Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yinkqubo apho ibutho labantu linyanzelisa imithetho yalo, libambe abatyholi, likhusele amalungelo abo. Isebenza njengenkqubo entsonkothileyo, enemigangatho emininzi eqala xa ulwaphulo-mthetho luxeliwe okanye lufunyaniswe kwaye iqhubekeka ngezibongozo ezinokuba yiminyaka edlulileyo. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo, ukubamba isigaba ngasinye . Esi sikhokelo sinikela iinkcukacha, iqonga lika-ngqameko-ngqayisho lwendlela elilandela, ukubala imilinganiselo esemthethweni, imimiselo ye-grobho, izitshixo ephambili ezibandakanyekileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye.

Inqaku Lezitempe Ezikhulu Kwinkqubo Yobulungisa Olwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho

Ngoxa amagunya esenokuhluka kancinane, ulandelelwano olungundoqo lweziganeko kwinkqubo yomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho waseMerika luquka ezi zigaba zilandelayo. Iqonga ngalinye lifeza injongo eyahlukileyo ekulinganiseni umdla karhulumente kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo ommangalelwa asemthethweni.

  • Uphando
  • Ukubanjwa
  • Ukujija...
  • Ukuva kokuqala (Imbonakalo yokuqala)
  • Ukuva kwangaphambi
  • ISityholo (Impinda Ebalaseleyo)
  • Ulungelelaniso
  • Ukuvavanywa kwetyala (kuquka iintlawulo zangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala)
  • Ukugweba
  • Isibheno

Ngalinye lala manyathelo ahlolisiswa ngokunzulu ngezantsi, kuqwalaselwa iimfuneko ezingokwasemthethweni, izenzo eziqhelekileyo namalungelo akhusela abantu kuyo yonke loo nkqubo.

1. Uphando

Le nkqubo iqala xa abameli bomthetho benyanzelisa umthetho beqala. Eli candelo limele lihambisane nomthetho weSinethi yoMphetho-mva, okanye amasebe akwarhulumente afana neFBI , amkele ingxelo yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye aphawule indlela yokuziphatha ekrokrelekileyo. Ebudeni bophendlo, abaphathi baqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, amangqina okuphendula, ukuhlola ukubekwa kweliso, kunye nokuhlalutya ulwazi lwamanani. Eli nyathelo limele lihambisane noluthintelo lweSindululo seSine sokuphengululo esingekho ngqiqweqweqweni. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo orhanelwayo bungakhutshwa phantsi komthetho

Abaphandi badla ngokufaka isicelo sokufuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, esimele sivunywe yimantyi engathathi-nxaxheba. Kwiimeko zongxamiseko, ngaphandle “kwemeko ezingaqhelekanga” okanye“ imvume” ingavumela uphengululo olungagunyaziswanga. Ubunzulu kunye nexesha lokuphanda kwahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kubunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho, ubuncwane obukhoyo, kunye neenkokeli eziphuhlisiweyo.

2. Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa umthetho uthatha umntu umvaleli wentolongo ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Isizathu esifanelekileyo sifuna inkolelo esengqiqweni, exhaswa zizibakala ezikhethekileyo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho okanye lukho. Ukubanjwa kungenziwa ngesiqinisekiso sokubanjwa esikhutshwe ngumgwebi, okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba igosa libona ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye linononobangela olindelekileyo.

Xa ebanjwa, umntu kufuneka axelelwe ngamalungelo abo amaMaranda (njengoko emiselwe ku imanda v. Arizona): ilungelo lokuhlala ethulile, isilumkiso sokuba nantoni na abayithethayo isenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo enkundleni, ekunene kwigqwetha, nasekunene ukuba negqwetha elimiselwe ukuba abakwazi ukuhlawula omnye. Ukungaphumeleli ukunikela izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo kungayikhokelela ekucinezelweni kwazo naziphi na izimvo ezenziwa ngexesha lokuncinwa.

Emva kokubhala incwadi, ngezantsi kweminwe, iifoto, kunye nolwazi lobuqu lubhalwe ngezantsi. Ithuba eliphakathi kokubanjwa nokubonakala kokuqala limele lingabi lobude obugqithisileyo; phantsi kweSine Solawulo-Mpanzi, ukubanjwa okungenasizathu kudla ngokufuna ukuzimisela kwesizathu esinokwenzeka (kwiiyure ezingama-48, njengoko kugcinwe ku-] u-livey of River v. McLaughlin).

