Xa ukhupha indlu yangasese, ukhwela uduladula, okanye ufumana i-evenkile yoKhuseleko loluntu, uchukumisa umsebenzi karhulumente ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Abafundi abaninzi nabafundisi bayayiqonda ingcamango ebanzi yamasebe amathathu (ii-arhente, i-wignotility, i-justival, i-account, i-application) kodwa bambalwa abayiqondayo indlela [[[[[FLT: 0]] epheleleyo, i-ogractal, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni] ohlanganisana ukuze babumbe phantse onke amaxesha obomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwimithetho yengingqi edluliselwe kwibhunga lesixeko sakho, umgange ngamnye uphathe igunya elahlukileyo, imijelo edibanileyo, nokuphendula. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela izigqibo zabo eziditya ngayo phakathi kwe-meter yakho, kwaye linikela iindlela eziluncedo ukuze wenze ngazo iintambo zakho.

Isakhiwo esineenqanawa ezintathu esibunjwe ngoorhulumente baseMerika

IUnited States yinkqubo engundoqo , amandla athethayo ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Zombini zifumana igunya kuMgaqo-siseko, kwaye zombini zidibene ngqo nabemi. Kumazwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni , izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo , zisebenza njengezidalwa zikarhulumente, zisebenzisa amandla anikwe ngumthetho nemithetho. Ukuqonda le sakhiwo linyathelo lokuqala lokubona isizathu sokuba umngxuma esitratweni sakho ube yingxaki kamasipala, ngelixa ukulibazisela kwakho ekuvuselelweni kwakho kwesi sakhiwo somhlaba kungurhulumente, ngoko kungurhulumente.

Urhulumente Womanyano: INkulukazi EWashington

Ikomkhulu lelizwe, urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe okanye leyo inqumla imida. Ingalo yakhe yowiso-mthetho, iKhonkxane, ibunjwe ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli (435 amalungu ovota, yahlulwe ngabantu) kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso (amalungu ali-100, amabini kwiphondo ngalinye). Bobabini banikela imithetho emalunga anjengendawo yokufuduka, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, urhwebo, namalungelo abantu. Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli, linyanzelela umthetho wesizwe, ngoxa ijadicariary iwutolika.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zomanyano

  • ukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe — ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukudibanisa izivumelwano, nokumela i-U.S.
  • Isitati kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe — urhwebo olulawulayo phakathi kwamazwe kunye namanye amazwe, kuquka i-staffers, ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kunye nemithetho echasene nokholo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imali kunye nebhanki — ukushicilela, ukuseka inzala kwiFederal Reserve, nokufaka imali egciniweyo ebhankini (FDIC).
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iinkqubo ze-inshorensi ye-inshorensi — Ukhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemali yezonyango (Imithetho yokutshintshiselana ngokukhathalelwa kwemali enokufikeleleka).
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo e- — ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Ngenxa yokuba imithetho karhulumente iphezulu kwimithetho karhulumente xa ingquzulana (ngapha koko iSupremacy Claus kwiGatya lesi-6 loMgaqo-siseko), iKhomishini ingamisela imilinganiselo encinci emele ilandelwe yimeko. Kodwa uburhulumente bukwashiya indawo enkulu karhulumente nolwahluka-hluka lwasekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, xa urhulumente wesizwe emisela umvuzo omncinane ngeFair Labor Standard Act, amaphondo angamisela (kwayeninzi) imivuzo ephezulu.

URhulumente: Inkcitho yeDemokhrasi

Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wakhe, obonakalisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente esinegunya elilawulayo (igovernor), indlu yowiso-mthetho (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yindibano yorhulumente okanye ingqungquthela jikelele), kunye nejaji. Urhulumente ujongene nemithetho emininzi yasekhaya echukumisa abemi ngokuthe ngqo: imfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, izibonelelo zezothutho, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemimiselo emininzi yemekobume. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S. imbize amazwe ukuba abe yimeko-demokhrasithi ye-dekhrasiste” ngenxa yokuba anokuzama ngemigaqo eyahlukeneyo.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zemeko

  • [[UMTL:0] K-12 kunye nemfundo ephezulu — ukuxhasa izikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukumisela imigangatho yohlelo, ukuseka iimfuno zokufundisa.
  • Urhwebo — ukwakha nokugcina iindlela zikarhulumente, iindlela, kunye neebhulorho; ukuvelela ukubhalisa nokubhalisa kwemoto.
  • Ukunyamekela impilo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke — ukuphatha iMedicaid (inkxaso exhaswa ngurhulumente wezwe), ukulawula izibhedlele, nokulungisa ukuqhambuka kwezifo.
  • Ityala lomthetho — lichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi (uphando, ukuhlasela, ukubulala) kunye nokusebenza kwamapolisa karhulumente, iintolongo kunye neenkqubo zenkundla.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umgaqo we-Environmental — ukunyanzela umoya nomgangatho wamanzi, ngokufuthi ngoomeli abafana neKhadi yeZibonelelo ze-Air Air.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo zikwasingatha imibandela emininzi yesibini enjengemithetho yomtshato, ukunyanzelwa kweengcali (oogqirha, amagqwetha, abachebi), nemimiselo yokuthengwa kotywala. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho karhulumente inokuhluka-hlukene kakhulu, apho uhlala khona ichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukhetho lwakho lokunyamekela impilo yakho, oko ukuhlawula kwirhafu kwanokuthenga ngeCawa.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Apho Imali Eninzi Idibana Nabantu

Oorhulumente bendawo ngezantsi kwe-(oomatiloshe, izixeko, iidolophu, iilali, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo (njengeebhodi zesikolo okanye amagunya amanzi) ). bafumana eyona nkonzo yoluntu. Badalwa ngurhulumente kwaye banokuphinda balungiswe okanye bapheliswe ngurhulumente, kodwa banenkululeko yokwenene kubomi boluntu lwamihla le. Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo “kulawulo lwekhaya” kwimimiselo karhulumente okanye kwimimiselo jikelele.

Iimbopheleleko Zangaphakathi Ezingundoqo

  • [[Ukhuseleko: 0] ukhuseleko lwePublic — amasebe amapolisa, iinkonzo zomlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokugcinwa kwekhowudi.
  • izibonelelo zendawo engqongileyo — izitrato, iindlela, izibane zesitrato, izikhukula, amanzi, kunye nenkqubo zokulahla amanzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqhatha kunye nomhlaba kusetyenziswa[ — gqiba oko kunokwenziwa apho, ukusuka kumakhaya eentsapho ezilishumi elinesithandathu ukuya kwimizi - mveliso, kunye nokukhupha imvume yokwakha.
  • izikolo ezikwindawo ekufuphi — nangona ngokwenxalenye inkxaso-mali i-R3, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zenza ukuqeshwa, uqeqesho, kunye nezigqibo zoqingqo-mali.
  • IiPark kunye nezokuzonwabisa — ukulondoloza iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amathala eencwadi, amaziko oluntu, namaqula okuqubha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Irhafu kunye neerhafu ezikummandla [ — irhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso (ngokufuthi izabelana norhulumente), kunye nerhafu yemvume okanye iinkonzo.

Ibhunga okanye ikomishini yengingqi yesixeko liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho onokuhlala kulo ngokulula, kwaye izigqibo zalo zingachaphazela amaxabiso empahla yakho, ixesha elincinane, kwanezo zithengwa onokuzithenga (ukuba ibhunga livala iivenkile ezinamatya okanye iingxowa zeplastiki). Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwalamano lusoloko lungumgangatho olula kakhulu kubemi basekuhlaleni ukuphembelela.

Indlela Izigqibo Zomanyano, Urhulumente Nezasekuhlaleni Ezikumgangatho Ophezulu Ngayo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Abantu abaninzi abadibani no-“rhulumente” njengequmrhu elinye. Endaweni yoko, basebenzisana nemisebenzi engalunganga yamasebe, amasiko, kunye neenkqubo. Qwalasela intsasa yeveki yeveki:

  • Iwotshi yesandi sengozi ingamiselwa kumgangatho wexesha eligcinwa yiNational Institute of Special and Technology.
  • Ukuqhuba impompo kukha amanzi kwisixhobo somasipala sasekuhlaleni esilandela zombini umgangatho wamanzi we-66 kunye nomthetho we-Rod Water Act karhulumente.
  • Uqhuba imoto yakho kwiindlela ezigcinwe esixekweni (ezweni), kwilizwe (uhola wendlela yangaphambili), okanye kurhulumente (ophakathi).
  • Uduladula wesikolo womntwana wakho ulandela imithetho yokhuseleko emiselwe lirhulumente (ukuhlolwa kweliso) norhulumente (Imilinganiselo yeNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration).
  • Esi sikolo sisebenza phantsi kwemilinganiselo yokufundisa karhulumente, imithetho yequmrhu lesikolo lasekuhlaleni, nemithetho elwa nokurhoxa kwemibutho (isihloko se-IX, i-IDEA).

Le misebenzi ibandakanya ukuba umba omnye wenkqubo yemfundo, `iimfundo kawonke-wonke'. Umthetho woManyano unika inkxaso-mali kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi (Isihloko I) kwaye ukhusela abafundi abaneziphene (Ii-Individual Education Act). Iphondo limisela imigangatho yemfundo kwaye linika intsebenziswano enkulu yemali yesikolo ngemiqathango. Isikolo sasekuhlaleni siqesha othisha, iincwadi, kwaye ulawula izakhiwo. Xa umzali efuna ukutshintsha indlela isikolo somntwana wakhe esiqhuba ngayo, kufuneka aqhube zonke iibhodi zesikolo, aqhagamshelane nesebe lemfundo yesizwe, mhlawumbi anxulumane nemithetho yemfundo yesizwe ukuze atshintshe umthetho.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yempembelelo enxulumene norhulumente

Ukufumaneka konyango

UMthetho weNkundla (ACA), umthetho wesizwe, wenza ii-inshorensi zempilo kunye nokwandisa iMedicaid e-alig. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2012 senza ulwando lweMedicaid lwaba yinto ekhethelweyo kumazwe. Ngenxa yoko, i-affordinfenti yomntu omdala ophantsi ofumana imali e-ofisini eNew York (owandisiweyo) ufumana isigqumo esikhululekileyo okanye esiphantsi kwe-ase-ankile, ngelixa yena waseTexas (engazange) ewelele kwisithuba esisisigqumo. Kwilizwe, amasebe kawonke oluntu anokunikela ngenkululeko okanye athintela iinkonzo ezithelela phambili, umgangatho owenziswano olunika uncedo lokutya (SPAPNU ngurhulumente, kodwa umisela imithetho yezindlu, isebe lezindlu lasekuhlaleni).

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Imigangatho yomgangatho womoya ococekileyo emiselwe yi-Invironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yesizwe kufuneka ukuba kunikwe amazwana okuzalisekisa izicwangciso. EKhalifoniya, kunye noncedo lwayo lombuso lomgangatho womgangatho (CARB), imisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha umsila we-apply kunezindululo zemvume enikwe yiKhomishini. Ngoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banyanzelisa ucwangciso lwesithuthi sezithuthi esinokunciphisa iikhitshana ezihambayo, umzekelo ngokuvumela inkqubela enzima, ehambayo. Umntu ohlala ePortland, e-Oregon, uphefumla umoya ococekileyo kunomntu ococekileyo kumntu okwisixeko ongakhange amkele imigaqo enxulumene nemithetho enjalo, ngenxa yeemeko ezintathu.

Okusesikweni Nezenzo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Inkoliso yemithetho yamapolisa yezolwaphulo-mthetho. Igosa lamapolisa lesixeko limisela imithetho emiselwe ngokuchasene nobusela okanye ukuhlasela, kodwa isebe lalo lisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zequof24ofpangor, iikhamera zomzimba, kunye nolawulo loluntu. Ngoko, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho woManyano-mthetho kungangenelela ukunyanzelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye imicimbi yelizwe lorhulumente (ipaki, izikolo zomkhosi). Urhulumente wesizwe ukwanika inkxaso kumasebe asekuhlaleni kwiinkqubo ezifana ne-Edward Byrne Memorialal Justival Thavity Grant.

Iingqikelelo, Ulungelelwano, Nodanganiso LweFederalism

Esinye isizathu sokuba urhulumente azive entsonkothileyo kukuba imigangatho ayisebenzi ngokuzikhethela. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika amagunya athile anikwe urhulumente wesizwe (imali eninzi, ukubhengeza imfazwe) kwaye agcine amanye kumaphondo (ukhetho lwezenkqubo, ulawulo lwempilo nokhuseleko). Kodwa amagunya amaninzi ayabelana: oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente bangahlawula irhafu, baboleke, baphinde bakhe iindlela. Xa kuvela ungquzulwano, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ilumisa (xa kuthethwa ngomthetho woko lolu tywala, apho imithetho yesizwe evumela ukuzonwabisa ihambelana noMthetho we-Substances.

Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo yinkqubo apho imbopheleleko ingaba mfutshane khona. Ukuba amanzi edolophu yakho angcolisiwe, ngubani omele abekwe ityala? Isibonelelo sasekuhlaleni samanzi ngenxa yokusilela ukunyanga? Umbutho wemo yendalo ojongene nolawulo olungakhathaliyo? i-EPA karhulumente yokumisela imilinganiselo ebuthathaka? Bonke banokuba nembopheleleko, benze ukuthembisana kwabami kube ntsonkothileyo kakhulu, kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Iindlela Zokusebenzisa Nayiphi Na Imigangatho

Ukuganana nge-pic akuthethi nje ukuvota rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emine, kodwa kubandakanya ukwakha ulwalamano nabantu abenza izigqibo nokuqonda apho banokunyanzela khona utshintsho. Nasi isikhokelo esiluncedo sokunxibelelana nomaleko ngamnye.

Ukusebenzisana Norhulumente Womanyano

  • Ukudibana namalungu akho eBhunga. Wonke ummi uneemeta ezimbini kunye nommeli omnye. Ungabiza, i-imeyili, okanye ubhale kwii-ofisi zabo zesithili. Unikezelo olusemthethweni lubiza irekhodi yengoma kwiindleko ezithile; umnxeba wefowuni ephezulu uyakwazi ukuthwala impembelelo ephangaleleyo. [ Fumla abameli bakho ku USA.gov
  • Igqabaza likawonke-wonke kwimimiselo karhulumente ecetyiweyo ngezibuko (Imigaqo-mthetho.gov). Imisebenzi efana ne-EPA neSebe lemfundo kufuneka ihlole igalelo likawonke-wonke phambi kwemithetho egqibelelayo.
  • Paricipate kunyulo lwezwe. unyulo loMongameli lufumana eyona ngqalelo, kodwa unyulo phakathi kwexesha lugqiba ulungelelwaniso lweBhunga kwaye lunokuba njengesiphumo senkqubo.
  • Ukungena okanye ukuxhasa imibutho yesizwe elawula ubugxwayiba ejonga umthetho wezwe].

Ukusebenzisana Norhulumente

Ukusebenzisana Norhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Umkhwa Wokwenza Ilungu: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

One of the most dispiriting forces in modernidemokhrasi yimvakalelo yokuba urhulumente ukude kwaye akafikeleleki. Inyaniso kukuba urhulumente akangomnye kodwa yingqokelela yeengqungquthela ezihamba-landelelanayo, ezininzi zazo ezifikeleleka kakhulu. Intlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko idla ngokuba kude ngeyure ngobusuku bukaLwesibini; i-imeyili yengingqi ye-imeyile ye-intanethi; ummisi-mthetho uthatha imizuzu eli-15 ukuba ahambe. Isithintelo asingomzimba kodwa sisengqondweni, kodwa siqonda ukuba inkqubo inkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphenjelelwa ngumntu omnye.

Kodwa imbali ibonisa okwahlukileyo: Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wemekobume, kunye nomlo wokulingana komtshato bonke baphumelela ngenxa yokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo abasoloko bebandakanyeka kwimigangatho emininzi: ukuvavanya imithetho yocalulo lwengingqi, ukunyanzela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba ziphumeze imithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ekugqibeleni zinyanzele iBhunga ukuba kuhlaziywe utshintsho lwesizwe. Xa usiya kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesikolo okanye ubhalela ummeli wesizwe, uyaqhubeka naloo sithethe.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga lowiso-mthetho, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neeholo zesixeko ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho asikokufumana ulwazi oluqhelekileyo lwasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente worhulumente umisela isiseko esibanzi samalungelo, ukhuseleko, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokufunda ukuba yintoni ekufuneka inyanzele ukutsala, impilo, kunye nesiseko soncedo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla ezenza uluntu lukhuseleke kwaye lukwazi ukumelana nokhuseleko lwalo. Umgangatho ngamnye unamandla, kwaye umgangatho ngamnye usabela, ngokungafezeki kodwa ngokunyanisekileyo, kwingcinezelo yabemi. Ngokufunda ukuba nento ekufuneka ikhomba elawula intsapho yakho, ukunceda ekulawuleni kwesakhephene, nekamva lakho.