenzekelayo kumaqumrhu angavumelaniyo nezicelo zenkcazelo. Olu tshintsho lunganciphisa amandla amagosa aphetheyo esebe ukusuka nje angawuhoyi ulawulo lombutho.

Ukudlulisela Imbonakalo

Ukuqhubeka ukwandisa ukubonakala korhulumente ngokweemfuno ezomeleleyo zokutyhilwa, ukuphucula ukufikelela kukawonke-wonke kulwazi, kunye nokukhusela okungcono kokufunxa iimpempe kungakulungela ukuvelela okunempumelelo. Ukwenza ugcino-lwazi olungakumbi lukarhulumente ngobume obufikelelekayo kungenza ukuba abaveleli bombutho kunye nabaqwalaseli abangaphandle bakwazi ukuchonga iingxaki lula. USA.gov amanyathelo okubonisa ukukhanya [ amele amanyathelo kule ndlela, nangona kunokwenziwa okuninzi.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kolawulo Netyala Ledemokhrasi

Ulawulo lweKhongrhulumentali lusebenza njengekhonkco elibalulekileyo ekudibaniseni ukuphenduliswa kwezenzo zikarhulumente nezobudemokhrasi. Kwidemokhrasi emela ulawulo-mgangathweni, abemi abanako ukulawula ngokungqalileyo imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente, kodwa banokunyula abameli abajonga urhulumente ngenxa yabo. Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni imicimbi yokuvelela kungekhona nje ukuthintela ukulahlwa nokunganyaniseki, kodwa nokugcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokwalo.

Xa iqhuba ulawulo oluphumelelayo, yenza abemi bafumane ithuba lokuphendula urhulumente ngenkqubo yokhetho. Uphando oluthe ngqo lutyhila inkcazelo ephathelele ukusebenza korhulumente abavoti kufuneka benze izigqibo zolwazi. Ngaphandle kwale nkcazelo, unyulo alunakuwufeza ngokunempumelelo umsebenzi wabo wokuphendula, njengoko abavoti bengayi kuswela ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze bavavanye enoba abameli babo namagosa abo bakhonza umdla kawonke-wonke.

Kwakhona ukulawula kuqinisa umgaqo-siseko wokuba amagosa karhulumente ngabakhonzi babantu, kungekhona abaphathi. Ngokuthobela amagosa esebe aphezulu ukuba abuze aze aphengulule, iBhunga libakhumbuza ukuba basebenzisa igunya abalinike igunya elithi ekugqibeleni lifumaneke kulongamo oluqhelekileyo. Olu lwalamano lokuphendula lunceda ekuthinteleni ukuphuhliswa kwesebe elilawula i-ofisi elingaphaya kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Umgangatho wobuveleli bombutho wobuququzeleli obuchaphazele ngqo ubunjani bedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Oontaka, abangenanxaxheba ababeka ingqwalaselo kwinzuzo yezobupolitika bomeleza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngokucace gca. Ngokuchasene noko, ulawulo olubuthathaka okanye oluneenkxalabo ezithi zijongele phantsi iingxaki okanye zijolise kuphela kwihlazo lezobupolitika linciphisa ukulawulwa yidemokhrasi kwaye livumela ukuba ukungabikho kolawulo lwezomfaneleko kuqhubeke.

Ukulungelelanisa Ulawulo Nolawulo

Ngoxa ukuvelela kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuphendula, iKhomishini kufuneka ilungelelanise iimbopheleleko zayo kunye neminye imisebenzi yayo yomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukugunyazisa, ukubeka imvume, nokumela iimali. Ukujolisa okugqithisileyo ekunyamekeleni, ingakumbi xa iqhutywa ziimpembelelo eziphenjelelwa ziintlalo-ntle, kungaphazamisa ekwenzeni inkqubo eyakhayo nokuthintela iBhunga ekucombululeni iingxaki zesizwe.

Owona mgangatho uphumelelayo wokuxhasa kunokuthatha indawo yomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho. Ulawulo kufuneka lwazise umthetho ngokuchaza iingxaki ezifuna izicombululo zomthetho kunye nokuhlolisisa indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo. Xa ulawulo luba sisiphelo sokwenza imixholo yemidlalo kunokuphuhlisa urhulumente, luchitha ubuncwane bombutho kwaye lungaphazamisana nokuphendula ngokudala ubugcungcuthekisi ngeenjongo zobugocigoci.

IBhunga kufuneka liqonde ukuba iqondo elithile lobuchule besebe elilawulayo nozimeleyo liyimfuneko ukuze ulawulo lube nempumelelo. Imisebenzi yemijelo encinane yokulawula ngokugqithisileyo inokuthintela amagosa ekusebenziseni umgwebo nobubhetyebhetye obufunekayo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukuphendula ngaphandle kokungasebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe asebenza kwimida esemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko ngoxa egcina amandla okufeza iinkonzo zawo ngokunempumelelo.

Imbono yomhlaba wonke yolawulo lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho lukho kulawulo-bulunga ehlabathini lonke, nangona iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente zilungelelanisa ulawulo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ukuhlolisisa indlela amanye amazwe aqhuba ngayo ukuvelela kunokunikela uluvo kwiindlela ezingezinye iindlela kunye nezinokutshintshwa kuqheliselo lwaseMerika.

Iinkqubo zePalamente, apho isebe elilawulayo liphuma kuninzi lwemithetho, lijongene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo lokwahlula amagunya aseMerika. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, iqela elilawulayo okanye imibutho ehlangeneyo isenokungabi nazintshukumisa zininzi zokongamela igunya layo, nangona amaqela enkcaso kunye namaqumrhu ajongene neenkcubeko angoothile anokunikela ingqwalaselo. Ezinye iinkqubo zepalamente ziye zayila amaziko olawulo oluzimeleyo, anjenge-ombududs okanye ii-ofisi zophicol, ezisebenza ngaphandle kolawulo lwe-accutive.

Amazwe amaninzi aye aseka amaziko angoonontlalo - ntle achasene norhwaphilizo namaziko afumana uphando ancedisayo ekujongeni ulawulo. La masebe angafuna ukuphanda ngogonyamelo ngakumbi kunaxa izikhululo zemithetho yowiso-mthetho zidimaza, ingakumbi xa iingqwalasela zezobupolitika zidimaza izicelo ezifanayo, nangona iUnited States iye yacinga ukuba inkxalabo yokudala amaziko anamandla angabhaliswanga imigaqo-mthetho iye yawamisela imiqathango encinane ukuba amkeleke.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge i-Organition for Economic Co-operation and Development ikhuthaza ezona ndlela zobutyala nokukhanya korhulumente, inika iinkqubo amazwe anokuzivumelanisa neenkqubo zawo. Le migangatho yezizwe ngezizwe igxininisa ukubaluleka kobuveleli obuzimeleyo, imisebenzi karhulumente ecacileyo, kunye nokhuseleko kubavuli-mpempe kunye neentatheli ze-Accertve.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokunyamekela Ingqungquthela

Ulawulo lweKhomishini lusafuneka kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, inika ityala kwiqumrhu elikhulu lemigaqo-siseko yorhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yezomGaqo-siseko neyomthetho. Ngoxa ulongamelo lujamelene neengxaki eziphawulekayo, ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kweenkxalabo ezikhoyo ukuya ekuxhathiseni kwesebe eliphetheyo, luyaqhubeka lusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekubhenceni ububi, ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa, nasekuphuculeni ukusebenza kukarhulumente.

Ukuphumelela kobuveleli akuxhomekekanga nje kuphela kwimibutho ebumbeneyo kunye namandla, kodwa kwakhona nakumanyano kunye nenkxaso yoluntu. Abahlali abaqonda ukubaluleka kobuveleli, abalandela imisebenzi yobuveleli, nabamele baphendule abameli babo ngokuqhuba uqeqesho olunamandla lokuqinisekisa ukuba eli lungiselelo libalulekileyo lokuphendula lihlala liqinile. Kwixesha lemisebenzi enzima karhulumente kunye nolwahlulo olunzima, ukugcina ulawulo olunempumelelo kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kwiBhunga nakubemi abameleyo.

Njengokuba urhulumente eqhubeka ebhenela kwaye ejamelana nocelomngeni olutsha, ukujongana nequmrhu kufuneka kulungelelanise lo msebenzi wakhe ongundoqo wokuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokubonakala. Ngokuqonda indlela ulawulo olusebenza ngayo, ukuqonda iintsilelo zalo, nokuxhasa imigudu yokulomeleza, abemi banokunceda ekulondolozeni olu vavanyo lubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente baze balondoloze ukuphendula okufunekayo ngulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba igunya elingenatyala likhokelela ekucinezeleni, kwaye bayila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze bathintele naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ekusebenzeni okungaphaya kokulawulwa. Ulawulo lombutho-siseko lumela enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo lo mbono womgaqo-siseko ofezekiswa ngayo. Ukukhusela nokuqinisa amandla okunyamekela kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala emele aphendule abantu abawukhonzayo, ulondoloza imigaqo yedemokhrasi apho uhlanga lwamiselwa khona.