Ukungcebeleka

Emva kokubanjwa, umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina obuqokelelwe ebudeni bophando ukuze agqibe enoba uza kufaka iifayile zetyala. Esi sigqibo sibandakanya ukuvavanya amandla obungqina, ubuqatha betyala, kunye nokuphumelela kokukhusela ityala. Kwakhona abatshutshisi baqwalasela izinto ezifana nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, impembelelo kumaxhoba, kunye nemithombo ekhoyo.

Ityala ligcinwa ngendlela ye uxwebhu oluchaphazelekayo (kwimpazamo) okanye ulwazi (kuko iifelone, kumacandelo angasebenzisi komiti egqiza elikhulu). Uxwebhu olubophelelekileyo kufuneka luchaze ulwaphulo-mthetho olubekiweyo kunye nezibakala ezixhasa unobangela onokwenzeka.

Ukuba umtshutshisi akavumi ukutyhola iifayile, umntu kufuneka akhululwe. Esi sigqibo singumthetho, kodwa siphantsi kwemiqathango esemthethweni nesemthethweni, `abatshutshisi abanakutyhola ngokohlanga, unqulo okanye ezinye izizathu zolwaphulo-mthetho.

4. Ukuva kokuqala (Imbonakalo yokuqala)

Ukuchotshelwa kokuqala yimbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala, edla ngokubanjwe kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48. Kule tyala, ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ichaza amalungelo awo omGaqo-siseko, kwaye igqiba ukuba ibhail okanye iimeko zokukhululwa. Ummangalelwa uyabuzwa ukuba bayalifuna na igqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla ukuba abanamali.

UBail umiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwetyala kwixesha elizayo. IsiHlaliso seNkundla sesibhozo siyalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo, kwaye iinkundla ziqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nobunzulu betyala, amaqhina ommangalelwa kuluntu, nobungozi bokubhabha. Kwimimandla emininzi, kukho intelekelelo yokukhululwa kwabaphuli-mthetho abangengonobugqhinga, kwaye iinguqu ziye zafuna ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwibheyile yemali yabamangalelwa abasezantsi. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufaka ibheyili, bahlala kwityala elilindele ukuchotshelwa.

5. Ukuva kwangaphambili

Ukuva kokuqala (okukwabizwa ngokuba “ngunobangela wokuva ongenakugwetywa”) kubanjwa kuphela kwiimeko ezimaxongo kwaye kudla ngokwenzeka kwiiveki ezimbalwa zembonakalo yokuqala. Injongo yako kukufumanisa ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo kusini na bokukholelwa ukuba ummangalelwa wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kufuneka abekwe ukuze avavanywe. Ingtshutshiso inika amangqina nobungqina, kwaye ukhuseleko lunethuba lokunqamleza i-àmetriam kwaye luvavanye imeko karhulumente. Umgangatho okhoyo kule sigaba umele ubangele ukuba kusiniswe ukuba kusini na, umqobo osezantsi kunokubekwa “kuthandabuza okusengqiqweni."

Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela olindelekileyo, ityala liyaqhubekeka; ukuba akunjalo, izityholo zingarhoxiswa. Noko ke, ukugxothwa kweliqonga akuzenzeki kuthintele ukurhoxiswa kwetyala emva kokuba kuvele ubungqina obutsha. Iindlebe zomphambili azigcinwa kuzo zonke iindawo; amanye amazwe asebenzisa izityholo ezikhulu endaweni yetyala letyala letyala letyala.

