Ziyintoni Izicombululo ZomGaqo - siseko?

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States uye wasebenza njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lwesizwe ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwalo ngo-1788, ukumiswa kwenkqubo karhulumente namalungelo asisiseko abemi. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, umGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa izihlandlo ezingama-7, isiseko ngasinye simele ukuhlenga-hlengiselwa kwamabhongo komthetho ophakamileyo wesizwe. Oku kulungiswa akungotshintsho nje kobugcisa; kumiselwe ngokusemthethweni, okugunyazisa ngokusemthethweni okubonisa amaxabiso akhoyo, izinto eziphambili, nokuqonda okusesikweni kwibutho labantu baseMerika. Inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ingqongqo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zemGaqo-siseko zenzeka ngokuxhathisa okuthe jikelele. Iziphekelelwa ngokunjalo zinokuthelekelelwa ngobuninzi obu-3 kwii-Rokshorentshi ezikhoyo okanye ngoogxanduvayo, ngokusetyenziswa yingqungqungqungqubinibini ebizwa ngokuba yi-onkqulubini ye-ongqungqungqu ye-o-o-o-onke.

Indaleko Yezigwebo ZomGaqo-siseko

Imbali yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko libali lokungqubana kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika neenjongo zayo zokusekwa nokunwenwa kwaloo njongo yokuquka abantu abangakumbi nokukhusela amalungelo angakumbi. Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeriphabliki ukuya kweli xesha, inkqubo yokulungisa iye yasetyenziswa ukulungisa okungekho sikweni, ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zikarhulumente, nokusabela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo. Ukuqonda le ndaleko yembali kubalulekile kuye kwafuneka kuye nabani na ofunda umGaqo-siseko, njengoko ukupheliswa komo-siseko ngamnye kuvela kumongowakhelweyo nengxelo ebhaliweyo kuyo.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Komntu Omnye

Ingxubevange yokuqala yeshumi leenkqubo, eyaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo neMiqulu yeeNtlanga, yafumana ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kwiphondo ngalinye, iMiqulu yeeNtlalo, iMiqulu yeeNtlalo yeeNtlalo, iMiqulu yeeNtlalo ePhakamileyo, iMiqulu yeeNtlalo, iMiqulunqweni yeeNtlalo, iMiqulunqweni yeNtla; iMiqulun, iNqulu-nkulu yamazwe, iMiquluyisele iSinyuko, iSinyuko, iSinyuko, isoloko iso iso isithi isithi iSivusiwe kwiNtlalo samaNgeni, iinko, ingulo yeNtlanga, iSixhoko, iMiqululo, iMiqulu yeeN, iMiqulo, iMiqulo, iMiqulund, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu, ingu,

IsiHlanziso Sokwakha: Ukuncitshiswa Kwenkululeko Nobumi

ISinyuso seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine, neseshumi elinesihlanu soMphetho-Mda, esivunyiweyo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya phakathi ko1865 no1870, simela utshintsho olubalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko ukususela kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Ezi ziNguqulo zokwandiswa komthetho wamazwe, kunye nabemi. ULawulo lweshumi elinesithathu lokuLamla ubukhoboka nokungatshati kwelizwe, kwathi ekugqibeleni kwathiwa ukunikezelwa kweSindululo seSindululo seSisiZwe soMbuso sokuba bonke abantu bakhiwe ngenkululeko. Unyaka weshumi elinesine nonyaka wadanganisa ubundlobo obuphambili, ukumisela ubundlobo bobuni, ukuqinisekisa imigaqo yobuzibulo elinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye nokufuna ilungiselelo elifanelekileyo phambi komntu onokuthi ahlulwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla empahleni, ukukhuselwa kwayo okulinganayokungamele isiseko sobuhlanga noqoqo lwesizwe, ukuvunywa kwemeko ekwaliwa kwemeko eninzi okanye ukurhoxinzelweyo, kwaleshwa kwemeko eninzi, kwaleshwa kwemi, nangona

IXesha Eliqhubekayo Nezicombululo Zangaphambili Zenkulungwane Yamashumi Amabini

Emashumini eminyaka angaphambili enkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwavela olunye utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, olwaluqhutywa yiNguquko yeNkqubela eBandleni eBanzi eBanzi ngokuhambelana nokonakala kwezobupolitika, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezentlalo. UHlaliso lweSigaba seSinyaka seSithoba (1913) lwagunyazisa irhafu yemali karhulumente, endaweni yenkqubo yangaphambili yerhafu, intlawulo yerhafu ekhethwe yimithetho-mthetho nerhafuthelo-ntengiso. Olu tshintsho lwaluyintlawulo oluthe ngqo lwezintlawulo lwesizwe olufuna ukwandisa iinkqubo ze-Roventi. Olu nyaka 199) lwaphelisa ukuthengiswa, nokusetyenziswa kwe-Asbonxiwa kwemizwa kwemibutho eliphambili, lokuphelisa ukugcinwa kwemizwa kwemibutho ephambili.

Ukuhlaziywa kweMithetho ePhakathi

Inxalenye yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yafumana izindululo ezongezelelekileyo zokuqhuba imiba ethile karhulumente kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. UHlelo lwe- Twentieth Amend (1933) lwanciphisa ixesha phakathi konyulo lukaNovemba naxa umongameli kunye neNgqungquthela ithatha isikhundla, eyaziwa njengexesha lokunqunyulwa koomatshini elingazange libonwe, lokususa amagunya amane akhoyo, ukufudusa izivumelwano ukuya kuJanuwa 3 (11961) kunye nexesha lomongameli okhoyo kunyaka ka-20 de kube ngumongameli okhoyo, i-Authonsidsstion (1951) ingulo ingulo ingulo yephondo ephantsi kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, ingulo yemiqathango yemiqatha, ingulo mvume yokuvolo, ingulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu lwephondo, i-Fokeyce464) ithe yayisilela irhafu yezixhobo ezingasebenziyo zezixhobo ezingasebenziyo zezixhobo ezincinane zephondo, isetyenziswayo. Irhafuthe yayise yabe isetyenziswa yimali enkulu kakhulu,

Ukubaluleka Kozinziso LomGaqo-siseko Kulawulo-melo LwaseMerika

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuzinza kobugcisa; lumela ingxoxo ephilayo phakathi kwezizukulwana zamaMelika malunga nemigaqo esisiseko yezobulungisa, inkululeko, kunye nolawulo. Inkqubo yokulungisa yenziwa ngabaseki abaFunyelwayo ukuba babenobunzima kodwa banokwenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukuguquka ngexa uhlala uzinzile. Olu lungelelwano phakathi kozinzo nokuzinza lungomnye wamandla amakhulu omGaqo-siseko, kwaye ukulungiswa kuyindlela olugcinwa ngayo olu mlinganiselo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Nabantu Ngabo Bonke

Eyona ndima ibonakalayo nenombhinqo wokulungisa umgaqo-siseko kukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukusuka kwiSigunyaziso Sokuqala Sommisi wokuthetha nonqulo ukuya kukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine wokuzinzisa ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kunye nokupheliswa koMphengululo weshumi elinesithathu wobukhoboka kuMphetho-Mphetho-Mpanzi weSine weSizwe, ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukukhuselwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuchasene nolawulo oluphezulu lukarhulumente nolawulo oluphezulu. Ezi zinto azikhokelwanga nje ngemigaqo engaqondakaliyo; zikhokeleleka, zinokuchaphaza, iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zobomi bemihla ngemihla bayo yonke iMelika. Umthetho wokuHlaziselo lweSine oMgalelo oPhakamileyo, umzekelo, uye waba sisiseko sezizigwebo zesigqibo semimiselo lweNkugqibelelo yeNkugqiba-mali, ukukhusela amalungelo eemva wesikolo, ukukhusela amalungelo eenza inzala yemitshatoliki yemi, kunye nokuqinisekisa amalungelo eethe yomtshato. Ngaphandle kwemi, kumele le

Ukuqhelana Neenguqulelo Zentlalo Nezoqoqosho

Njengokuba ibutho labantu baseMerika liye laguquka ukusuka kwizoqoqosho loshishino loshishino loshishino loshishino lwemizi-mveliso ukuya kwindlu yamandla kwaye ngoku ukuya kumgangatho woqoqosho wamanani, umGaqo-siseko uye kwafuneka ukuba uvumelano olutsha. Ukuvunywa kweNguqulo yeSigaba sesithandathu soMgaqo-siseko werhafu yerhafu yengeniso kwenza urhulumente ukuba axhase iinkqubo zokuhlaziywa kwemeko yezoqoqosho, kuquka ukhuseleko loluntu, iMedicare, ukhuseleko lobuzwelo, kunye noqoqosho lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo. Ilungiselelo loHlamGawula lweSibonelelo lweSizwe Leshumi Eline elinesithandathu liphendulekileyo liphendule inkxa elifanelekileyo kwizindlu zolawulo zikarhulumente. Ulawulo lwamashumi amabini anesibini nolwezinziwo-Stixweth Lorhwebo lweziko lorhwebo lwezentengondo lwehlabathi lonke luye lwamkela indima elungele ukuguqulwa koorhulumente.

Ukukhuthaza Isenzo Sesigqeba Nokuphikisana

Inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ifeza umsebenzi obalulekileyo woluntu ngokubandakanyeka komsebenzi woluntu ngokubanzi nokufuna ukuba kubekho ingxubusho kawonke-wonke kunye nokuvumelana okuphangaleleyo phambi kokuba naluphi na utshintsho kumGaqo-siseko lungasebenza. Xa ukunyuswa kwephulo kuhamba ngeKhomishini kunye nenkqubo yokwandiswa kwesizwe, ibangela ingxubusho kawonke-wonke ngemiba esisiseko yemfundo. Le ngxoxo ifundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo nangesakhiwo sikarhulumente wabo, ikhuthaza ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, kunye nemikhosi enyuliweyo yabameli ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezicacileyo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, wakha iphulo olude-mashumi eminyaka yemfundo yoluntu, ukukhuthaza, nokuqhankqelela okuthiweyo okuphumela ekuhlazisweni kolawulo lweziko-Genethikithemo-siseko semfundo-demokhrasi, isebenza njengesikolo semfundo yemfundo yolawulo-demokhrasi, ifundisa iinkqubo zomthetho zomthetho zolawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuTyelela nokuQheka kukaRhulumente

Izindululo eziliqela zenziwe ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezithile phakathi konyulo loburhulumente, iinkqubo zonyulo, kunye nokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe. UHlaliso lweTwelfth lokucoca unyulo lomongameli emva kweqhina lonyulo lonogada wonyaka wekhulu le-1800 labangela ingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko. IsiHlamkiso seMinyaka yeshumi elinesithoba sishenxise ithuba elide phakathi konyulo kunye nokuqalisa kwamabinzana amatsha, ukuhlisa amathuba okuba amagosa aphumayo asebenze ngaphandle kokuphenduliswa. Unyulo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu-Fetensithi lwalungiselela iinkqubo ezicacileyo zobusekela-presimali kunye nokungasebenzi kobumongameli, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mandla aphezulu esebe eliphethe. Oku kusebenza kwala magama amatsha akunako ukuvelisa ukuchulumaliswa kwasekuhlaleni kwasekuhlaleni kwasekuhlaleni kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, kodwa kuyimfuneko ngenxa yokusebenza koburhulumente obunengurhulumente obunganyani.

Iingxaki Nemilinganiselo Yomgaqo Wokuhlaziywa

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yayo emininzi, inkqubo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko ikwaneenjongo eziphawulekayo kwaye inika imiqobo eqhubekayo yokucombulula idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Imiqobo ephakamileyo yokucetyiswa nokudityaniswa kwezicelo ithetha ukuba inxalenye encinane kuphela yeziphengululo eziceliweyo isoloko iphumelela, kwaye le nkqubo inokuthi ithathe iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Le nkqubo icebe yenzelwe ukunqanda utshintsho olungxamisekileyo, kodwa ingenza ukuba imigudu yokucombulula imicimbi yangokukhawulezileyo. Inkquququ ifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kuzo zombini izindlu zongqungqungquthela kunye nezithathu zamazwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukupheliswa kwemibandela enzima njengemilo yolawulo lwemali, ukulawulwa kwemilo-milophulo, ukususwa kwemijelo-mvo, okanye ukuzimela kwendlela yobuqu bolwazi oluphezulu lwenkqubo engekho semthethweni ukuguqukayo, inokwenziwa ngenkqubo engekho semthethweni ephantsi kwegunyaza elawulayo, nakusetyenziswayo engekho ngaphaya kwemigaqo-mgalelo-siseko, xa kunokuthi elawulayo, ikho kunokuthi

Ukungagqibeki Kohlaziyo Neshishini Elingacinywanga

Imbali yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko iquka ukungaphumeleli okuninzi kunempumelelo, kwaye ezi zindululo zingaphumelelanga zisixelela okuninzi ngemilinganiselo yaseMelika kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika njengoko kulungiswa ngempumelelo. Ulungiso lwamalungelo e-Athemente, oluye lwaqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kumabhinqa, lwanconyelwa ngo1979 kwaye ngokukhawuleza lugunyaziswe ngamaphondo angama-35 ngaphambi kokuba kufuneke imibandela emithathu efunekayo, le mimandla i-8, ebonisa izahlulo ezinzulu ezinzulu ngendima yesini kunye nemithetho ephambili yezobupolitiki eqhubeka ingena mithetho-yo. Ezinye izicelo eziphawulekayo ziquka ukupheliswa kwemisebenzi yabantwana, ukunikwa kwemithetho elawulayo, ukunikezelwa kwemithetho yephondo yephondo, ukufuna imali elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-ntle, kwaye ibeke imilinganiselo eqhubekayo ngenxa yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho-Rodvinia. Inglalsonstine yezo ngokomthetho-Americ, iyaqhubeka ithetha ukuba, ithetha ngeengxaki zezongxamiseko, iqhubeka nale yokuba intetho ekufuneka i-yo, i-A

Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Utshintsho lwama-77 kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States lumela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zembali yaseMelika, ezopolitiko, kunye namaxabiso. Utshintsho ngalunye luthetha ibali lokulwa, ukulalanisa, nokuhambelana nenkqubela phambili, ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo enkululeko karhulumente ukuya kukhuseleko lomntu ngamnye olunolawulo-luphezulu loMgaqo-siseko weSimpyuselo-nkqubo weNguquko nowesizwe, ukusuka ekuguquleni kweNkaTshayelo yezopolitiko yezopolitilitili kunye nezoqoqosho ukuya kulwando lwenkqubo yezopolitiki yexesha langoku. Ukuqonda oku kuxhomekeke ekuqondeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nendlela oluye lwavela ngayo ixesha elide. Ukuguqula inkqubo yoomatshini bomGawula-siseko kubandakanya inkqubo ezinzileyo kwaye ilungelelanisayo, yookrwelo lwezimGatho-siseko, uqeqesho, uqeqesho olunelwaluvo, kunye noluvo lwabafundi, kunye noluvo lwendlela oluthe luye lwamayela kwifestile lwencoko oluqhubekayo.