Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Ebangelwa Yimpilo Yasekuhlaleni?

Imimiselo yempilo yasekuhlaleni yimithetho okanye imimiselo emiselwe ngurhulumente wesixeko namazwe ukukhusela impilo nokhuseleko lwabemi abakwindawo ethile. Le mithetho ithetha ngoluhlu olubanzi lweengxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukusuka kwikhefi ukuya kumgangatho womgangatho womoya, ukusuka ekulawuleni ingxolo ukuya kwimigaqo yokugoma. Ngoxa amaqumrhu karhulumente kunye norhulumente emisela imigaqo yesiseko sokhuseleko lwempilo, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ivumela abantu ukuba baphendule kwiimfuno zabo ezikhethekileyo .

Le mithetho ibalulekile kuba isebenza kumgangatho apho abantu behlala khona ngokwenene, besebenza, bedlala. Ukhokelo lwesizwe lokucoca kusebenza kuphela njengabahloli basekuhlaleni abakwenza kunyanzeliswe. Imithetho yempilo yendawo iphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwamanzi owaselayo, umoya owuphefumlayo, ukutya okutyayo, nezakhiwo ohlala kuzo. Zikwabonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu nezinto eziza kuqala, zizenza zibe sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphucula impilo kawonke-wonke.

Indima esebenzayo yemiqathango yempilo yasekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunceda abemi nabaqulunqi bemithetho baqonde ukuba kutheni kukho imithetho enjalo nendlela abafak ’ isandla ngayo ekupheliseni uluntu.

Ukuthintelwa Kwezifo Nokuthintelwa Kwasuleleko

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zemithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni kukuthintela ukunwenwa kwezifo ezasulelayo. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokuthutha ipetroli yevenkile zifuna ukusekwa kotya ukuze kufikelelwe imilinganiselo yogutyulo, kuncitshiswe ubungozi bokugula okubangelwa kukutya. Ngokufanayo, imiyalelo yokugoma abantwana besikolo. Ngokufuthi isetyenziswa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni we-(-"raises) ukukhusela ukhuseleko loluntu oluchanekileyo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, abantu abaninzi basebenzisa izigqubuthelo zokufihla isigqubuthelo, imiqathango yendlela, kunye nemiyalelo yokufihla izilwanyana ezisuka ngqo kwimithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni.

Ngaphandle kwezifo ezasulelayo, imithetho ehlasela ukulawulwa kweevector (njengeenkqubo zokudumba kwengcongconi) inceda ekunciphiseni izifo ezinjengentsholongwane ye-West Nile okanye i-dengue fever. La manyathelo abaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo apho imozulu itshintsha khona izinambuzane ezithwala izifo.

Impilo Nokhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo

Imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni ikwathetha ngoonobangela bokusingqongileyo abachaphazela impilo-ntle. Imimiselo yomgangatho womoya ingasikela ukukhutshwa komphunga kwimizi - mveliso okanye ukuvalwa komsebenzi emva kwendlu. Imithetho yamanzi iqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezisetyenziswa ekuseleni zivavanywa rhoqo kwaye imithombo yabucala ihlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Ikhowudi yeendawo zokuhlala ifuna abanini-ndawo yokulungisa iingozi zepeyinti ezikhokelayo, ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa kwemibhobho kunye nenkqubo yokufudumeza impompo. Le mithetho ikhusela iimeko ezinganyathiyo njenge-asmas, ityhefu ye-oxinethi ye-carbon monoxide.

Imimiselo yomlomo, ngelinye ixesha ibonwa njengenkathazo, ikhusela impilo yengqondo neyomzimba ngokunciphisa uxinezeleko nangokugcina ubuthongo. Imithetho yengxolo enyanzeliswe kakuhle kwiindawo zokuhlala inciphisa iqondo lexhala, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, kunye nesifo sentliziyo.

Ukukhuthaza Ubomi Obusempilweni

Imithetho emininzi yempilo yasekuhlaleni yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okusempilweni. Imithetho yokuzilolonga elinganisela uxinano lwemibhobho yokutya okukhawulezayo kufutshane nezikolo, okanye efuna uphuhliso olutsha oluquka iindlela ezihamba ecaleni kunye neendledlana zebhayisekile, impembelelo ngqo kwimigangatho yokusebenza komzimba. Imithetho ekhululekileyo evala ukutshaya kwiipaki, kwiivenkile zokudlela, nasemsebenzini inciphisa ukusetyenziswa nokuchanabeka komsi omda wecuba. Abanye abantu baye bagqithisa irhafuthelo ye-swekile okanye iimfuno ezichaza iimenu ezithene ze-menu zokunceda abemi ukuba bafumane ubuchule bokukhetha ukutya.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko esakha iipaki ezingakumbi nesimisela inkqubo epheleleyo yezitrato sisenza ngabom imeko - bume apho ukuhamba nokukhwela ibhayisekile kukhuselekile yaye kuluncedo.

Ukufumaneka kweSebe loLuntu

Imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni ingenza ukuphucula ukufumaneka kwendlela yokunyamekela abantu. Ezinye izixeko ziye zayalela ukuba abaqeshi abaninzi banikele ngekhefu lokugula, bevumela abasebenzi ukuba babone ugqirha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yingeniso. Abanye baye baseka iikliniki zempilo zoluntu ngenkxaso-mali yasekuhlaleni okanye bafuna ukuba uphuhliso olutsha luquke isithuba seenkonzo zempilo. Ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yezobugrafini, njengenkqubo yokutshintshisana ngenaliti, idibanisa abantu abasebenzisa amayeza ngonyango baze banciphise ukunwenwa kweHIV nehepatitis C. Ezi ntlobo zemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni zinceda ukuzalisa imiqobo eshiyekileyo yesizwe nenkqubo yezonyango.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yemiqathango yempilo esebenzayo

Ukutya Okusempilweni OkuseSan Francisco

Umthetho weSan Francisco ofuna ukuba izitore ezifumana ukutya okuncinane ziqokelele imveliso entsha ngumzekelo ophambili wokusebenzisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuchaza iintlango zokutya. Esi sixeko sakwanqabela ii-soda ukusuka kwimizi - mveliso ethengisayo kwaye kwafuneka iivenkile zokutyela zifake ipesenti yecalorie. Ezi zinyathelo ziye zafak ’ isandla ekutshintsheni isimilo sabathengi nakwiziphumo ezingcono zokutya.

Umsebenzi Onzima Wamafutha WesiXeko SaseNew York

Isixeko saseNew York sasiyenye yezona zixeko zikhulu zaqala ukuvala ukuthengiswa kwamafutha angeyondawo yokutyela. Umthetho ka - 2006 wabangela ukuba ilizwe lonke lihambe yaye ekugqibeleni wabangela ukuba urhulumente weFDA avalwe ioli efakwe ihydrogen. Kuqikelelwa ukuba lo mthetho wathintela ukuhlaselwa ngamakhulu ezifo zentliziyo ngonyaka eNew York kuphela.

Imithetho engatshatiyo eLexington, eKentucky

Lexington wadlulisela umthetho obanzi okhululekileyo wokutshaya ngo-2014, ekwalela ukutshaya kuzo zonke iindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye neendawo zokusebenza. Emva kokuzalisekisa, ukungeniswa kwezibhedlele ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo kwahla ngama-23% kubantu abangatshayiyo, kunye notyelelo olunxulumene nonxunguphalo lwe-asma lwehla nge-18%. Umthetho wasindisa isixeko kwixabiso lezigidi zemali yonyango kunye nemveliso yabasebenzi.

Ulawulo Oluyingozi Oluyingozi LwasePortland

IPortland, iOregon, ifuna abembi beendawo zokuqesha zangaphambi konyaka wama1978 ukuvavanya ipeyinti esekelwe kwilothe nokulungisa naziphi na iingozi. Lo mthetho uyinxalenye yomgudu omkhulu wokuphelisa ityhefu yelothe yabantwana, enokubangela iingxaki ezingapheliyo zolwazi ngengqondo nokuziphatha. Ukususela ekudluleni kwayo, umlinganiselo wabantwana abanomgangatho welotheko legazi eliphakamileyo ePortland uye wehla ngama-50%.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni ingenza uphuculo olunzulu, olunokufikeleleka kwintlalo-ntle. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngendlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abayizalisekisa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo, udweliso loMthetho wempilo kawonke-wonke weCDC lunika ubuncwane obuninzi.

Ubungqina boLuntu: Isikhokelo sokusebenza

Akukho mthetho wempilo oya kuphumelela ngaphandle kokuthenga abantu ochaphazelayo. Umanyano loluntu luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayimkelwa kuphela kodwa iyanyanzeliswa. Xa abemi be-ofisi benceda ukumila kwemigaqo yempilo, bavakalelwa kukuba bakwindawo yabo kwaye baqheleke kakhulu ukuthobela. Iindlela ezisebenzayo zokubolekisa ziquka:

Ukuchotshelwa Kwendlebe Noomasipala

Ngokomzekelo, ukuva irhafu yezo ziselo ezityikityiweyo kusenokubonisa ukuba abaninizo beshishini abancinane baxhalatyiswa kukuphulukana nabathengi; emva kokuphulaphula, isixeko sisenokuyihlawula irhafu okanye sikhulule iivenkile ezincinane.

IKomiti yoKhuseleko

Izixeko ezininzi zimisela amatsha - ntliziyo asebenza ngezakhono aquka ukuxubana kwabemi, iingcali zezonyango, nabameli bezoshishino.

Uphando kunye nesixhobo sokufunxa

Amaqonga amanani enza kube lula ukuqokelela igalelo elikwicandelo elibanzi elinqumla uluntu, kuquka nabo bangakwaziyo ukuya kwiintlanganiso zangokuhlwa. Imibuzo malunga neendawo ezikhethelwe iipaki ezintsha, imigangatho eyamkelekileyo yentengiso, okanye ukuvuma ukuxhasa ukwanda kwemirhumo yokuhlolwa kwempilo ingabakhokela abalathisi beenkqubo.

Umanyano nentlangano zasekuhlaleni

Amaqela asekelwe kukholo, izikolo, iingeniso, kunye neenkqubo zezempilo zinganceda ekusasazeni inkcazelo kwaye zikhuthaze ukuba nenxaxheba. Unxulumano phakathi kwesebe lezonyango lasekuhlaleni kunye nekliniki yoluntu, lunokwenza kube lula ukuqhagamshelana nabahlali ngokuvalwa kwemihla yokutshaya okanye iziganeko zokuvavanya nge-radon.

Xa uluntu lubandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo, imithetho yempilo ithambeka ingabi nakuguquguquka kwaye inyamezele. Abahlali baba ngabameli bemithetho, benciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwesohlwayo. Kwizenzo ezingcono ekugananeni kwebutho loluntu, bona isikhokelo seWorld Health Organization kwisivumelwano soluntu sempilo [.

Uvavanyo lokusebenza kwempilo yasekuhlaleni

Nangona ziluncedo, imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni idla ngokujamelana nemiqobo.

Ukuxhathisa kweBhazini noloshishino

Amaqela athengisa iivenkile, iinkampani zecuba, kunye nabaphuhlisi bezindlu zokwakha bangabhenela kwimimiselo enciphisa ingeniso. Umthetho ongatshatiyo, umzekelo, ungachaswa ngabanini-mali abaxhalabele ukuphulukana nabathengi, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba akukho mpembelelo embi kwezoqoqosho. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo lwempilo nezoqoqosho lunganceda ekulweni nokuxhathisa okunjalo. Ezinye izixeko zinika uncedo olutshintshileyo okanye izihlomelo zerhafu yokunceda amashishini alungelelanise iprojekthi.

Ukungabi namali nokusetyenziswa

Isebe lezonyango lasekuhlaleni lisoloko lisebenzisa uqingqo-mali olungqongqo. Ukuhlahlela imigaqo yezindlu okanye ukwenza iikhefi zokutyela kufuna abahloli abaqeqeshiweyo, iinkonzo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo. Xa imali inqabile, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokusebenza kunokuba kusebenze. Amanye amaqela aye abhenela kwinkcitho yempilo okanye kwimibutho yezonyango efuna ulwakhiwo-mali ekhoyo ukuze ongezelele oovimba bengingqi basekuhlaleni.

Ukungabikho kolwazi

Abemi basenokungawazi umthetho de bacatshulwe ukuba bawuphule. Umntu angatshisa izinto ezivalelekileyo emva kwendlu yabo ngenxa yokuba akazange abone isaziso ngomgangatho womoya ohlaziyiweyo. Amaphulo okulumkisa uwonke (ngoncedo lwezibonelelo zezentlalo-ntle), ngezixhobo zokufakela imicimbi yoluntu, nangeziganeko zezentlalo-ntle (ibhulorho elula, ulwimi olucacileyo kunye nemifanekiso eluncedo ukuze imithetho ifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Ukungabikho Kwengxolo Kwezobupolitika

Imithetho yempilo inokuba yibhola ekhatywayo yezopolitiko. Ibhunga elisandul' ukunyulwa lingayibuyisela emva imithetho eyathabatha iminyaka ukuba idlule, ingakumbi ukuba loo mithetho igqalwa njengomthwalo kumashishini. Ukukhusela ukuguquka okunjalo, abameli basoloko besebenzela ukukhusela impilo entle kwimithetho-siseko yesixeko okanye ukukhusela imijelo yemali yexesha elide engakwaziyo ukubeka imali ebhaliswe ngonyaka.

Inkxalabo Engaphelelanga

Ngaphandle kokuyilwa ngenyameko, imithetho yempilo ingabenzakalisa abantu abazimisele ukubanceda. Ngokomzekelo, umthetho onyanzelekileyo ohlawulwayo wokugula ungakhulula amashishini amancinane kakhulu, ushiye abasebenzi kwiivenkile ezincinane ngaphandle kokugquma. Ngokufanayo, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yempahla kungakhokelela ekugxothweni ukuba abanini-mali bagqibe ukuthengiswa kunokuba balungise. Abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka bathelelene ngenkxaso exhasayo.

Ukuntywila ngokunzulu kwimiqobo yokuphumelela, i yeMelika ye-“Melika yeSigulo soLuntu kwiNtlanganiso yoLuntu yoLuntu kwiNtlanganiso yeNkcubeko yeGunya” inika iindlela zokudibanisa iingxubusho zempilo kulo lonke urhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Impembelelo yezoqoqosho kwiiNkcukacha zezeMpilo

Abaxhasi nabagxeki ngokufanayo basoloko bejolise ingqalelo kwiindleko zoqoqosho zomthetho. Kodwa imithetho yempilo ecwangcisiweyo ingavelisa iimbuyekezo ezingundoqo zemali. Kwimali nganye echithwayo ekuqinisekiseni ikhowudi yokukhusela ukutya, abantu balondoloza ii-dola eziqikelelwa kwiindleko zezonyango kunye nokulahleka kwemveliso yokugula okubangelwa kukutya. Imithetho ekhululekileyo inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwempilo kwisifo sentliziyo nomhlaza, kwaye inciphisa nemali ye-inshorensi yempahla. Umgangatho womoya ophuculiweyo unganyusa ukutyelelwa nokutsala amashishini axabisa ixabiso lokusingqongileyo okucocekileyo.

Ngapha kwendleko, amashishini asenokujamelana neendleko zexesha elithile kumgangatho wokuhlambela umbane, ukufaka izitishi zokuhlamba izandla, okanye ukususa amafutha angaphandle kwimiqathango yokupheka. Noko ke, ezi ndleko zidla ngokudlula ngokukhawuleza xa abathengi bebona kwaye bethemba ukuphucula umgangatho.

Uphando lwama-2019 olwapapashwa kwi- Journal of Public Health Management and Practice lufumanise ukuba abantu abanamasiko omeleleyo empilo yasekuhlaleni banamaqondo aphantsi ali-12% okufakwa ezibhedlele okuthintelwayo kunye ne-7% esezantsi yonyango oluchithwayo kwi-moreji nganye.

IMidlalo yeNkcubeko yezeMpilo

Impilo elinganayo ithetha ukuba wonke umntu unethuba elifanelekileyo lokuphila ubomi obunempilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ufumana mali engakanani na, uhlanga, okanye ingingqi. Amasiko empilo asekuhlaleni anokunciphisa okanye andise ezi ntlobo. Ngokwembali, imithetho yokuhlanganisa isetyenziswa ekuhlaseleni abantu nokugxininisa ungcoliso kwiindawo ezifumana imali encinci. Kodwa imigaqo yale mihla inokwenziwa ukuba ihlaziyeke. Umzekelo:

  • [ Ubulungisa obungundoqo obungaphaya kobo mmandla buqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezintsha zokungcolisa azihlaliswa kummandla othwele umthwalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amasiko onikezelo ngolwimi lolwimi lwezandla ifuna impilo enxulumene nezixhobo ezifumaneka ngeelwimi ezininzi.
  • Imigaqo-nkqubo epheleleyo yezitrato ibeka ingqalelo yendlela yendlela kunye neendawo ezingaphantsi, yenza isithuthi esisebenzayo sikhuseleke kubo bonke.

Ukwandisa intsebenziswano, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka baqhube uhlolo lwempembelelo yempilo esesikweni phambi kokudlulisela imithetho emitsha. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi ngozakuba luchaphazeleka ku-(ukuchaphazeleka ngokufanelekileyo nokubi) kwaye kuhlengahlengiswe inkqubo yokunciphisa umonakalo. Ukusebenzisana nabameli boluntu abavela kumaqela agwetyelwe umda kuyo yonke inkqubo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inceda bonke abemi ngokusesikweni.

Utyekelo Lwekamva Kwinkqubo Yempilo Yasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni iyaqhubeka iguquka.

Ulungiso-gcino-lwazi oluzinzileyo

Izixeko zisebenzisa kakhulu ulwazi lwempilo kawonke-wonke ekungeneleni kwizinto ezijoliswe kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, abacebisi bezinto zokubulala izinambuzane bangachaza ngokuchanekileyo iivenkile zokutyela, bavumele abahloli banikele ingqalelo kwizinto apho zifuneka khona. Ukujonga umgangatho womoya wokwenene osisigxina kungabangela izilumkiso ezizenzekelayo nezithintelo zokwexeshana ekutshiseni ngaphandle.

Imozulu Nempilo Iyatshintsha

Njengoko imozulu isanda, imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni iya ikhula ukuze kulungiswe amaza obushushu, izikhukula, nomgangatho womoya.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yendlela yokuziphatha

Eminye imithetho iquka iingxingo eziquka ukubeka ukutya okusempilweni kumgangatho wamehlo ezivenkileni zokutya okanye ukwenza izinyuko ezibonakala kakhulu nezinomtsalane.

Impilo Yengqondo Nowell16

Ngoku imigaqo yempilo yasekuhlaleni igqalwa njengeyezempilo yengqondo eninzi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla Oluntu

Intshukumo ekhulayo ijolise ekutshintsheni isigqibo sokuguqula amandla okwenza kubemi, ingakumbi ezo zikhutshwe ngokwembali. Iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali ezinegalelo zivumela abantu ukuba bavote indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yoqingqo-mali kwimisebenzi yempilo .

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuyixhasa Ngayo Inkcitho Yokomelela

Nabani na angadlala indima ekulungiseni inkqubo yempilo yasekuhlaleni. Amanyathelo aquka:

  1. Yazi imithetho yakho yangoku. Khangela isixeko sakho okanye i-website yengingqi yengingqi yakho ukufumana iimpapasho zakutshanje zekhowudi yempilo.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Ibonisa amasuntswana. Ingaba kukho ingxaki kuluntu lwakho", njengokunqongophala kwendlela okanye ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kumanzi amdaka, ukubiza umthetho omtsha?
  3. kwakhiwa umnqophiso. iqabane elinxulumene nobume bengingqi, ingeniso yasekuhlaleni, kunye noluntu lokholo.
  4. Amagosa anyuliweyo. kuya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, bhala iileta, kwaye ucele iintlanganiso nabameli bakho.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa i media. Ubhala ii opgradeeds, zivela kunomathotholo wobulali, okanye ziqala iiblog ukunyusa ulwazi.
  6. [[UMTL:0] uzalisekiso lwe-Monitor. imigaqo-nkqubo yezonyango ilungile kuphela njengokugcinwa kwayo. Ukuthobela irekhodi nokunika ingxelo yeengxaki kwisebe lempilo lasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yempilo yasekuhlaleni ibalulekile, idla ngokungasetyenziswa kakuhle ekukheni abantu abahlala kunye. Ikhusela izifo, ikhusela imekobume, ikhuthaza intlalo-ntle, kwaye isenokude yomeleze izoqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni. Kodwa impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke ekuyilweni, ekudibaniseni uluntu oluqinileyo, nasekuthandeni okuqhubekayo kwezobupolitika. Ngokuqonda indlela le mithetho esebenza ngayo, kwaye indlela yokuyiphucula, kwaye iinkokeli kunye neenkokeli zingaqinisekisa ukuba uluntu ngalunye lunemithetho ekufuneka luyilandele.

Ukuphinda kufundwe, i- National Association of County and City Health Actives (NACCHHO) ibonelela ngoovimba bomthetho abaninzi kumagosa ezempilo kunye nabameli.