6. ISityholo (Impinda Ebalaseleyo)

Kwinkqubo karhulumente namanye amazwe, izityholo ezinzulu kufuneka zisiwe ngejaji enkulu kunokuba igwebo elipheleleyo livele kwityala lokuqala. Ijaji enkulu liqela labemi (ngokomhla ka16-23 amalungu) abava ubungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi kwimicimbi yasemfihlekweni. Ingqwalaselo ayikho kwaye ayinalo ilungelo lokunikela imeko yayo. Ukuba noko uninzi lwabachopheli-mthetho abazukileyo lufumana ukuba ummangalelwa uphumeze ulwaphulo-mthetho, bakhupha isityholo esisemthethweni esibizwa ngokuba [[FLT:] [[FLT:]]]

Inkqubo ezukileyo yabachopheli-tyala iye yagxekwa ngokuncedwa, kodwa isebenza njengengqwalasela ngamandla abagxeli ngokufuna imvume yommi phambi kommangalelwa inyanzelekile ukuba imelane netyala elinzulu. Kwezinye iindawo, ummangalelwa angahlola ityala elibalaseleyo eligwebayo aze avumele ukuchotshelwa kwasekuqaleni endaweni yoko.

Ulungelelwaniso

I-active liqonga apho ummangalelwa efunda izityholo ngokusemthethweni kwaye ecelwa ukuba angene kwisibongozo. Izicelo ezinokwenzeka zidla ngokuba quka ugwayidi, ayinatyala [[, okanye [[FLT]]] i-nolo [[FLT]] i-'i-'engakho ukhuphiswano] (akukho ukhuphiswano]). [“alulo ... [ukuvuma] umba-tyala kodwa ukwamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala; ayinakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nomgxelwano kumthetho. Kumanye amazwe, abakhonjiweyo bangangena isibongozo [[FLT] [FLT] [5] okanye ngokudibaniswe ngoluvo] [FT] [5]

Ukuba ummangalelwa ukhalaza ngetyala, inkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isibongozo senziwa ngokuzithandela, ngobukrelekrele, kwaye ngokuqonda iziphumo (isibongozo sokuququzelela). Isibongozo setyala siphumele kwisigwebo esikhawulezileyo okanye kwisigwebo samva. Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukuba angabi natyala, ityala limiselwe ukuqulunqwa kwetyala, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwetyala kuqaliswe. Amatyala amaninzi etyala eUnited States aphelela ekucebiseni ityala kunokuba licinywe; kuphela ipesenti elincinci eliya kwityala.

8. Inkqubo yangaphambili kunye nentshukumo

Phakathi kokubekwa ityala nokuvavanywa, ukhuseleko kunye nengtshutshiso zibandakanyeka kumalungiselelo amakhulu. Imfihlelo iyinkqubo apho omabini amacala enikezelana ngobungqina. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka ityhile ubungqina bokubhenela (ukubonakalisa imvume elungileyo kummangalelwa) phantsi Brady v. Maryland. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungabangela ukutshintsha kwisicelo okanye izigunyaziso.

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphambili zingagcinwa ukuze kulungiswe imiba ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa ngokupheleleyo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana uphando olungenasiqinisekiso ngaphandle konobangela olindelekileyo).
  • Ukukhupha – usithi izityholo azithethi ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuba umtshutshisi waphula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha indawo – uphikisa ngelithi usasazo lwangaphambi kwephondo okanye ucalucalulo lwasekuhlaleni luthintela ukuvavanywa ngokulungileyo kulawulo lokuqala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kwi-limine[UMTL:1] – ukufuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina obunganikelwanga ekucinyweni.

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuvumela ijaji ukuba ilawule kule miba, ibumba ubungqina neempikiswano eziya kujongwa ngabachopheli - tyala.

9. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala lelona qondo libonakalayo lenkqubo yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Linyathelo eliqhubekeka apho umtshutshisi ethwele umthwalo wokungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngapha kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. Ummangalelwa uthelekelelwa engenatyala kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ityala alinakwenzeka ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuququzelela (ukungaqonda ityala okanye ukunceda ekuzikhuseleni).

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuvavanya ulandela olu landelelwano:

  1. [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha kwe-jury (ingozi): Abagwebi babuza imibuzo ngabagwebi namagqwetha ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethe. Omabini amacala angavavanya abachopheli-jula ngenxa yesizathu okanye asebenzise inani elilinganiselweyo lemingeni yokuzikhulula.
  2. [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezivulayo: [ Ingxengxezo kwaye emva koko ukhuseleko luchaza oko balindele ukuba ubungqina buboniswe. Ezi ngxelo azibobungqina kodwa zizinto ezijongwa phambi koshicilelo.
  3. Ukunikezelwa kobungqina (uxanduva-olwentloko): Ukumangalelana kwamangqina nokuzisa imiboniso. AmaNgqina avavanywa ngqo, aze anqumle ngokukhusela, ngokuthumela kwakhona nokunqamleza njengoko kuyimfuneko.
  4. Ityala le- Eliyi-Defense:[ Ukhuselo lunikela ubungqina balo namangqina. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqinelani, kwaye abagwebi abanako ukuzoba isigqibo esichaseneyo kweso sigqibo.
  5. Impikiswano ezicacileyo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela imeko yalo, ukugxininisa amandla obungqina nobuthathaka botshaba.
  6. Imiyalelo ecacileyo: [ Ijaji icacisa umthetho ofanelekileyo kubagwebi, kuquka umthwalo wobungqina kunye neziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluchongiweyo.
  7. Isigqibo se-Jury kunye nesigqibo: Abachopheli-tyala ngasese de bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo (kwimimandla emininzi). Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvumelana, ityala (a “ijaji engekhoyo") lisenokuvakaliswa, kwaye ityala lingaphinda licinywe.

Ukuba ityala liyityala lesitulo (ngaphandle kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala), ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso ize idlulisele isigqibo. Emva kwesigqibo, ummangalelwa usenokugwetywa okanye akhululwe. Ukugwetywa komthetho kugqibelelw ’ umva yaye akunakubhencwa ngabatshutshisi ngenxa yokukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini.

10. Ukugwetywa

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe enetyala, isigwebo esahlukileyo sibanjwa (ngaphandle kwesicelo esinetyala siquka isigwebo esivunyelwayo njengenxalenye yesicelo esithenjiswayo). Izigqibo zokugweba zikhokelwa luludwe lwe-statory, izikhokelo zokugweba (ingakumbi kwinkundla yephondo), kunye nengqiqo yomgwebi. Iimeko eziqwalaselwayo ziquka:

  • Imeko nobunzulu besenzo
  • Imbali yolwaphulo - mthetho yommangalelwa
  • zincwadi
  • Ukuhla kweemeko (umz., imicimbi yempilo yengqondo, intsebenziswano namagunya)
  • Iimeko ezinyusayo (umz., sebenzisa isixhobo, indima njengenkokeli yeshishini lolwaphulo-mthetho)

Izivakalisi ezinokubakho quka:

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Ligama lokuvalelwa, elinokusetyenziswa kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni (ii-mismeors) okanye i-mosference sentolongo (ityala). Ityala linokusuka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa liye kutsho kubomi ngaphandle kweparanole.
  • Iprojekthi: Ummangalelwa ukhululwa phantsi kolawulo lwegosa elilungisa ityala, phantsi kweemeko (umz., icheke rhoqo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, umsebenzi).
  • [[UMTL:0] kunye nokulungiswa: Izigwebo zemali ezihlawulwayo kwinkundla okanye kumaxhoba.
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi: Umsebenzi ongahlawulwanga owabelwe ukunceda uluntu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphumo ezi-'acternal':[ kwityala elithile, iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya, iinkundla zonyango lweziyobisi, okanye iinkundla zempilo yengqondo zingathatha indawo yesohlwayo sesithethe.

Kwiimeko zokufa, ukugwetywa kusenokuquka isigwebo esahlukileyo apho abachopheli bejaji begqiba phakathi kokufa nokuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi babo bonke.

11.

Emva kokugwetywa, ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala okanye kwisigwebo. Isibheno asilotyala lesibini; kukuphinda kuthethwe kwenkundla engaphantsi kwetyala elingokwasemthethweni elinokuchaphazela isigqibo okanye isigwebo.

  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yokuchonga
  • Uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko (Phantsi kwe Stricckland v. Washington [ iqondo)
  • Ihambo engafanelekanga yolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ukungazifaki ubungqina bokucalucalula)
  • Ukungaqiniseki kobungqina bokuxhasa isigqibo
  • Iimpazamo zokugweba (umz., ulungiso oluphosakeleyo lwezikhokelo)

Inkundla yetyala ingaqinisekisa ukugwetywa, ukubuyiselwa, okanye ukubuyiselwa emva kwetyala lokuvavanywa okanye ukucatshulwa. Ityala lidla ngokungabi namdla wokubhena ngokugwetywa, kodwa lingabhenela kwimithetho ethile yangaphambi kwephondo okanye izigwebo kwimimandla ethile.

