Ukhetho phakathi kwezixhobo zomkhosi nezoluntu ekunikezeleni uncedo lwamanye amazwe lolona lubalulekileyo noluphikiswayo lwenkqubo eqhubekayo ejongene noorhulumente kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje. Xa amanqam enyuka ``intlekele yemvelo, imfazwe yamakhaya, okanye uxanduva loluntu loburhulumente] indlela yokuphendula imisela kungekuphela nje indlela efika ngayo kodwa nendlela eqondwa ngayo ngabantu basekuhlaleni kwaye nokuba iyalwa nozinzo oluhlala luhleliyo. Kodwa impikiswano inqabile ingumsebenzi wemfazwe olula. Iinkonzo zomkhosi zinika isantya, i-logarbestbert, kunye nokhuseleko kwiindawo ezimanyeneyo ezishushu, ngoxa imisebenzi yabemi abangabemi bemi balungela ukukhuthaza ukuhambela phambili, ukuhambela phambili, ukuhlonela ulawulo. Ukuqonda intlawulo olupheleleyo lwenzuzo, imiqatha, kunye nolungelelwanomo-mongo-mongo-mongo ibalulekile kusini senkqubo ekufuneka ilungele ukuqhuba ukhuseleko ne-ntlanganiso.

Imbali Yoncedo Lomkhosi Nolwabemi

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamanye amazwe kwavela kwimigudu yokwakha emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. IsiCwangciso seMarshall samisela umzekelo woncedo olukhulu lwabemi abahlala eAfghanistan ne-Iraq, kodwa iMfazwe Yomlomo yakhawuleza yalwa ngamandla njengoko omabini amagunya amakhulu asebenzisa uncedo lwemikhosi ukukhusela izivumelwano eziquququzelekileyo. Kwixesha lasemva kweyee-9/11, imigca yafihlwa ngakumbi njengeUnited States kunye ne-Natoorthocial imisela imigaqo engqongqo yokunceda abantu ekulweni nentlalo lwentlalo-ntle eAfghanistan nase-Iraq. Le ngxoxo yembali ichaza isizathu sokuba intetho namhlanje ingadibani namaqela oonobuchule obuqhelekileyo, kunye neemfundiso ezizikontiye, kunye nee-M\009edecres Fronters, kunye neKomiti yokuhlangula i-egeverties. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba ingcubangcubang'ie.

Iinkonzo zoncedo zamazwe angaphandle

Iinkonzo zoncedo lomkhosi ziquka uludwe olubanzi lwemisebenzi, ukusuka kwinkxaso yokulwa nokugcina uxolo ukuya ngqo kuncedo lobuntu olunikelwa yimikhosi exhobileyo. Kwimimandla yemfazwe, iimpahla zomkhosi zisoloko zinika ekuphela kwendlela esebenzayo yokuthutha izinto, iingozi zokufuduka, okanye ukuseka iipaseji ezikhuselekileyo zokunikezela uncedo. Amandla akhuselekileyo emibutho yomkhosi awalingani nanto: iinqwelo-moya, izibhedlele, izibhedlele zobunjineli, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano anokuthunyelwa kwisithuba seeyure ezimbalwa.

Iingenelo Zokufikelela Komkhosi

Eyona njongo ikhankanywe rhoqo yemisebenzi yoncedo lomkhosi yisantya. Xa inyikima yowama-2010 yatshabalalisa iHaiti, umkhosi wase-U.S. wakwazi ukuhambisa ukutya, amanzi, kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48, izinto ezixhotyisiweyo ezingenakuthelekiswa namaziko asekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwe-Ebola eNtshona Afrika, imibutho yomkhosi yase-U.S. yakha amaziko onyango kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo abaqeqeshiweyo kwimimandla apho imibutho yasekuhlaleni yayisongenamandla khona. Iinkonzo zomkhosi zamajoni zikwanikezela ukunqanda; eSomalia okanye eCentral African Republic, abancediswano abaxhobileyo bavumela abathwali ukuba bafikelele abantu abangenakufikeleleka. Ngaphezu koko, imibutho yomkhosi izisa umyalelo owenziweyo kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo oluphezulu kakhulu, umgangatho onokuthi umahluko phakathi kwentluntlukwanoluvo oluphakathi kolungeleyo

Imida Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwala mandla, iintlanganiso zoncedo lomkhosi zinezibungozi obubalulekileyo. Oku kugxekwa kakhulu kukuba ukungenelela komkhosi kungaphazamisana nobundilele obucingelwayo besenzo sokunceda abantu. Xa uncedo lunikelwa yimikhosi exhobileyo ekwakukho kuyo nakokulwa, abantu basekuhlaleni bangalujonga uncedo njengesixhobo sempembelelo ecwangcisiweyo okanye isinyanzelo. Le ngcamango inokuba yingozi kubasebenzi abanomsebenzi wezomkhosi kwaye ijonge ukuphelelwa lithemba elide. Abagxeki kwakhona babonisa ukuba amanyathelo emkhosini anyuse iimfazweni: ubukho bamajoni angaphandle, kwanaphantsi kogunyaziso lobuntu, ingatsala ukuhlasela nokudala imijikelezo entsha yogonyamelo. Ngaphezu koko, uncedo lwamajoni lubonakala lufutshane kwaye lungagxininisi ukubekwa phambili kwemisebenzi yezo ndawo. Isibhedleleko somkhosi esiqhutywa ngomkhosi, kodwa umkhosi ungalwando lweziwaphindo lweziwa, kodwa ugqirha abenzi belizwe lasekuhlaleni, xa kuphuma umkhosi.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala olunokubonakala kuncedo lomkhosi

I-U.S. Imisebenzi yomkhosi eManyano yoNcedo oluManyeneyo emva konyaka ka-2004 i-tsunami yabonisa ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kwentsebenziswano yomkhosi. Ukuthunyelwa kwezithwali zenqwelo-moya, iinqanawa ezihamba emanzini nasemanzini, kunye nokuphakanyiswa komoya kwabangela ukuba kunikezelwe izinto kwimimandla ekude yonxweme lwe-Indonesia neSri Lanka. Okuthe kratya, amaQela eProvinionmentan Confinion adibanisa ukhuseleko lwemikhosi kunye neprojekthi yenkqubela yenkqubela-phambili, apho umkhosi umkhosi ulungiselela ukhuseleko phantsi kolawulo oluphakathi kwemida nentlalo-ntle. Ingxelo edityanisiweyo yemikhosi edityanisiweyo nemithetho ephakathi kwemikhosi ephakathi kwemikhosi yamazwe.

Iinkonzo zoncedo zamazwe angaphandle

Iintlanganiso zoncedo lwamakhaya zenziwa ziintlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi yabadlali: abameli bophuhliso lweziko elifana ne-USAID, imibutho emininzi enjengeWorld Bank kunye namasebe e-UN, kunye namawaka eentlangano ezingezo zikarhulumente ezisuka kwintsebenziswano ezinkulu zezizwe ngezizwe ukuya kumaqela amancinane asekelwe kuluntu. Uphawu olucacileyo loncedo lwasekuhlaleni lujolise kwinkqubela ende yexesha, ubumnini basekuhlaleni, kunye nokuhlonela imigaqo yoluntu, ukungacalucalucalulo, nokuzimela.

Amandla Okufikelela Kwabemi

Amandla aphambili oncedo lwasekuhlaleni axhomekeke kubuchule bokwakha amaziko ahlala ehleli. Iintlangano zabemi zisebenza ngamaqabane asekuhlaleni, ziqesha abasebenzi besizwe, zifaka umnikelo kwinyathelo lokusebenza. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zihlala zikho emva kokupheliswa kwemali. Iinkonzo zoluntu ziyakwazi ukuphumelela kwiindawo ezifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo: amaphulo ezempilo kawonke wonke, inkqubela-phambili yemfundo, ulwando, kunye nolawulo lwezikompono-mpu. Ngenxa yokuba intlangano yasekuhlaleni ayigqalwa njengesandiso somkhosi, ngokufuthi iyakwazi ukufikelela kuluntu kwimimandla elwayo. Zingagcina ubukho bemimandla apho amajoni angayi kuxhamkamfula okanye alwayo. Ngaphezu koko, uncedo lwaseburhulumente lulawulwa ngumthetho wokunceda abantu, umgangatho wolawulo ophathekayo, imigaqo esetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwimikhosi yezomkhosi.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Neenkonzo Zasekuhlaleni

Ucelomngeni oluzinzileyo loncedo lwasekuhlaleni kukungabi namali ekhoyo. Uqingqo-mali lwasemkhosini luye ludlule kakhulu uqingqo-mali lophuhliso, kwaye imibutho yasekuhlaleni isoloko izama ukukhusela ixesha elithe ngqo, lokufumana iimali eneminyaka emininzi. Oku kungalungelelani kwezoqoqosho kulinganisela amandla ayo okuceba izinto ezifanelekileyo nokugcina abasebenzi abanamava. Iinkonzo zoluntu nazo azishenwa ukulungiselela. Ukwakha intlawulo olufanelekileyo, ukuqhuba iimfuno zoluvo, nokumisela iinkcenkcenkcezo zemali kuthatha ixesha elininzi, ixesha elingenakufumaneka ngongxamiseko. Kwimekobume ephezulu, imibutho ehlala ijongene noogxanduva ephezulu. Abasebenzi abajoliswe ekunikezelweni uncedo luye lwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka, kwaye ngaphandle kokhuseleko, oorhulumente abaninzi abangoorhulumente banyanzelwa ukuba balunyuke ngokupheleleyo. Oko kusenokuthintela iinjongo zokuphuhlisa inkqubela, iinjongo zabo, iinjongo zokuphuhlisa.

Uphando lwetyala kuncedo lweziko

IUSAID ibiphambili kwinkqubela-phambili yezolimo yasekuhlaleni kamashumi eminyaka, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokulima phantsi kweNguquko yeGreen ukuya kukuphathwa kwe-HIV/AIDS kwiPEPFAR. Isebe libonisa amandla exesha elizayo emodeli yengingqi yasekuhlaleni: isebenza kwimisebenzi yezolimo yezolimo, amaziko ophando, kunye nemisebenzi yophando ukuze iphucule ukhuseleko lokutya nengeniso yasemaphandleni ngexesha elide. Kwingqungquthela yezentlalo-ntle, imibutho enjengezizwe ngezizwe ze-Preast Comsboss igcina ubukho kwezinye iindawo eziyingozi zehlabathi ngokubambelela ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo-siseko yokungathathi nxaxheba kwaye isebenzisa wonke umbutho woburhulumente wemfazwe.

Impikiswano Engokwesithethe: Unqabiseko Nolongamo

Kwesona siseko sengxoxo kukho iimfuno ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo. Kwesinye isandla, iingxaki kumazwe abuthathaka zisoloko zifuna ukuhlaziywa okunamandla ukuze kukhuselwe abantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye kuvunywe uluntu. Kwelinye icala, umgaqo wolawulo . Umgaqo karhulumente wokulawula imimandla yawo ./ kwaye umgaqo wokunceda abantu ubalulekile kulungelelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ungenelelo lwasemkhosini, naphantsi kwebhanile yoncedo loluntu, lungathathwa njengokwaphulwa kolawulo, ngoxa ukuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo ekungeneni kwezo zasekuhlaleni kusenokushiya abantu abangakhuselekanga kwezona ziyingozi.

Impikiswano Evumela Ukuya Emkhosini

Abaxhasi boncedo lomkhosi baphikisa ngelithi kwihlabathi elisilelayo, abadlali abaxhobileyo, kunye nongxamiseko oluntsonkothileyo, ubuneno bokuphendula okuqhelekileyo abusekho. Baphikisa ngelithi imikhosi yemikhosi yimibutho ekwaziyo ukuseka iimeko zokhuseleko ezincinane ezifunekayo ukuze kuqhubekeke. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko, izikolo azinakuvula, iimarike azikwazi ukusebenza, kwaye amakliniki empilo awakwazi ukusebenza. Umkhosi uzisa amandla akhethekileyo okwakha izakhiwo: imigwagwa, iibhulorho, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula imekobume apho izakhiwo zasekuhlaleni zingasayi kusebenza khona. Abaxhasi abaxhasi bayaqhubeka baphikisa ukuba iinkonzo zomkhosi zingakwazi ukusebenza njengebhulorho, ziqinise ummandla omde ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela abameli boluntu ukuba baqalise uphuhlis ipropatiteinko-mistrome.

Iimpikiswano Ezixhasa Ubusela

Abameli bendlela yokuzikhusela ekungeneni abasebenzi bazama ukulwa ukuba ukulwa koncedo kukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Xa amajoni enikela uncedo, aphikisa ngokuthi, uncedo luba sisixhobo semfazwe , kwaye izixhobo zokuphumelela iintliziyo neengqondo kunokuba zibe yilungelo loncedo. Oku kuphelisa indawo ekhuselayo ekufuneka intlangano yoncedo loluntu isebenze. Kwanangakumbi, abaxhasi bezomkhosi bagxininisa ukuba inkqubela ayinakubekwa ekuxhobiseni. Uxolo oluzinzileyo lufuna ukuba kubekho indawo zokuhlala kwezobupolitika, kwaye uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho luzalela ukuba ungenelelo lwamajoni lungafikeleli kakuhle. Babonisa ukuba inkqubela yenkqubela yezophuhliso ntlalo idla ngokuncitshiswa kwemibango eqhubekayo. Baphikisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba iintlanganiso zemikhosi zinokuchukuzama ukulwa, ukuhlaselanambano-mava, ukuchanaba nokungagonyaza kwemikhosi, ukudiza kwe-odolo-od sydood .

Imigudu yokufudusa umkhosi nowamaPolisa: Ukufikelela koLawulo lonke

Eqonda amandla nobuthathaka bemizekelo emibini, oorhulumente abaninzi kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe baye bafikelela kwiindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezilungelelanisa imigudu yomkhosi neyoluntu. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zayimisela le nto ngokusebenzisa iiMission eziHlanganisiweyo, apho abagcini boxolo basemkhosini, amagosa ezobupolitika, amaqumrhu ophuhliso, kunye nemibutho yoluntu isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo enye yolawulo. Urhulumente wase-U.S. urhulumente uthathele phambili ukufikelela "3", ukukhusela, ukuqhuba ulawulo, uphuhliso-ntlalo-mthetho, kunye nenkqubela. Le migudu ijolise ekusebenziseni ubuchule bomkhosi bokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lokhuseleko loburhulumente ngoxa abameli bekhokele ekulawuleni, ukuphucula uqoqo, nokukhusela abantu.

Indlela Yokwahlukanisa Esebenzayo

Amava acebisa ukuba umanyano lusebenza kakuhle xa iindima neembopheleleko zibekwa ngokucacileyo. Amandla omkhosi kufuneka anike ukhuseleko nenkxaso esemthethweni ngaphandle kokukhokela ubuchule bokunceda abantu. Iintlangano zoluntu kufuneka zigcine ukuzimela ukusebenza kwazo ukuze zigcine ubundilele bazo obubonakalayo. Iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa mazimiselwe kumgangatho obalulekileyo ngaphandle kokudibanisa umkhosi kunye nentsalela yoluntu. ECD iphuhlise imigaqo yemigaqo-sikhokelo yezezoburhulumente ukwenzela intsebenziswano yemikhosi egxininisa le tsunami. Imizekelo ephumelelayo iquka ukusabela kwitsunami yowarami, apho iimpahla zomkhosi zabekwa phantsi komyalelo wamapolisa oqhelekileyo ngenxa yemithetho, kunye neU. N. Umsebenzi womkhosi eLiberia, apho amajoni amaziko asekuhlaleni aqhutywayo uxolo emkhosi akhokelayo ngexesha lolawulo lwamasebe oburhulumente kunye neenkqubo oothothoba.

Iingozi Zokunganyaniseki Kwamahlwempu

Xa umanyano lungalawulwa kakuhle, iziphumo zinokuba yingozi. E-Afghanistan, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yophuhliso njengesixhobo sokulwa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoncedo olugqwethekileyo kwalulaza ukufaneleka kwamagosa asekuhlaleni kwaye kwayila izikhuthazo ezigqwethekileyo zokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokuzinzisa. ESomalia, ulungelelwaniso lwenkxaso-luntsebenziswano nenjongo zomkhosi ekulweni neAl-Shabab kukhokelela ekumiselweni kwemiqathango yoncedo, kwakhokelela ekubekeni abasebenzi abangaburhulumente esichengeni lokuba babonakale njengenxalenye yongquzulwano. Amahlwempu angaphumela ekusebenziseni i-fvorion, kunye nabameli abasebenza kwimimandla efanayo ngoxa abantu abahlala kunye bengena nto. Isifundo sicacile: ukudibaniselwa kakuhle, ukuqondwa kwemigaqo yoncedo, kunye nokuvuma kweenjongo zomkhosi kunye neentlalo.

Umlinganiselo osebenzayo: Ugcino-lwazi nobungqina

Ukwandisa ukuphumelela koncedo lomkhosi nolwabantu abangekho mthethweni kuhlala kulucelomngeni ngenxa yobuntsonkotha bemeko apho zombini zisebenza khona. Noko ke, uphando olukhulayo lunika ukuqonda. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 olupapashiweyo kwiJournal of Peace Research lufumanise ukuba ugcino-xolo olunamandla lwamalungu asekuhlaleni luye lwaphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ugonyamelo kunaleyo ijoniswe ngokubhekiselele ekunqandeni kwemikhosi. Uphando olusuka kumbandela [[FLT:]] [FLT] lubonise ukuba ukuphumelela koncedo olunikelwa ngemibutho yasekuhlaleni kuluncedo olunempembelelo ephawulekayo ekulawuleni, ngoxa uncedo lomkhosi lubonisa ukuba lubuthathaka okanye luneziphumo ezingalunganga zolawulo. Ngokuchaseneyo, uphando lwengozi luye lunciphisa ukuphumelela kweziphumo ezingoko kunyakathobalwayo. Uphando lwendalo kulwazi oluqhelekileyo lwemeko lwendalo lwemeko oluqhelekileyo. Uthe lwamaquluko lwezibonelela ulungiso lwezinzo lokhuseleko, ukuchala ulungiso lwezo lokhuseleko, ukumelana nolwa, ukuchacha

Isiphelo: Ngakumxholo

Ingxoxo emalunga neentlanganiso zomkhosi nezingezozabantu bangaphandle abenzi boncedo ayinakuconjululwa yimpendulo yehlabathi lonke. Ingxaki nganye iveza ukumiselwa okungaqhelekanga kwezisongelo zokhuseleko, iimpembelelo zezobupolitika, ubuchule bolawulo, kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Kwintlekele yendalo ekhawulezileyo kwilizwe elizinzileyo, amaziko asekuhlaleni axhasa umkhosi anokunikela impendulo ephumelelayo. Kwingingqi yemfazwe apho amaqela axhobileyo ajolise khona abasebenzi, iambrela yokhuseleko lomkhosi iyimfuneko ukuze asebenze nabuphi na ubukho basekuhlaleni. Kwimeko ebuthathaka eqala ngokugcina uxolo kunye nokuphuhlisa uphuhlisomkhosi lungakhokelela kwindlela esebenzayo ekuhlaleni.

Isitshixo asikokukhetha imodeli enye kucwangciso olulungeleleneyo kodwa kukuphuhlisa ubhetyebhetye-bhetye lweziko ukuze zidibane ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kufuna ukuba utyalo-mali kumthamo wabemi boburhulumente ukuze umkhosi ungabi ngumxhasi ongagqibekanga ngokungagqibekanga. Kufuna uqeqesho lwamajoni kwimigaqo yobuntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba intlangano yasekuhlaleni ihlala etafileni ilungele ukulungiselela. Kufuna uphando olunyanisekileyo: ukuvuma xa ungenelelo lomkhosi lubangele umonakalo, xa uncedo lwabeburhulumente lusilele ukunikezela, kwaye xa abasebenzi bomkhosi beye basebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo. Eyona ndlela ithembisayo iphambili ekuvakaliseni ufikelelo oluphezulu kodwa kwiinkqubo zokwakha kunye nonxulumano olunokufumaneka kwimisebenzi yoobabini ngoxa ihlonela imisebenzi eyahlukileyo nemigaqo ezisa ngamnye kwintluntluxaso lokunceda abantu.