Ukuba ummangalelwa uphulukana nomgangatho ophakathi, izibheno ezibheke phambili kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. zikho ukugqibeka kodwa zingoonxalathi ``izona matyala anokuviwa. Ukongeza ekubhexezeni ngqo, abamangalelwa bangafaka iifayile zokuhlasela okufana nezicelo ze-habeas corpus, bephikisa ngelithi ukubanjwa kwabo kuchasene nomGaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo Okutyholwa Kuyo Yonke Le nkqubo

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho okusesikweni nokuthintela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Amalungelo angundoqo asetyenziswa ngamanqanaba awahlukeneyo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana: Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqikeleliyo nokuxhuzula; kufuneka unobangela wokubanjwa nemvume.
  • F5th Amendment: Ekunene ngokuchasene nokuzikhusela; ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini; ekunene kwinkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.
  • IsiHlalisi se-Imprimente se- ekunene kwityala elikhawulezileyo nelinoluntu lichotshelwe ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo; kunelungelo lokuxelelwa ngezityholo; kunelungelo lokumangalela amangqina; kunelungelo lokunyanzeleka kwinkqubo yokufumana amangqina okuzikhusela; kunelungelo lokucebisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungiso lwendawo olubanzi: Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo nengqeqesho ekhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine: lubonisa uninzi lweSikolo soKhuselo lwamalungelo kumazwe ngenkqubo efanelekileyo nangemiqathango elinganayo yokhuseleko.

La malungelo anyanzeliswa ngokuhamba ngeenyawo, ngokuchasa nangokuhlola.

Abadlali Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yezobulungisa Ekwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho

Iqonga ngalinye libandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo abanendima echaziweyo:

  • Ukwenziwa komthetho kolwaphulo-mthetho: kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqokelela ubungqina, ukubopha, nokunika ubungqina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abacuphi: bamela urhulumente; gqiba ukuba uza kufaka iityala kusini na; nikela imeko ekucinyweni; tusa izigwebo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] amagqwetha aqinileyo: amela ummangalelwa; aqinisekise amalungelo omgaqo-siseko akhuselwe; ubungqina obuvavanyayo; ncokolisani izibongozo; phikisanani ngokugwetywayo nangokubhena.
  • [[UMTL:0] Abagwebi: Bongamela ukuva nokuvavanywa; lawula kwintshukumo; nikeza imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala; misela izigwebo.
  • Iziphumo: Imisela ukuba netyala okanye ukungabi nabumsulwa kwiimvavanyo (iintlanganiso zemali ezinyusiweyo) okanye gqiba ukuba uza kukhupha ityala (uququzelelo oluphezulu).
  • Abasebenzi abakwindawo ephezulu: Ababhinqi, iibheyile, iintatheli zenkundla, amagosa okuvavanya, nabameli bexhoba.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yobulungisa, ukusuka ekuvalweni kwetyala nasekubhenqweni, yenzelwe ngenyameko ukuxhasa umthetho ngoxa ikhusela amalungelo abantu. Iqonga ngalinye. "Iliphanda, ukubanjwa, ukuchopha, ukumangalela, ukumangalela, ukumangalela, ukuvavanya, ukugweba, kunye nesibheno, “‘ liyinjongo yokulinganisa amandla esizwe okuqeqesha ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuqhuba kakuhle. Ngokuqonda oku kulandelelana, abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi bafumana ukuqonda kuzo zombini amandla kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo zobulungisa baseMelika. Inkqubo ayifezeki: iimbambano ezifana nokungalingani namasiko, ukuxhasa ukucetyiswa kwezicelo, kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo ekuqhubekeni imigudu yokulungisa. Noko ke, iprocel-odmistrist ihlala isenza isiseko somthetho wokulawula isiseko sobulungisa.

Ukuphinda ufunde kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemigaqo enxulumene nayo engokwasemthethweni, jonga ubuncwane obugunyazisiweyo obunjenge U.S. iSebe leMithetho yeJaji , iKhompyutha yoLwazi olusemthethweni kwicandelo lolwaphulo-mthetho [, kunye [FLT] ne- ubuncwane be-ACLU] kutshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho .